| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Items in cart [0]
| [ Top of Page ] [ Home ] [ Contact Us ] [ Help ] [ The National Academies Home ] | ||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs. Revised 1985 Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1985
OCR for page R2
Page ii
National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purpose of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
This study was supported by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Additional support was provided by the Pet Food Institute.
First Printing, June 1990 Second Printing, June 1991 Third Printing, May 1992 Fourth Printing, May 1993 Fifth Printing, August 1994 Sixth Printing, April 1996 Seventh Printing, April 1998
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
National Research Council (U.S.) Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition Nutrient requirements of dogs.
Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Dogs—Food. I. Title. SF427.4.N38 1985 636.7'085 85-2955
ISBN 0-309-03496-5
Copyright © 1985 by the National Academy of Sciences
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, phonographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the United States Government.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Page iii
Preface This report is one in a series issued under the direction of the Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. It was prepared by the Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition and replaces the 1974 edition of Nutrient Requirements of Dogs.
The report describes common signs of deficiency and of toxicity and discusses the basis for arriving at requirements for energy and for specific nutrients.
This new edition contains recommendations for available nutrient content of representative commercial dog foods expressed on the basis of metabolizable energy content. This change should lead to greater uniformity in the nutritional adequacy of foods with varying caloric density and facilitate meaningful comparisons of such products.
The subcommittee expresses appreciation to all individuals who contributed to this report, in particular, David H. Baker, Norlin J. Benevenga, and H. Meyer, and members of the Nutrition Task Force of the Pet Food Institute who reviewed the report and provided insightful comments and suggestions.
Review of this report was accomplished through the advice and guidance of the members of the Committee on Animal Nutrition. The subcommittee is particularly indebted to Philip Ross and Selma P. Baron of the Board on Agriculture for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the report. The subcommittee is especially grateful to James E. Corbin, who served as coordinator for the Board on Agriculture in the review of this report.
Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition
BEN E. SHEFFY, Chairman Cornell University
KENNETH C. HAYES Brandeis University
JOSEPH J. KNAPKA National Institutes of Health
JOHN A. MILNER University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign
JAMES G. MORRIS University of California, Davis
DALE R. ROMSOS Michigan State University
OCR for page R4
Page iv
Committee On Animal Nutrition
DUANE E. ULLREY, Chairman, Michigan State University FRANK AHERNE, University of Alberta RICHARD E. AUSTIC, Cornell University JIMMY H. CLARK, University of Illinois RICHARD D. GOODRICH, University of Minnesota GEORGE E. MITCHELL, JR., University of Kentucky JAMES G. MORRIS, University of California, Davis ROBERT R. SMITH, USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service DALE R. WALDO, USDA, Animal Science Institute SELMA P. BARON, Staff Officer
Board On Agriculture
WILLIAM L. BROWN, Chairman, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. JOHN A. PINO, Vice Chairman, Inter-American Development Bank LAWRENCE BOGORAD, Harvard University ERIC L. ELLWOOD, North Carolina State University JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ROBERT G. GAST, Michigan State University EDWARD H. GLASS, Cornell University RALPH W. F. HARDY, Cornell University and BioTechnica International, Inc. ROGER L. MITCHELL, University of Missouri CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc. ELDOR A. PAUL, University of California, Berkeley VERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota JAMES G. TEER, Welder Wildlife Foundation VIRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director
OCR for page R5
Page v
Contents 1. INTRODUCTION
1
2. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY
2
Energy
2
Requirements for Adult Maintenance
2
Requirements for Growth
4
Requirements for Reproduction and Lactation
4
Requirements for Work and Adverse Environmental Conditions
5
Signs of Deficiency
5
Fat
5
Dietary Fat Concentration
5
Essential Fatty Acids
6
Recommendation
6
Signs of Deficiency
7
Carbohydrates
7
Protein and Amino Acids
9
Signs of Deficiencies
9
Amino Acid Requirements
9
Minerals
14
Calcium and Phosphorus
15
Potassium
17
Sodium and Chlorine
17
Magnesium
17
Iron
18
Copper
19
Manganese
20
Zinc
20
Iodine
20
Selenium
21
Fluorine
21
Elements Required at Trace Concentrations
21
Vitamins
22
Vitamin A
22
Vitamin D
23
OCR for page R6
Page vi
Vitamin E
25
Vitamin K
26
Thiamin
27
Riboflavin
29
Pantothenic Acid
30
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide)
31
Vitamin B6
33
Folacin
34
Biotin
35
Vitamin B12
36
Choline
37
Vitamin C
37
3. WATER
39
4. COMPOSITION OF INGREDIENTS OF DOG FOODS
40
International Nomenclature
40
International Feed Classes
40
International Feed Number (IFN)
40
Carotene Conversion
41
Data
41
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
41
5. FORMULATED DIETS FOR DOGS
42
Dry Dog Foods
42
Semimoist Dog Foods
42
Canned Dog Foods
42
TABLES
44
REFERENCES
63
INDEX
77
OCR for page R7
Page vii
Figure and Tables FIGURE 1. Relationship between metabolizable energy and adult body weight
4
TABLES
1. Minimum Nutrient Requirements of Dogs for Growth and Maintenance
44
2. Required Minimum Concentrations of Available Nutrients in Dog Food Formulated for Growth
44
3. Factors for Consideration in Formulation of Dog Foods from Natural Ingredients
45
4. Calculated Metabolizable Protein and Metabolizable Energy Requirements of Dogs in Various Physiological States
45
5. Recommended Energy Needs of Adult Dogs at Maintenance
45
6. Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of Feed Ingredients
46
7. Composition of Some Common Feed Ingredients of Dog Food, Excluding Amino Acids
48
8. Amino Acid Composition of Some Common Feed Ingredients of Dog Food
58
9. Weight-Unit Conversion Factors
62
10. Weight Equivalents
62
11. Examples of Three Types of Commercial Foods
62
OCR for page R8