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SHARING
RESEARCH DATA
Stephen E. Fienberg, Margaret E. Martin,
and Miron L. Suaf, Editors
Committee on National Statistics
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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National Academy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
Ibis report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures ap-
proved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineenng, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of
Murdering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accor-
dance with general policies determined by the Academy under He authority of its congressional
charter of 1863, which established the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing member-
ship coloration. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National
Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to
the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineenug
and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
Library of Congress Cataloging ~ Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Sharing research data.
"Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education, National Research Council."
Bibliography: p.
1. Communication in the social sciences Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Intellectual
cooperation Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Social sciences- Research Addresses, essays,
lectures. I. Fienberg, Stephen E. II. Martin, Margaret E. m. Surf, Miron L. IV. National
Research Council. (U.S.). Committee on National Statistics. V. National Research Council
(U.S.) Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education.
H61.8.S53 1985 300'.72 8~27275
ISBN~309 03499-X
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL STATISTICS
STEPHEN E. PItNBERG (Chair), Department of Statistics, Carnegie-
Mellon University
LEO BREIMAN, Department of Statistics, University of California,
Berkeley
JOEL E. COHEN, Department of Populations, The Rockefeller University
WAYNE A. FULLER, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University
F. THOMAS JUSTER, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
GARY G. KOCH, Department of Biostatistics, University of Fords Carolina
PAUL METER, Department of Statistics, University of Chicago
JANE A. MENKEN, Office of Population Research, Princeton University
LINCOLN E. MOSES, Department of Statistics, Stanford University
JOHN W. PRATT, Graduate School of Business, Harvard University
CHRISTOPHER A. SIMS, Department of Economics, University of
Minnesota
BURTON [I. SINGER, Deparunent of Statistics, Columbia Universitr
COURTENAY M. SLATER, CEC Associates, Washington, D.C.
JUDITH M. TANUR, Department of Sociology, State University of New
York at Stony Brook
EDWIN D. GOLDP~LD, Executive Director
MIRON L. STRAP, Research Director
. . .
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON SHARING RESEARCH DATA
STEPHEN E. FIENBERG (Chair), Department of Statistics, Carnegie-
Mellon University
CLIFFORD G. HILDRETH, Department of Economics, University of
Minnesota
LESLIE KISH, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
EDWARD R. TUFl a;, Department of Political Science, Yale University
MARGARET E. MARTIN, Staff
MIRON L. STRAP, Staff
IV
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Preface
This report originated from a letter sent in May 1979 by Professor Melvin
Reder of the University of Chicago School of Business to the executive direc-
tor of the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT). Professor Reder pro-
posed a conference on Be sharing of social science research data to examine
and discuss Me conflicting pressures affecting researchers regarding the dis-
closure to others of data and preliminary analyses.
Such a conference, chaired by Clifford Mildred, was held in October 1979.
The participants reused many points and recommended furler work by
CNSTAT. The comunittee expresses its thanks and appreciation to the parti-
cipants, who are listed in the appendix to this volume. In response to the
conference recommendation, the Sloan Foundation provided the corr~nittee
win a grant to work toward Me development and dissemination of guidelines
for the sharing of scientific data, and the System Development Foundation
provided a furler grant for work on this report. The study was also supported
by a consortium of federal agencies Mat provide funding for the general activi-
ties of CNSTAT.
A subcommittee of CNSTAT members was appointed to oversee He pro-
ject; it was responsible for obtaining and reviewing commissioned papers,
developing a set of guidelines for sharing data, and preparing this report for
Be committee. Although some of their terms of appointment on the full com-
v
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mittee expired, all subcommittee members continued to serve throughout the
study.
We were fortunate to obtain the services and cooperation of several schol-
ars who prepared papers following a general outline developed by the sub-
comrnittee. The commissioned papers are Part II of this volume and repre-
sent different vantage points on the issues of data sharing. The sub committee
is especially appreciative of the detailed materials and suggestions contained
in these papers and has relied heavily on them in formulating and structuring
the discussion of the costs and benefits of data sharing as well as in developing
its recommendations.
The first paper, prepared at the Inter-university Consortium for Political
and Social Research at the University of Michigan by Jerome M. Clubb with
coauthors Erik W. Austin, Carolyn L. Geda, and Michael W. Traugott, deals
primarily with large social science data sets. The other four papers deal with
the advantages and disadvantages of data sharing more broadly. The paper
by Robert F. Boruch of the Department of Psychology at Northwestern
University describes products of data sharing. The paper by Terry E.
Hedrick of the Institute for Program Evaluation of the U.S. General
Accounting Office discusses justifications for and obstacles to data sharing.
The paper by Joe Shelby Cecil of the Federal Judicial Center and Eugene
Griffin of Northwestern University discusses legal issues relevant to data
sharing and provides an important analysis of current pertinent law. And the
paper by Robert F. Boruch and David S. Cordray of the Deponent of
Psychology at Northwestern University suggests professional codes and
guidelines for data sharing.
Margaret E. Martin and Miron L. Straf served as staff of the subcommittee
and coeditors of this report. Lenore Libby prepared a report of the early
conference that led to the development of this study. Eugenia Grohman con-
tributed greatly in editing our manuscript and guiding it toward publication.
Valuable assistance was provided by Roberta Pirosko in bibliographic work
and in typing and by Diane Goldman in proofreading and manuscript prepara-
tion. Using the computer for word processing, telecommunications, and
typesetting, Lee R. Paulson prepared many versions of our manuscript; she
also provided bibliographic and other research assistance. Reviewers and
many others offered valuable comments and suggestions for our report. To
all who have worked with us or otherwise contributed, we are very grateful.
The committee views this report as an initial examination of some of the
issues of data sharing, on which readers are invited to comment.
Stephen E. Fienberg, Chair
Committee on National Statistics
May 27, 1985
v'
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Contents
PART I:
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL STATISTICS
Issues and Recommendations
Introduction . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .
Benefits of Data Sharing .. . . .. . . . . . .
Costs of Data Sharing . . . . . . . .
The Changing Environment for Data Sharing
Conclusions and Recommendations .. . . .
References
Appendix
. .
. .
PART II:
SOME PERSPECTIVES COMMISSIONED PAPERS
Sharing Research Data in the Social Sciences .. . . . . .
Jerome M. Clubb, Erik W. Austin, Carolyn L. Geda,
and Michael W. Traugott
. .
V11
3
3
9
.15
.18
.24
.33
.36
.39
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Definitions, Products, Distinctions in Data Shanng
Robert F. Boruch
Justifications for and Obstacles to Data Sharing
Terry E. Hedrick
The Role of Legal Policies in Data Shanng
Joe Shelby Cecil and Eugene Griffin
Professional Codes and Guidelines in Data Shanng
Robert F. Boruch ar~David S. Cordray
. . .
Razz
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123
148
199