Deterrence theories differ with respect to their explanations of how people perceive and weigh different sanctions, how alternatives to crime affect choices, the crime types that are most responsive to incentives, and other factors that affect how sanctions influence crimes. Reviews of this literature can be found in Blumstein et al. (1978), Cook (1977), Geerken and Gove (1975), Gibbs (1975), Klepper and Nagin (1989), Paternoster (1987), Tittle (1980), and Zimring and Hawkins (1971).