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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS NUMBER 15 Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Subcommittee on Goat Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources Commission on Natural Resources National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1981

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS SERIES Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, 1968 0-309-01676-2 Nutrient Requirements of Trout, Salmon, and Catfish, 1973 0-309-02141-3 Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, 1974 0-309-02315-7 Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, 1975 0-309-02212-6 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 1976 0-309-02419-6 Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, 1977 0-309-02607-5 Nutrient Requirements of Warmwater Fishes, 1977 0-309-02616-4 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 1977 0-309-02725-X Nutrient Requirements of Cats, 1978 0-309-02743-8 Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 1978 0-309-02760-8 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 1978 0-309-02749-7 Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978 0-309-02786-1 Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, 1978 0-309-02767-5 Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 1979 0-309-02870-1 Nutrient Requirements of Coldwater Fishes, 1981 0-309-03187-7 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. This study was supported by the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State, the Science and Education Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Support was also received from the American Dairy Goat Association and the Caprine Research Foundation. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81–84592 International Standard Book Number: 0-309-03185-0 First Printing, December 1981 Second Printing, September 1989 Third Printing, November 1992 Fourth Printing, August 1993 Fifth Printing, August 1994 Sixth Printing, January 1996 Seventh Printing, February 1997 Eighth Printing, May 1999 Available from NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 Printed in the United States of America

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries PREFACE This report is one of a series issued under the direction of the Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources, National Research Council (NRC). It was prepared by the Subcommittee on Goat Nutrition. Its use may be enhanced by referring also to three other reports in the series on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals: Number 3, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, fifth revised edition, 1978; Number 5, Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, fifth revised edition, 1975; and Number 6, Nutrient Requirements of Horses, fourth revised edition, 1978. The first two parts of Chapter 1, on energy and protein requirements, contain much new information from extensive research at the Raja Balwant Singh College at Bichpuri (Agra), India, under support from USDA PL-480 funding for dairy and meat goats; and from research at the Texas A&M Agricultural Experiment Station at San Angelo for Angora goats. The final three parts of Chapter 1, on mineral, vitamin, and water requirements, and Chapter 5 on nutrition-related metabolic disorders have had to rely mostly on reviewing past work. Chapter 3 on herbage and browse utilization includes new work from Texas. Chapter 4 on ration formulation and examples of typical rations, and Chapter 2 with tables of nutrient requirements, involve extensive, previously unpublished data resources and worldwide experiences of each subcommittee member. Because of the unique nature of goats, the nutrient requirement tables also include allowances for activities during grazing. The feed composition tables also contain new data from research by the subcommittee members and significant contributions by the International Feedstuffs Institute at Utah State University. The inclusion of an extensive number of references in the bibliography was considered desirable for the benefit of future studies, although not all were cited directly in the text. The subcommittee is indebted to Philip Ross and Selma P.Baron of the Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources for their assistance in the production of this report and to the members of the Committee on Animal Nutrition for their valuable suggestions and reviews. Special thanks are due A.N.Bhattacharya (Turkey), Tony J. Cunha (California), R.E.McDowell (New York), Pierre Morand-Fehr (France), Amiram Shkolnik (Israel), and Jim Yazman (Arkansas) for their comprehensive reviews and constructive comments, and Bernard S.Schweigert and colleagues (University of California, Davis) and Glenn W. Salisbury (Illinois) who reviewed the report for the Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources and Commission on National Resources, respectively. The subcommittee also expresses appreciation to Ivan Lindahl for his pioneering efforts in the initiation of this subcommittee. Subcommittee on Goat Nutrition GEORGE F.W.HAENLEIN, Chairman; University of Delaware, Newark CANAGASABY DEVENDRA, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia JAMES E.HUSTON, Texas A&M University, San Angelo O.P.S.SENGAR, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India MAURICE SHELTON, Texas A&M University, San Angelo S.N.SINGH, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India Committee on Animal Nutrition JOSEPH P.FONTENOT, Chairman; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University CARL E.COPPOCK, Texas A&M University RICHARD D.GOODRICH, University of Minnesota BERYL E.MARCH, University of British Columbia PAUL W.MOE, USDA Animal Science Institute WILSON G.POND, USDA Meat Animal Research Center QUINTON R.ROGERS, University of California, Davis GARY L.RUMSEY, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition DUANE E.ULLREY, Michigan State University SELMA P.BARON, Staff Officer

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES GEORGE K.DAVIS, Chairman; University of Florida, retired CHESTER O.MCCORKLE, JR, Vice Chairman; University of California, Davis JOHN D.AXTELL, Purdue University NEVILLE P.CLARKE, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station SALLY K.FAIRFAX, University of California, Berkeley JOHN E.HALVER, University of Washington ROBERT O.HERRMANN, Pennsylvania State University MINORU HIRONAKA, University of Idaho LAURENCE R.JAHN, Wildlife Management Institute BERNARD S.SCHWEIGERT, University of California, Davis GEORGE R.STAEBLER, Weyerhaeuser Company, retired PAUL E.WAGGONER, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven PHILIP ROSS, Executive Secretary COMMISSION ON NATURAL RESOURCES ROBERT M.WHITE, Chairman; University Corporation for Atmospheric Research TIMOTHY ATKESON, Steptoe & Johnson STANLEY I.AUERBACH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory NORMAN A.COPELAND, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., retired GEORGE K.DAVIS, University of Florida, retired EDWARD D.GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography CHARLES J.MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey CHESTER O.MCCORKLE, JR., University of California, Davis NORTON NELSON, New York University Medical Center DANIEL A.OKUN, University of North Carolina DAVID PIMENTEL, Cornell University JOHN E.TILTON, Pennsylvania State University ALVIN M.WEINBERG, Oak Ridge Associated Universities E.BRIGHT WILSON, ex officio, Harvard University WALLACE D.BOWMAN, Executive Director

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries CONTENTS 1   INTRODUCTION   1 2   NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS   2      Energy   2      Maintenance   3      Activity   3      Pregnancy   3      Growth   3      Lactation   3      Fiber Production   3      Protein   4      Maintenance   4      Growth   4      Pregnancy   4      Lactation   4      Activity   5      Fiber Production   5      Minerals   5      Calcium   5      Phosphorus   6      Sodium and Chlorine   6      Magnesium   6      Potassium   6      Sulfur   6      Iron   7      Iodine   7      Copper and Molybdenum   7      Zinc   7      Manganese   7      Other Minerals   7      Vitamins   8      Vitamin A   8      Vitamin D   8      Vitamin E   8      Vitamin K   9      B Vitamin Complex   9      Vitamin C   9      Water   9 3   TABLE OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS   10

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries 4   HERBAGE AND BROWSE UTILIZATION   13 5   RATION FORMULATION AND EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL RATIONS   15      Maintenance   16      Live Weight Gain   16      Pregnant Does   17      Lactating Does   17      Angora Goats   18      Other Example Rations for Goats in Temperate and Tropical Regions   19 6   NUTRITION-RELATED METABOLIC DISORDERS   21      Abortion   21      Enterotoxemia   21      Ketosis   22      Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever)   22      Posthitis   22      Toxic Plants   22      Urea Toxicity   23      Urolithiasis   23 7   FEED COMPOSITION TABLES   24      Table 2 Goat Feeds: Dry Matter, Energy, Protein and Fiber Contents   26      Dry Forages and Roughages   26      Pasture, Range Plants, and Forages Fed Green   30      Silages   43      Energy Feeds   44      Protein Supplements   46      Table 3 Goat Feeds: Mineral and Carotene Contents   49      Dry Forages and Roughages   49      Pasture, Range Plants, and Forages Fed Green   52      Silages   60      Energy Feeds   61      Protein Supplements   63      Table 4 Mineral Supplements   66      Table 5 List of Common and Scientific Names   70

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Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries     BIBLIOGRAPHY   73      Introduction   73      Energy   74      Protein   76      Minerals   78      Calcium   79      Phosphorus   79      Sodium and Chlorine   80      Magnesium   80      Potassium   80      Sulfur   80      Iron   80      Iodine   80      Copper and Molybdenum   81      Zinc   81      Manganese   81      Other Minerals   82      Vitamins   82      Water   83      Table of Nutrient Requirements   83      Herbage and Browse Utilization   84      Ration Formulation and Examples of Typical Rations   87      Nutrition-Related Metabolic Disorders   89      Feed Composition   91

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