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OCR for page R1
Meeting
the Nation's
Needs for
Biomedical
Behavioral
Scientists
Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel
Studies and Surveys Unit
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1994
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard to
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by persons other than the author according to procedures approved by
a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by
the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on
scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also spon-
sors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters
pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth Shine is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy' s purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White
are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This material is based on work supported by the National Institutes of Health.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 94-66477
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05086-3
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Box 285
Washington, DC 20055
800/624-6242
202/334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
B-452
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SC! ENCES
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE. NW WASHINGTON. D. C. 20418
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
The Honorable Donna E. Shalala
Secretary of the Department of
Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, SW
Room 615-F
Washington, D.C. 20201
Dear Secretary Shalala:
June I, 1994
It is a pleasure to present to the Department of Health and Human Services a copy of the
1994 report of the Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Personnel. This is the tenth in a series of reports undertaken by the National Research Council
pursuant to Title I of the National Research Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-348 as amended). The work
has been supported under Contract NOl-OD-2-2116/C with the National Institutes of Health.
The Act states that the purposes of the continuing study are to: "all establish (A) the
Nation's overall need for biomedical and behavioral research personnel, (B) the subject areas
in which such personnel are needed and the number of such personnel needed in each such area,
and (C) the kinds and extent of training which should be provided such personnel; (2) assess (A)
current training programs available for the training of biomedical and behavioral research
personnel that are conducted under this Act at or through the institutes...and (B) other current
training programs available for the training of such personnel; (3) identify the kinds of research
positions available to and held by individuals completing such programs; (4) determine, to the
extent feasible, whether the programs referred to in clause (B) of paragraph (2) would be
adequate to meet the need established under paragraph (~) if the programs referred to in clause
(A) of paragraph (2) were terminated; and (5) to determine what modifications in the programs
referred to in paragraph (2) are required to meet the needs established under paragraph all."
Previous NRC reports have provided guidance to the NIH and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse
and Mental Health Administration and to the U.S. Congress about the appropriate size and
composition of the NRSA program given national needs for these highly skilled scientists. In
addition to the core activities stipulated by the National Research Act, the agency directed the
NRC to review the mathematical projection moclels of supply and demand used by previous NRC
study committees and to establish their adequacy in addressing "national needs" issues in the
1990s.
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The Honorable Donna E. Shalala
Page Two
This report includes a new approach to modeling supply which should be regarded as
exploratory. As a result, the Committee's recommendations for award levels are based more
heavily on expert judgment than has been the case in the past. The Committee's Pane! on
Estimation Procedures, I should add, will prepare a report for release later this year which
addresses the more general matter of mathematical approaches to the estimation of "need".
Through a combination of a variety of information gathering activities and Committee
deliberations, the Committee has concluded that the nation's need for these scientists remains
strong and that the NRSA program, while small compared to the many other sources of doctoral
and postdoctoral support, is enormously powerful in terms of its ability to change research
emphases and to attract the highest quality individuals to research careers in the basic
biomedical, behavioral and clinical sciences. The Committee has described in this report the
next steps that are needed to assure that the NBSA program fulfills its intended role in fostering
and maintaining a strong human resource base for health research.
We hope the present report will be helpful and would be pleased to discuss it with you
and your staff.
~ncerely7
W.. ~
Enclosure
a?
44..~< ~ ,\
ce M. Alberts
President
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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
Studies anti Surveys Unit
COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS FOR
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Ira J. Hirsh, Co-chc~ir
Washington University (Retired)
Central Institute for the Deaf
Helen M. Berman
Department of Chemistry
Rutgers University
Francis J. Bullock
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Edwin C. Cadman
Department of Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine
Nancy E. Cantor
Department of Psychology
Princeton University
Eli Ginzberg
Eisenhower Center for the Conservation of
Human Resources
Columbia University
Robert Hill*
Department of Biochemistry
Duke University Medical Center
R. Duncan Luce
Institute for Mathematical and Behavioral Sciences
University of California at Irvine
* Resigned March 1994.
v
John D. Stobo, Co-chair
Department of Medicine
The Johns Hopkins University
Rum McCorkle
School of Nursing
University of Pennsylvania
Raymond Nickerson
Bolt Beranek & Newman (Retired)
Mary J. Osborn
Department of Microbiology & Biology
University of Connecticut Health Center
Cecil Payton
Department of Microbiology & Biology
Morgan State University
Richard Ranney
School of Dentistry
University of Maryland at Baltimore
Michael Rothschild
Division of Social Sciences
University of California at San Diego
Donald Steinwachs
Department of Health Policy and Management
Johns Hopkins University
Richard Thompson
Program for Neural, Informational, and Behaviora
Sciences
University of Southern California
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL NEEDS FOR
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH PERSONNEL
PANEL ON ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Michael Rothschild, Chair
Division of Social Sciences
University of California at San Diego
Eugene Hammel
Department of Demography
University of California at Berkeley
Alan Krueger
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and
International Affairs
Princeton University
Robert Mare
Center for Demography and Ecology
University of Wisconsin
Aage Sorensen
Department of Sociology
Harvard University
NRC PROJECT STAFF
Alan Fechter, Executive Director
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel
Pamela Ebert Flattau
Director, Studies and Surveys Unit
Jeffrey E. Kallan
Staff Officer
Elaine Lawson
Research Associate
Anne L. Gallagher
Administrative Assistant
V1
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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Linda S. Wilson, Chair
President
Radcliffe College
Ernest Jaworski, Vice Chair
Monsanto Company (Retired)
Betsy Ancker-Johnson
Chairman
World Environment Center
David Breneman
Graduate School of Education
Harvard University
David L. Goodstein
Vice Provost
Professor of Physics and Applied Physics
California Institute of Technology
Lester A. Hoel
Hamilton Professor of Civil Engineering
Duke University
Juanita M. Kreps
Department of Economics
Duke University
Donald Langenberg
Chancellor
University of Maryland System
Judith S. Liebman
Department of Chemical and Industrial Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Barry Munitz
Chancellor
The California State University
Kenneth Olden
Director, National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences
National Institutes of Health
Ewart A.C. Thomas
Department of Psychology
Stanford University
Annette B. Weiner
Dean, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
New York University
William H. Miller (Ex-o~icio)
Department of Chemistry
University of California
. .
V11
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OCR for page R9
PREFACE
In 1994 we mark the twentieth anniversary of the
National Research Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-348), which estab-
lished the National Research Service Awards (NRSA) pro-
gram. Intended from the outset to augment federal pro-
grams of research support, the NRSA program was designed
to increase the capability of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH) and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Ad-
ministration (ADAMHA) to maintain a "superior program
of research into the physical and mental disease and impair-
ments of man...." Through a combination of training grants
to institutions and the direct support of qualified individuals
as research fellows, the NRSA program remains a signifi-
cant force in the health research effort.
We cannot emphasize too strongly the significant impact
the NRSA program has had on the federal system of
predoctoral and postdoctoral training at U.S. universities.
The 1974 legislation repealed existing research training and
fellowship authorities of NIH and ADAMHA-one of
which dated to the National Cancer Act of 1937 and con-
solidated research training under a single, new authority. In
other words, He National Research Act of 1974 established
a coherent system of support for recruiting individuals into
health research and launching them into productive careers.
Coupled win a variety of mechanisms to support training
and education at all stages of the scientific career from
high school Trough midcareer-NIH provides the largest
research training effort in the federal government, the cen-
terpiece of which is the National Research Service Award.
In its 20 years of operation, the NRSA program has made
it possible for many thousands of talented individuals in the
basic biomedical, behavioral, and clinical sciences to
sharpen their research skills and to apply those skills to
topics of special concern to the nation, such as: aging, hy-
pertension, the genetic basis of disease, acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, environmental toxi
1X
cology, nutrition and health, and substance abuse. Surpris-
ingly, few systematic studies are available of the career out-
comes of NRSA trainees and fellows. Studies that are avail-
able, however, consistently note a distinctive role for NRSA
trainees and fellows in the national health research effort.
Nonetheless, many questions remain about the career out-
comes of NRSA trainees and fellows, arid it is our hope and
that of our colleagues on the committee that NIH place high
priority in the coming years on He careful analysis of career
outcomes of NRSA graduates, determining to the extent
possible the contributions of the NRSA program to health
research relative to other forms of federal and private sup-
port for research training.
The continuing need for highly trained specialists to con-
duct research to meet the health needs of He country is as
great today as it was 20 years ago. However, because of
changes in patterns of research funding and He structure of
the marketplace, the nature of this need has changed some-
what in recent years. Today there is a greater demand than
in the past for talented health scientists to provide leader-
ship in industrial research settings, in federal government
laboratories, and in hospitals and clinics. The NRSA pro-
gram continues to play a critical role in the preparation of
many of those scientists.
It was within the context of these changing research op-
portunities that the National Research Council (NRC)
agreed in 1992 to undertake this study of the NRSA pro-
gram. In December 1992, the NRC appointed the Commit-
tee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Re-
search Personnel, which we have been privileged to chair.
It was our committee' s task to establish the nation' s overall
need for biomedical and behavioral research personnel, the
subject areas in which such personnel are needed, and the
number of such personnel needed In each area for 1994 and
beyond.
OCR for page R10
PREFACE
The committee was assisted by the Panel on Estimation
Procedures, ably chaired by Michael Rothschild and staffed
by Jeffrey Kallan. Through their careful collection and re-
view of available statistics and various mathematical mod-
els, the panel provided us with a refreshing, alternative look
at degree production and employment patterns in the many
fields addressed by this study. The work of the panel con-
tinues beyond this report. We look forward with interest to
the outcome of their deliberations, which should provide us
with further insights into possible new approaches for as-
sessing the nation's need for biomedical and behavioral sci-
entists.
The work of the panel was augmented by information
gathered by the committee through a public hearing and a
series of commissioned papers. We are indebted to the
many experts who offered valuable suggestions about pos-
sible new directions for the NRSA program.
In addition to these contributors, a number of people en-
sured a successful outcome of our efforts. Walter S chaffer,
Research Training and Research Resources Officer at NIH,
skillfully offered important information about the history
and status of He NRSA program in his capacity as project
officer. Dr. S chaffer arranged for numerous briefings by
his colleagues at NIH. We are especially grateful to Rum
Kirschstein, Deputy Director of He NIH, who met with the
committee in its early stages of discussion and offered help-
ful comments about areas of special concern to He NIH.
We would also like to thank members of the NIH project
oversight team for the information they provided, including
Drs. David Chananie, Suzanne Feetham, Leonard Lash,
James Lipton, John Norvell, James F. O'Donnell, and Carl
Roth and Ms. Valerie Pickett.
The committee would also like to thank Carola Eisenberg
x
who served as liaison from the NRC/OSEP Committee on
Women in Science and Engineering and Ernest Jaworski
who served as liaison from the Advisory Committee for the
Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel (OSEP).
Both contributed in important ways to the deliberations of
the committee. Kenneth Shine, President of He Institute of
Medicine, also offered suggestions for analyses in the early
stages in our work.
The committee would especially like to acknowledge the
efforts of Alan Fechter, OSEP Executive Director. Together
with Jeffrey Kallan, technical consultants Farrell Bloch and
Peter Tiemeyer, and OSEP's date processing staff, mostno-
tably Marinus van der Have, Mr. Fechter effectively orga-
nized the labor force information contained in the basic bio-
medical and behavioral sciences chapters. The committee
would also like to thank the staff of the Survey of Earned
Doctorates and the Survey of Doctorate Recipients for their
technical assistance, especially Delores Thurgood, Daniel
Pasquini, and Prudence Brown. Pamela Ebert Flattau, Di-
rector of OSEP's Studies and Surveys Unit, guided the
completion of this report and played a significant role in
overseeing He coordination of the committee's overall study
plan. Elaine Lawson contributed at key points in the study
by gathering and summarizing a wide variety of material
addressing national needs in the clinical sciences. Anne
Gallagher, the committee's administrative assistant, worked
tirelessly to coordinate the production of this volume. To
these people, we express our gratitude for Heir efforts.
IRA J. HIRSH
JOHN D. STOBO, Co-Chairs
Committee on National Needs for
Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel
OCR for page R11
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Estimating National Needs For Research Scientists, 1
Recommendations, 2
Enhancing the Effectiveness of the NRSA Program, 8
1 INTRODUCTION
Origins of the Study, 11
Charge to the Committee, 12
The Committee's Study Plan, 12
Organization of the Report, 14
2 APPROACHES TO TElE ESTIMATION OF
NATIONAL NEED
Health Research as a National Priority, 17
Advances in Research, 19
Marketplace Requirements, 20
3 BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES PERSONNEL
Advances in Research, 24
Assessment of the Current Market for
Basic Biomedical Scientists, 25
Outlook for Basic Biomedical Scientists, 30
Ensuring the Diversity of Human Resources, 32
The NRSA Program in the Basic Biomedical Sciences, 32
Recommendations, 33
4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES PERSONNEL
Advances in Research in the Behavioral Sciences, 38
Assessment of the Current Market for Behavioral Scientists, 40
Outlook for Behavioral Scientists, 45
Ensuring the Diversity of Human Resources, 49
The NRSA Program in the Behavioral Sciences, 49
Recommendations, 50
X1
11
17
23
37
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CONTENTS
5 PHYSICIAN-SCIENTISTS
Advances in Clinical Science, 56
Assessment of the Current Market for Clinical Scientists, 56
Outlook for Clinical Scientists, 57
Ensuring the Diversity of Human Resources, 59
The NRSA Program in the Clinical Sciences, 60
Recommendations, 62
6 ORAL HEALTH RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Advances in Oral Health Research, 65
Assessment of the Current Market for Oral Health
Research Personnel, 65
Outlook for Oral Health Research Scientists, 66
Ensuring Diversity of Human Resources, 67
National Research Service Award Program for Oral
Health Research, 67
Recommendations, 69
7 NURSING RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Advances in Nursing Research, 73
Assessment of the Current Market for Nursing
Research Personnel, 75
Outlook for Nursing Research Personnel, 75
Ensuring Diversity of Human Resources, 76
The NRSA Program in Nursing Research, 76
Recommendations, 77
8 HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Advances in Health Services Research, 81
Assessment of the Current Market for Health Services
Research Personnel, 83
Outlook for Health Services Research Personnel, 84
Ensuring Diversity of Human Resources, 86
The NRSA Program in Health Services Research, 86
Recommendations, 87
9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND REMAINING
CONSIDERATIONS
Stipend Issues, 89
Enhancing the Effectiveness of the NRSA Program, 90
APPENDIXES
A Historical Overview
B Classification of Fields
C Public Hearing on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral
Research Personnel
D Report Contributors
E Sources of Information for the National Research Service Award
F Data Tables
G Multistate Life Table Methodology and Projections
H Procedures Used to Estimate Awards, Stipends, and Costs
I Biographical Sketches
X11
55
65
73
81
89
~5
103
105
113
115
117
149
153
161