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VOICE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACHINES David B. Roe and Jay G. Wilpon, Editors National Academy of Sciences National Academy Press Washington D.C. 1994
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Page ii
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS * 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. * Washington, D.C. 20418
This volume is based on the National Academy of Sciences' Colloquium on Human-Machine Communication by Voice. The articles appearing in these pages were contributed by speakers at the colloquium and have not been independently reviewed. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Voice communication between humans and machines / David B. Roe and Jay G. Wil pon, editors. p. cm. Based on a colloquium sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-04988-1 1. Automatic speech recognition. 2. Man-machine systems. I. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) TK7882.S65V62 1994 006.4'54—dc20 94-29114 CIP
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Page iii
Acknowledgments The editors would like to thank the many authors who contributed to this book. Without their insights and hard work this book would not have been possible. We also thank Lawrence Rabiner, who inspired and helped organize the NAS-sponsored Colloquium on Human/Machine Communication by Voice. The efforts of Irene Morrongiello, who was instrumental in coordinating every aspect of the manuscript, and Martina Sharp, who made formatting changes to keep the style similar between the diverse contributions of the authors, are gratefully appreciated.
We wish to thank many anonymous reviewers who made generous comments on the chapters.
Finally, this book would not have been possible without the support of our wives, Carol Roe and Sandy Wilpon.
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Contents Dedication
1
Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines— An Introduction
Lawrence R. Rabiner
5
SCIENTIFIC BASES OF HUMAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION BY VOICE
Scientific Bases of Human-Machine Communication by Voice
Ronald W. Schafer
15
The Role of Voice in Human-Machine Communication
Philip R. Cohen and Sharon L. Oviatt
34
Speech Communication—An Overview
James L. Flanagan
76
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Page vi
SPEECH SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY
Computer Speech Synthesis: Its Status and Prospects
Mark Liberman
107
Models of Speech Synthesis
Rolf Carlson
116
Linguistic Aspects of Speech Synthesis
Jonathan Allen
135
SPEECH RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY
Speech Recognition Technology: A Critique
Stephen E. Levinson
159
State of the Art in Continuous Speech Recognition
John Makhoul and Richard Schwartz
165
Training and Search Methods for Speech Recognition
Frederick Jelinek
199
NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY
The Roles of Language Processing in a Spoken Language Interface
Lynette Hirschman
217
Models of Natural Language Understanding
Madeleine Bates
238
Integration of Speech with Natural Language Understanding
Robert C. Moore
254
APPLICATIONS OF VOICE-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY I
A Perspective on Early Commercial Applications of Voice-Processing Technology for Telecommunications and Aids for the Handicapped
Chris Seelbach
275
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Page vii
Applications of Voice-Processing Technology in Telecommunications
Jay G. Wilpon
280
Speech Processing for Physical and Sensory Disabilities
Harry Levitt
311
APPLICATIONS OF VOICE-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY II
Commercial Applications of Speech Interface Technology: An Industry at the Threshold
John A. Oberteuffer
347
Military and Government Applications of Human-Machine Communication by Voice
Clifford J. Weinstein
357
TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT
Deployment of Human-Machine Dialogue Systems
David B. Roe
373
What Does Voice-Processing Technology Support Today?
Ryohei Nakatsu and Yoshitake Suzuki
390
User Interfaces for Voice Applications
Candace Kamm
422
TECHNOLOGY IN 2001
Speech Technology in the Year 2001
Stephen E. Levinson and Frank Fallside
445
Toward the Ultimate Synthesis/Recognition System
Sadaoki Furui
450
Speech Technology in 2001: New Research Directions
Bishnu S. Atal
467
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New Trends in Natural Language Processing: Statistical Natural Language Processing
Mitchell Marcus
482
The Future of Voice-Processing Technology in the World of Computers and Communications
Yasuo Kato
505
Author Biographies
515
Index
525
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Page ix
VOICE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HUMANS AND MACHINES
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