National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 1990s

Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials

Committee on Materials Science and Engineering

Solid State Sciences Committee

Board on Physics and Astronomy

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources

and

National Materials Advisory Board

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1989

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW • Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are chosen from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This report was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy, the Army Research Office, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-8521440. Additional support came from the National Research Council (NRC) Fund, a pool of private, discretionary, nonfederal funds that is used to support a program of Academy-initiated studies of national issues in which science and technology figure significantly. The NRC Fund consists of contributions from a consortium of private foundations including the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Charles E.Culpeper Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T.MacArthur Foundation, the Andrew W.Mellon Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation; and from the Academy Industry Program, which seeks annual contributions from companies that are concerned with the health of U.S. science and technology and with public policy issues with technological content.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Materials Science and Engineering.

Materials science and engineering for the 1990s: maintaining competitiveness in the age of materials/Committee on Materials Science and Engineering [and] Solid State Sciences Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, and National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

p. cm.

ISBN 0-309-03928-2.

1. Materials science. 2. Engineering. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Solid State Sciences Committee. II. National Research Council (U.S.). National Materials Advisory Board. III. Title.

TA403.N332 1989

620.1′1–dc20

89–12630

CIP

Cover: Computer-generated image of a mathematical model of Scherk’s first minimal surface. (Reprinted, by permission, from Edwin L.Thomas, David M.Anderson, Chris S.Henkee, and David Hoffman, 1988, Periodic Area-Minimizing Surfaces in Block Copolymers, Nature 334:598–601. Copyright © 1988 by Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)

Copyright © 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20418

OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN

This report, Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials, encompasses a broad enterprise. The field’s intellectual content ranges from the quantized Hall effect to dramatic advances in the performance of high-strength structural materials. The vitality and pace of the field are everywhere evident. The Nobel Committee recognized fundamental advances in materials research for three consecutive years—1985, 1986, and 1987. Success in translating advances in materials science and engineering into new and improved materials is unparalleled. There have been gratifyingly broad applications of new materials in areas with immediate impact on human welfare such as biomaterials, suitable for artificial organs, biochemical sensors, vascular grafts, and ophthalmological devices.

Despite the diversity of the field, the report points to unifying trends that emphasize the need for scientists and engineers in universities, government laboratories, and industry to work together closely. In particular, the authoring group, the Committee on Materials Science and Engineering, urged greater efforts by the federal government to coalesce these sectors, and endorsed Congressional efforts to strengthen the coordination of federal agencies that support materials science and engineering.

The committee focused its recommendations on synthesis and processing of materials. This is the area that has produced dramatic improvements in superconducting materials, growth in the number of components in integrated circuits, and increases in the strength of structural materials. On the basis of a survey of several key industries, the committee recommended a national initiative in synthesis and processing built on cooperation among universities, industry, and government.

We believe that the field of materials science and engineering offers a special opportunity to act on the growing realization of the need for improved coordination and cooperation in the nation’s effort in science and technology. We commend the report to your attention.

Frank Press

Chairman

National Research Council

Robert M.White

Vice Chairman

National Research Council

THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL IS THE PRINCIPAL OPERATING AGENCY OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING TO SERVE GOVERNMENT AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M.White is the president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M.White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

STEERING COMMITTEE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

ALBERT NARATH,

AT&T Bell Laboratories,

Co-chairman

ARDEN L.BEMENT, JR.,

TRW, Inc.,

Co-chairman

JOHN H.BIRELY,

Los Alamos National Laboratory

MORRIS COHEN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

WALTER KOHN,

University of California

WILLIAM P.SLIGHTER,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

(retired)

Ex-Officio Members

PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,

IBM T.J.Watson Research Center,

Co-chairman,

Committee on Materials Science and Engineering

MERTON C.FLEMINGS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Co-chairman,

Committee on Materials Science and Engineering

HERBERT H.JOHNSON,

Cornell University,

Chairman,

Solid State Sciences Committee

BERNARD H.KEAR,

Rutgers University,

Chairman,

National Materials Advisory Board

NORMAN F.RAMSEY,

Harvard University,

Chairman,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,

IBM T.J.Watson Research Center,

Co-chairman

MERTON C.FLEMINGS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Co-chairman

MELVIN BERNSTEIN,

Illinois Institute of Technology

MARTIN BLUME,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

ALAN CHYNOWETH,

Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc.

W.DALE COMPTON,

Purdue University

ROBERT S.HANSEN,

Iowa State University

JOHN HULM,

Westinghouse Electric Research and Development Center

R.GLEN KEPLER,

Sandia National Laboratories

JAMES S.LANGER,

University of California

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

TERRY L.LOUCKS,

Rothschild Ventures

GEORGE PARSHALL,

E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.

RUSTUM ROY,

Pennsylvania State University

LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,

National Institute of Standards and Technology

JAMES O.STIEGLER,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

GEORGE WHITESIDES,

Harvard University

JAMES C.WILLIAMS,

General Electric Company

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

JACK MOTEFF,

NRC

Fellow (1985–1987)

ARLENE MACLIN, Program Officer (1985–1987)

PATRICK RAPP, Program Officer (1988)

STEVE OLSON, Consultant (1987–1988)

Government Liaison Representatives

TED BERLINCOURT, Director,

Research and Laboratory Management, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Advanced Technology, Department of Defense

ADRIAAN de GRAAF,

Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation

B.CHALMERS FRAZER,

Solid State Physics and Materials Chemistry, U.S. Department of Energy

RICHARD E.HALPERN,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

LOUIS C.IANNIELLO, Deputy Associate Director

for Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy

PAUL MAXWELL,

Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives

GEORGE MAYER, Director,

Materials Science Division, U.S. Army Research Office

RICHARD REYNOLDS, Director,

Defense Science Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

ALAN ROSENSTEIN,

Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AL SCHINDLER, Director,

Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation

IRAN THOMAS, Director,

Division of Materials Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy

DONALD R.ULRICH, Senior Program Manager,

Chemical Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research

ROBERT WEIGLE,

U.S. Army Research Office

BEN WILCOX, Assistant Director,

Materials Science Division, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

PANEL ON RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

JAMES S.LANGER,

University of California,

Chairman

GEORGE PARSHALL,

E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.,

Vice-Chairman

JAMES O.STIEGLER,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory,

Vice-Chairman

SUMNER A.BARENBERG,

Baxter Health Care Corporation

ELIAS BURSTEIN,

University of Pennsylvania

PETER CANNON,

Conductus Corporation

MILDRED DRESSELHAUS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JAMES ECONOMY,

University of Illinois

GEORGE S.HAMMOND,

Allied-Signal, Inc.

ARTHUR H.HEUER,

Case Western Reserve University

JOHN P.HIRTH,

Ohio State University

PIERRE C.HOHENBERG,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

IAN HUGHES,

Inland Steel Company Research Laboratories

ROBERT I.JAFFEE,

Electric Power Research Institute

JOHN D.JOANNOPOULOS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

HERBERT H.JOHNSON,

Cornell University

ROBERT A.LAUDISE,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

CHRISTOPHER MAGEE,

Ford Motor Company

E.WARD PLUMMER,

University of Pennsylvania

JAMES R.RICE,

Harvard University

ROBERT STRATTON,

Texas Instruments

GARETH THOMAS,

University of California

MARK WRIGHTON,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

PANEL ON EXPLOITATION OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NATIONAL WELFARE

ALAN G.CHYNOWETH,

Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc.,

Chairman

R.GLEN KEPLER,

Sandia National Laboratories,

Vice-Chairman

JAMES C.WILLIAMS,

General Electric Company,

Vice-Chairman

JOSEPH D.ANDRADE,

University of Utah

MYLLE H.BELL,

Bell South Corporation

JOEL CLARKE,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

L.ERIC CROSS,

Pennsylvania State University

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

THEODORE GEBALLE,

Stanford University

GORDON H.GEIGER,

North Star Steel Company

FRANK E.JAMERSON,

General Motors Research Laboratories

HARRY A.LIPSITT,

Wright State University

JAMES L.McCALL,

Battelle Columbus Division

THOMAS C.McGILL, JR.,

California Institute of Technology

JOHN P.RIGGS,

Hoechst Celanese Corporation

GERD M.ROSENBLATT,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

PALLE SMIDT,

Microelectronics Corporation

ROBERT STREET,

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

HILLIARD WILLIAMS,

Monsanto Company

ARPAD A.BERGH,

Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc., Consultant

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

PANEL ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,

National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Chairman

W.DALE COMPTON,

Purdue University,

Vice-Chairman

RUSTUM ROY,

Pennsylvania State University,

Vice-Chairman

JORDAN BARUCH,

Jordon Baruch Associates

C.PETER FLYNN,

University of Illinois

RICHARD J.FRUEHAN,

Carnegie-Mellon University

HERBERT I.FUSFELD,

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

SERGE GRATCH,

GMI Engineering and Management Institute

RUDOLPH PARISER,

E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.

R.BYRON PIPES,

University of Delaware

MAXINE SAVITZ,

The Garrett Corporation

GABOR A.SOMORJAI,

University of California

GREGORY STILLMAN,

University of Illinois

JAMES J.TIETJEN,

RCA Laboratories

ROBERT WHITE,

Control Data Corporation

SAMUEL SCHNEIDER,

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Consultant

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

PANEL ON RESEARCH RESOURCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

TERRY L.LOUCKS,

Rothschild Ventures,

Chairman

MARTIN BLUME,

Brookhaven National Laboratory,

Vice-Chairman

GEORGE WHITESIDES,

Harvard University,

Vice-Chairman

BILL R.APPLETON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ROBERT S.BAUER,

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

H.KENT BOWEN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

PETER M.EISENBERGER,

Exxon Research & Engineering Co.

NICHOLAS F.FIORE,

Cabot Corporation

JOHN J.GILMAN,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

KARL HESS,

University of Illinois

ISRAEL S.JACOBS,

General Electric Research and Development Center

J.DAVID LITSTER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

NOEL MacDONALD,

Cornell University

DENNIS McWHAN,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

EMIL PFENDER,

University of Minnesota

BHAKTA B.RATH,

Naval Research Laboratories

JOHN S.RYDZ,

Emhart Corporation

ISAAC F.SILVERA,

Harvard University

RICHARD S.STEIN,

University of Massachusetts

JULIA WEERTMAN,

Northwestern University

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

PANEL ON EDUCATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MELVIN BERNSTEIN,

Illinois Institute of Technology,

Chairman

ROBERT S.HANSEN,

Iowa State University,

Vice-Chairman

JOHN HULM,

Westinghouse Electric Research and Development Center,

Vice-Chairman

DIRAN APELIAN,

Drexel University

ALI S. ARGON,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MALCOLM R.BEASLEY,

Stanford University

GILBERT Y.CHIN,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

ROBERT CLAGETT,

University of Rhode Island

ANTHONY G.EVANS,

University of California

LEROY EYRING,

Arizona State University

HELLMUT FRITZSCHE,

University of Chicago

BRUCE N.HARMON,

Iowa State University

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

EDWARD J.KRAMER,

Cornell University

GERALD L.LIEDL,

Purdue University

KATHLEEN TAYLOR,

General Motors Research Laboratory

EDWIN L.THOMAS,

University of Massachusetts

RICHARD E.TRESSLER,

Pennsylvania State University

KENNETH G.WILSON,

Cornell University

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,

National Materials Advisory Board

SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE

HERBERT H.JOHNSON,

Cornell University,

Chairman

BILL R.APPLETON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

MALCOLM R.BEASLEY,

Stanford University

PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,

IBM T.J.Watson Research Center

JOHN K.HULM,

Westinghouse Electric Corporation

JAMES S.LANGER,

University of California

J.DAVID LITSTER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

THOMAS J.McCARTHY,

University of Massachusetts

ALBERT NARATH,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

ROBERT E.NEWNHAM,

Pennsylvania State University

PAUL S.PEERCY,

Sandia National Laboratories

JOHN H.PEREPEZKO,

University of Wisconsin

E.WARD PLUMMER,

University of Pennsylvania

JAMES R.RICE,

Harvard University

GERD M.ROSENBLATT,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,

National Institute of Standards and Technology

JOHN R.SMITH,

General Motors Research Laboratory

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

ROBERT L.RIEMER, Associate Staff Director,

Board on Physics and Astronomy

WESLEY MATHEWS, JR., Consultant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

NORMAN F.RAMSEY,

Harvard University,

Chairman

SAM B.TREIMAN,

Princeton University,

Vice-Chairman

ROBERT K.ADAIR,

Yale University

DAVID ARNETT,

University of Arizona

R.STEPHEN BERRY,

University of Chicago

WILLIAM F.BRINKMAN,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

ARTHUR D.CODE,

University of Wisconsin

JOHN M.DAWSON,

University of California

FRANK D.DRAKE,

University of California

ANDREA K.DUPREE,

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

BERTRAND I.HALPERIN,

Harvard University

JOHN J.HOPFIELD,

California Institute of Technology

KENNETH I.KELLERMANN,

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

CHARLES F.KENNEL,

University of California

DANIEL KLEPPNER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director

ROBERT L.RIEMER, Associate Staff Director

SUSAN M.WYATT, Administrative Associate

MARY RIENDEAU, Administrative Secretary

ANNE K.SIMMONS, Secretary

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES

NORMAN HACKERMAN,

Robert A.Welch Foundation,

Chairman

GEORGE F.CARRIER,

Harvard University

HERBERT D.DOAN,

The Dow Chemical Company

(retired)

PETER S.EAGLESON,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

DEAN E.EASTMAN,

IBM T.J.Watson Research Center

MARYE ANNE FOX,

University of Texas

GERHART FRIEDLANDER,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

LAWRENCE W.FUNKHOUSER,

Chevron Corporation

(retired)

PHILLIP A.GRIFFITHS,

Duke University

CHRISTOPHER F.McKEE,

University of California at Berkeley

JACK E.OLIVER,

Cornell University

JEREMIAH P.OSTRIKER,

Princeton University Observatory

FRANK L.PARKER,

Vanderbilt University

DENIS J.PRAGER,

MacArthur Foundation

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

DAVID M.RAUP,

University of Chicago

RICHARD J.REED,

University of Washington

ROY F.SCHWITTERS,

Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory

ROBERT E.SIEVERS,

University of Colorado

LEON T.SILVER,

California Institute of Technology

LARRY L.SMARR,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

EDWARD C.STONE, JR.,

California Institute of Technology

KARL K.TUREKIAN,

Yale University

MYRON F.UMAN, Acting Executive Director

NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD

BERNARD H.KEAR,

Rutgers University,

Chairman

ARDEN L.BEMENT, JR.,

TRW, Inc.,

Past Chairman

NORBERT S.BAER,

New York University

FRANK W.CROSSMAN,

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc.

EDWARD J.DULIS,

Crucible Materials Corporation

JAMES ECONOMY,

University of Illinois

MERTON C.FLEMINGS,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JAMES A.FORD,

SELEE Corporation

JOHN K.HULM,

Westinghouse Research Laboratories

MELVIN F.KANNINEN,

Southwest Research Institute

ROBERT A.LAUDISE,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

DAVID L.MORRISON,

IIT Research Institute

DONALD R.PAUL,

University of Texas

JOSEPH L.PENTECOST,

Georgia Institute of Technology

JOHN P.RIGGS,

Hoechst Celanese Corporation

MAXINE L.SAVITZ,

Garrett Ceramic Components Division

WILLIAM P.SLIGHTER,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

(retired)

DALE F.STEIN,

Michigan Technological University

JOHN E.TILTON,

Colorado School of Mines

JAMES R.WEIR, JR.,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ROBERT M.WHITE,

Control Data Corporation

JAMES C.WILLIAMS,

General Electric Company

KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director

STANLEY M.BARKIN, Associate Director

MARY BRITTAIN, Administrative Officer

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

ARDEN L.BEMENT,

TRW, Inc.,

Chairman

JOHN A.ARMSTRONG,

IBM Corporation

NORMAN H.BROOKS,

California Institute of Technology

DENNIS CHAMOT,

AFL-CIO

FLOYD L.CULLER, JR.,

Electric Power Research Institute

DANIEL B.DeBRA,

Stanford University

RICHARD D.DeLAUER,

The Orion Group

ROBERT R.EVERETT,

The MITRE Corporation

(retired)

KENT F.HANSEN,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ELVIN R.HEIBERG,

Rollins Field Services, Inc.

WILLIAM G.HOWARD, JR.,

National Academy of Engineering

RICHARD C.MESSINGER,

Cincinnati Milacron, Inc.

IRENE C.PEDEN,

University of Washington

EBERHARDT RECHTIN,

University of Southern California

GREGORY E.STILLMAN,

University of Illinois

CHARLES F.TIFFANY,

Boeing Military Airplane Company

(retired)

PAUL E.TORGERSEN,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

JOHN B.WACHTMAN, JR.,

Rutgers University

DAVID L.BODDE, Executive Director

STEPHEN RATTIEN, Associate Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

Preface

In October 1984 Don Fuqua, then chairman of the House Committee on Science and Technology, wrote to the presidents of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering urging the National Research Council to form a committee “to conduct a comprehensive materials research and technology assessment for the next decade.” This direct expression of support from a U.S. congressman, which was further reinforced by the federal agencies with materials-related missions, marked the inception of the survey of materials science and engineering presented here. But the roots of this survey extend much further to include the initial recognition of materials science and engineering as a distinct area of endeavor. There have been earlier comprehensive studies of materials science and engineering, most notably that of the National Research Council’s Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Technology (COSMAT). The publication of COSMAT’s 1975 report Materials and Man’s Needs moved understanding and recognition of the field forward. At that time, national goals were focused on natural resources, energy, and the environment, as well as on defense. Materials and Man’s Needs dealt with materials issues related to strategic materials, reduction of energy costs in production, biodegradability, recovery and recycling of scrap, and the materials cycle, all in the context of an awakened public awareness of the finiteness of the earth’s resources. It also discussed the structure-property-performance relationships that have been so important to development of the field over the last decades. The present report, building on the foundation of that earlier report, stresses the importance of synthesis and processing.

At the inception of this survey, it was clear that materials science and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

engineering had changed dramatically since the completion of the COSMAT report. A wealth of new discoveries and technological advances had drawn many new people to the field and had radically altered the field’s concerns and methods. At the same time, a number of industries closely associated with materials science and engineering had undergone similarly dramatic changes—and not always for the better. America’s mining and metals beneficiation industries, its commodity metals industry, its machine tool industry, its computer industry, and its electronics industry, which had been, and still are, major users of the results of materials science and engineering, were all losing major portions of their market shares to overseas competitors and shutting down research operations.

Prompted by Fuqua’s letter, the Solid State Sciences Committee, in collaboration with the National Materials Advisory Board, devoted its spring 1985 forum to the question of whether a new survey of materials science and engineering should be conducted and, if so, how it should be structured. At the forum a remarkable degree of unanimity emerged regarding the potential value of such a study, and forum participants outlined a general statement of task for the project. Shortly thereafter, the National Research Council initiated a joint project under the Solid State Sciences Committee and the National Materials Advisory Board to conduct a survey along the lines suggested, and funding was obtained from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, as well as from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Army Research Office, and the National Research Council.

The National Research Council’s principal goal for the study was to present “a unified view of recent progress and new directions in materials science and engineering.” Among the specific issues identified in the charge were

  • areas of research and development particularly ripe for important advances;

  • relationships among the various elements of materials research and development;

  • the roles of the federal and private sectors, particularly as they relate to a balanced national materials effort;

  • the effectiveness of the materials infrastructure in developing and commercializing new materials technologies;

  • the effectiveness of materials research and education at universities; and

  • international cooperation and competition in materials science and engineering.

The Committee on Materials Science and Engineering was constituted by the National Research Council with a special focus on the unity of materials science and engineering. The committee was carefully balanced with respect

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

to several different factors including the range of disciplines that conduct materials science and engineering, the variety of institutions in which these activities take place, and the scope of the field from science to engineering. By the summer of 1986, a committee of 17 eminently qualified individuals representing government, industry, and academia had been formed. In addition, a steering committee was established to provide oversight and guidance throughout the committee’s deliberations.

One of the first and most challenging tasks facing the committee was to find a way of breaking down a subject as large and complex as materials science and engineering into manageable parts. The committee formed five panels, each of which examined an important area of the field that cut across all materials classes and ranged from science to engineering to industrial practice. The Panel on Research Opportunities and Needs in Materials Science and Engineering identified research areas of national importance in materials science and engineering and evaluated opportunities and needs in the field. The Panel on Exploitation of Materials Science and Technology for the National Welfare examined the links between scientific advances and economically competitive products and processes and other ways in which materials science and engineering affects the national well-being. The Panel on International Cooperation and Competition in Materials Science and Engineering outlined the global dimensions of the field, particularly as it affects industrial competitiveness in the United States. The Panel on Research Resources in Materials Science and Engineering assessed the resources available now and in the future for materials science and engineering in terms of facilities, instrumentation, and funding at universities, national laboratories, and industrial laboratories. The Panel on Education in Materials Science and Engineering considered personnel issues and the means by which future generations of materials scientists and engineers are to be educated.

The leadership of each panel consisted of one chairman and two vice chairmen drawn from the committee (the two committee co-chairmen were the only committee members not serving on a panel). Panel leaders included one person from industry, one from a government laboratory, and one from academia. In turn, the National Research Council appointed a balanced panel, and the panels conducted meetings and surveys, commissioned papers, and gathered data. In this way, a broad cross section of the materials community was involved in the preparation of this report (there were 109 formally constituted committee and panel members and nearly 400 other individuals who contributed to the study). The co-chairmen of the committee and the committee members also appeared before a number of professional societies to present status reports on the committee’s deliberations and to encourage participation and feedback.

Each panel produced a major report on its assigned issue, and these panel reports form the basis for this report. However, this report is not organized

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×

strictly along the lines of the issues assigned to the panels. As intended, there was considerable overlap among the panels, an overlap that contributed to the richness of the committee’s conclusions. This report builds on that overlap to provide a committee consensus of all of the panels’ conclusions. Although the findings of particular panels may contribute more heavily to some of the chapters in this report than to others, in effect, each of the panels contributed to each of the chapters of this report. The introduction to the report briefly reviews the contents of the chapters.

We would like to mention one issue that arose from the work of the Panel on Research Opportunities and Needs in Materials Science and Engineering and the work of the Panel on International Cooperation and Competition in Materials Science and Engineering that is treated in Chapter 2. The work of these panels uncovered significant issues with regard to competitiveness. One of the committee’s conclusions is that better integration of materials science and engineering with the rest of business operations is needed to improve the positions of U.S. firms in domestic and international competition; the objective is to strengthen long-range R&D in industry. Other issues of competitiveness emerged that are alluded to above and that have more to do with the entire structure and climate of industry in the United States. These issues are profound and deserve more attention than a study whose scope is limited to materials science and engineering can give them.

As would be expected for a diverse field such as materials science and engineering, the findings range over many topics, and the recommendations are broad in character. In the spirit that has characterized the whole endeavor of the Committee on Materials Science and Engineering, this report is offered with the hope that its important recommendations will be adopted and implemented in ways that will benefit the United States.

PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI

MERTON FLEMINGS

Co-chairmen

Committee on Materials Science and Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

Acknowledgments

Successful completion of this report involved the contributions of many.

The work of the committee was supported by National Research Council staff members Arlene Maclin, Jack Moteff, and Pat Rapp as well as Board on Physics and Astronomy and National Materials Advisory Board directors Don Shapero and Klaus Zwilsky. The editing team included Roseanne Price, Susan Maurizi, and Susan Wyatt. Writer Steve Olson’s work in synthesizing the reports of the five panels was indispensable. Oversight by a steering committee co-chaired by Arden Bement and Al Narath helped at several crucial junctures along the way to completing the project. A critical review process overseen by the Report Review Committee contributed to the refining of this report. The National Academy Press staff designed the book and brought it through production.

The Committee on Materials Science and Engineering would also like to thank the following members of the materials community for their assistance in providing information for this report: Aerospace Industry Subpanel members Peter Cannon (Chairman), Donald P.Ames, Andrew Baker, Arden Bement, Wayne Burwell, Richard Delasi, Russell Duttweiller, Richard Hartke, Stephen Lukasik, Edith Martin, Robert Sprague, Earl Thompson, James Whitesides, and Carl Zweben; Automotive Industry Subpanel members C. Magee (Chairman), P.Beardmore, H.Cook, J.Hunter, M.Liedtke, A. McLean, G.Robinson, and R.Sjoberg; Biomaterials Industry Subpanel members S.Barenberg (Chairman), J.Andrade, P.Bosen, R.Crowninshield, P.Galetti, W.Grantz, A.Haubold, M.Helmus, R.Kronenthal, J.Lemmons, L.Lynch, E.Mueller, M.Ostler, M.Refojo, S.Shalaby, J.Shaw, and J. Williams; Chemistry Subpanel members George Hammond (Chairman), James

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×

Clovis, Ted Evans, Edith Flanigen, Lawrence Hare, Harris Hartzler, Robert Jannson, Donald McLemore, and Lloyd Robeson; Electronics Industry Subpanel members Bob Stratton (Chairman), Al Cho, Dick Delagi, William Gallagher, Kent Hansen, Webb Howard, Howard Huff, Milo Johnson, Bill Mitchell, Elsa Reichmanis, Bob Rosenberg, Ralph Ruth, and Pei Wang; Energy Industry Subpanel members R.Jaffee (Chairman), E.DeMeo, B. Kear, W.Liang, R.Richman, J.Roberts, and D.Shannon; Metals Industry Subpanel members Ian Hughes (Chairman), Philip Abramowitz, Yaz Bilimoria, Larry Hicks, Noel Jarrett, John Mihelich, Neil Paton, and Joseph Winter; and Telecommunications Industry Subpanel members Robert Laudise (Chairman), Glenn Cullen, Barry Dunbridge, Kenneth Jackson, Charles Jonscher, Robert Maurer, Gregory Stillman, and Jack Wernick.

In addition, the committee would like to thank those who participated in the workshop held by the Panel on Materials Research Opportunities and Needs in Materials Science and Engineering: Harry Allcock, Sumner Barenberg, Malcolm Beasley, H.Kent Bowen, Morris Cohen, Lance Davis, Frank Di Salvo, Anthony Evans, Paul Fleury, John Hirth, John Joannopoulos, Frank Karasz, Bernard Kear, David Litster, Alex Maradudin, Robert Mehrabian, Raumond Orbach, Richard Osgood, John Quinn, John Silcox, Robert White, and James Williams.

The committee is also grateful to the participants of the two workshops held by the Panel on Exploitation of Materials Science and Technology for the National Welfare: Workshop on Technological Innovations and Technology Transfer participants Alan Chynoweth (Chairman), Michael Chartock, Joel Clark, J.William Doane, Ted Geballe, Harry Gibson, Lyman Johnson, Harry Lipsitt, Stewart Miller, Phillip Parrish, John Riggs, Palle Smidt, Robert Sundahl, and Port Wheeler; and Workshop on Institutional Aspects of Technology Transfer participants Alan Chynoweth (Chairman), Gordon Geiger, Sigfried Hecker, Herb Johnson, Ronald Kerber, Bob McKee, Richard Pitler, Vince Russo, Larry Sumney, Douglas Walgren, and Karl Willenbrock.

Thanks are also extended by the committee to those who participated in case studies, including C.Flynn, G.Somorjai, W.Dennis, H.Paxton, and L.Kuhn. We acknowledge with gratitude the help of A.Malozemoff and R.Rosenberg with writing sections of this report.

PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI

MERTON FLEMINGS

Co-chairmen

Committee on Materials Science and Engineering

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/758.
×
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4

 

RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND THE ELEMENTS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 

110

   

Properties and Performance,

 

112

   

Structure and Composition,

 

116

   

Synthesis and Processing,

 

121

   

Common Themes,

 

133

   

Findings,

 

139

5

 

MANPOWER AND EDUCATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 

141

   

Personnel in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

142

   

Degree Production in Materials-Related Disciplines,

 

144

   

Undergraduate Education in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

147

   

Graduate Education in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

154

   

Continuing Education in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

157

   

Precollege Education,

 

158

   

Role of Professional Societies,

 

159

   

Findings,

 

160

6

 

RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 

162

   

Federal Funding for Research in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

163

   

Industrial Funding for Materials Science and Engineering,

 

171

   

Research Settings,

 

174

   

Federal Laboratories,

 

178

   

Major National Facilities,

 

180

   

Findings,

 

183

7

 

COMPARISONS OF EFFORTS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF SELECTED NATIONS

 

186

   

Materials Science and Engineering Abroad,

 

188

   

Materials Science and Engineering in the United States,

 

195

   

Mechanisms for Cooperative Research,

 

197

   

Comparative Analysis of U.S. Competitive Status in Materials Science and Engineering,

 

199

   

Findings,

 

204

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 1990s

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Materials science and engineering (MSE) contributes to our everyday lives by making possible technologies ranging from the automobiles we drive to the lasers our physicians use. Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s charts the impact of MSE on the private and public sectors and identifies the research that must be conducted to help America remain competitive in the world arena. The authors discuss what current and future resources would be needed to conduct this research, as well as the role that industry, the federal government, and universities should play in this endeavor.

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