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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Plasma Science
From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Panel on Opportunities in Plasma Science and Technology
Plasma Science Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1995
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This project was supported by the Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FG05-88ER53279, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY-9100105, and the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-J-1728.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 94-69693
International Standard Book No. 0-309-05231-9
Cover: A snapshot of the electron density distribution in a magnetized, pure-electron plasma. These plasmas are nearly ideal, inviscid, two-dimensional fluids and are being used to study the relaxation and self-organization of fluid turbulence (see Plate 2 for details). (Courtesy of C.F. Driscoll, University of California, San Diego.)
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
PANEL ON OPPORTUNITIES IN PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CLIFFORD SURKO,
University of California, San Diego,
Co-Chair
JOHN AHEARNE,
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society,
Co-Chair
PETER BANKS,
University of Michigan
THOMAS BIRMINGHAM,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
MICHAEL BOYLE,
Bondtronix, Inc.
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
JONAH JACOB,
Science Research Laboratory, Inc.
MIKLOS PORKOLAB,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EDWIN SALPETER,
Cornell University
ROBERTA SAXON,
SRI International
SAM TREIMAN,
Princeton University
HERBERT YORK,
University of California, San Diego (retired)
ELLEN ZWEIBEL,
University of Colorado
RONALD D. TAYLOR, Senior Program Officer (1992–1994)
DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
PLASMA SCIENCE COMMITTEE
RAVI SUDAN,
Cornell University,
Chair
RICHARD A. GOTTSCHO,
AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Vice Chair
STEVEN C. COWLEY,
University of California, Los Angeles
JAMES DAKIN,
GE Lighting
ROY GOULD,
California Institute of Technology
RICHARD D. HAZELTINE,
University of Texas at Austin
MARY KATHERINE HUDSON,
Dartmouth College
WILLIAM L. KRUER,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
MICHAEL LIEBERMAN,
University of California, Berkeley
CHUAN S. LIU,
University of Maryland
NATHAN RYNN,
University of California, Irvine
ELLEN ZWEIBEL,
University of Colorado
Former Members of the Committee Who Were Active During the Period of the Study
JONATHAN ARONS,
University of California, Berkeley
MAHA ASHOUR-ABDALLA,
University of California, Los Angeles
IRA BERNSTEIN,
Yale University
E.M. CAMPBELL,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
ALAN GARSCADDEN,
Wright Research and Development Center
ROBERT L. McCRORY, JR.,
University of Rochester
FRANCIS W. PERKINS,
Princeton University
JOSEPH PROUD,
GTE Laboratories Incorporated
NORMAN ROSTOKER,
University of California, Irvine
RONALD D. TAYLOR, Senior Program Officer (1992–1994)
DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
DAVID N. SCHRAMM,
University of Chicago,
Chair
ROBERT C. DYNES,
University of California, San Diego,
Vice Chair
LLOYD ARMSTRONG, JR.,
University of Southern California
DAVID H. AUSTON,
Rice University
DAVID E. BALDWIN,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
FRANK DRAKE,
University of California, Santa Cruz
HANS FRAUENFELDER,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
JEROME I. FRIEDMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARGARET J. GELLER,
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
MARTHA P. HAYNES,
Cornell University
WILLIAM KLEMPERER,
Harvard University
AL NARATH,
Sandia National Laboratories
JOSEPH M. PROUD,
GTE Corporation (retired)
ROBERT C. RICHARDSON,
Cornell University
JOHANNA STACHEL,
State University of New York at Stony Brook
DAVID WILKINSON,
Princeton University
SIDNEY WOLFF,
National Optical Astronomy Observatories
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Associate Director
DANIEL F. MORGAN, Program Officer
NATASHA CASEY, Senior Administrative Associate
STEPHANIE Y. SMITH, Project Assistant
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University,
Chair
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Vice Chair
STEPHEN L. ADLER,
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
SYLVIA T. CEYER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SUSAN L. GRAHAM,
University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation
RHONDA J. HUGHES,
Bryn Mawr College
SHIRLEY A. JACKSON,
Rutgers University
KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
HANS MARK,
University of Texas at Austin
THOMAS A. PRINCE,
California Institute of Technology
JEROME SACKS,
National Institute of Statistical Sciences
L.E. SCRIVEN,
University of Minnesota
LEON K. SILVER,
California Institute of Technology
CHARLES P. SLICHTER,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
SHMUEL WINOGRAD,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
CHARLES A. ZRAKET,
Mitre Corporation (retired)
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Preface
In the mid-1980s, the plasma physics volume of the series Physics Through the 1990s (National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1986) signaled problems for plasma science in the United States, particularly with regard to the basic aspects of the science. In the years that followed, there developed a widespread feeling in the plasma science community that something systematic needed to be done to address these issues. Out of this concern, the Plasma Science Committee of the Board on Physics and Astronomy was created in 1988. Following its establishment, plans were begun to undertake this study. With funding from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the Office of Naval Research, the Panel on Opportunities in Plasma Science and Technology was appointed in May 1992, and the study began.
Approximately half of the 13-member panel consisted of experts in the many facets of plasma science considered in this report and half of scientists outside the field, with one of the co-chairs selected as a person with experience in science policy. Three of the members are from industry; one is from a government laboratory and one from an independent research society; and the remaining eight are from academe.
The task statement to the panel requested that this study examine virtually all aspects of plasma science and technology in the United States, assess the health of basic plasma science as a research enterprise, and identify and address key issues in the field. Specifically, the panel was charged with the task of conducting an assessment of plasma science that included beams, accelerators, and coherent radiation sources; single-species plasmas and atomic traps; basic plasma science in magnetic confinement and inertial fusion devices; space plasma
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physics; astrophysics; low-temperature plasmas; and theoretical and computational plasma science. It was directed to address the following:
Assess the health of basic plasma science in the United States as a research enterprise: (a) Identify and describe selected scientific opportunities. (b) Identify and describe selected technological opportunities. (c) Assess and prioritize new opportunities for research using the criteria of intellectual challenge, prospects for illumination of classic research questions, connection with other fields of science, and potential for applications. (d) Assess applications using the criteria of potential for contributing to industrial competitiveness, national defense, human health, and other aspects of human welfare.
Identify and address the issues in the field, including the following: (a) Evaluate the quality and size of the educational programs in plasma science in light of the nation's future needs. (b) Assess the institutional infrastructure in which plasma science is conducted, and identify changes that would improve the research and educational effort. (c) Characterize the basic experimental facilities needed to increase scientific productivity. (d) Develop a research strategy that is responsive to the issues. (e) Compare the U.S. program with those of Japan and Western Europe, and identify opportunities for international cooperation. (f) Identify the interactions and synergism with other areas of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and astronomy. (g) Assess the linkage of theory and experiment. (h) Assess manpower requirements and the prospects for meeting them. (i) Identify the users of plasma science and their needs.
Make recommendations to federal agencies and to the community that address these issues.
During the course of the study, the panel held three two-day meetings and two lengthy teleconferences. As part of the process, the panel took steps to solicit input from the plasma science community. Letters were sent to 200 scientists and engineers, requesting their input on the issues raised in the charge to the panel. This list was selected from the list of Fellows of the Plasma Physics Division of the American Physical Society (90), and it also included others suggested by members of the panel (65) and by grant officers involved in funding plasma science (45). The letters went to university faculty and staff (90), industrial scientists (25), staff at national laboratories (50), and others (5). A separate, more specialized survey was sent to 33 experimentalists engaged in basic plasma physics research. Input was also solicited by announcements of the panel's work that appeared in the newsletters of the American Geophysical Union, the American Physical Society, the Plasma Physics Division of the American Physical Society, the Committee on Plasma Science of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the University Fusion Associates. Town meetings were held at American Physical Society Plasma Physics Division meetings and the Gaseous Electronics Conference. There is general agreement from these
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
sources on the themes expressed in this report: There is concern about the decline in basic plasma science, particularly in the area of basic plasma experimentation and other small-scale research efforts, and basic plasma science is perceived to lack a "home" in the federal agencies.
Also during the course of the study, the panel heard presentations from grant officers involved in funding plasma science from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research.
The task statement requested that the panel assess specific areas of plasma science, such as beams, accelerators, and coherent radiation sources (called topical areas in the report), and broad areas of plasma science, including fundamental plasma experiments, theoretical and computational plasma physics, and education in plasma science. At the first meeting of the panel, these areas were renamed slightly and the topical area of low-temperature plasmas was added, since it had been omitted from the task statement through an oversight. The resulting seven topical areas are assessed in Part II of the report, and the three broad areas of plasma science are assessed in Part III. Part IV consists of some concluding remarks.
During the course of the study, the panel had numerous discussions about the desirability of establishing organizational units specifically devoted to plasma science in the relevant federal agencies. Many members of the plasma science community who were consulted strongly advocated the establishment of such homes, believing that they are needed if basic plasma science is to be given the focused attention and increased support that the panel recommends. While this subject is beyond the scope of the panel's work, the panel suggests that the federal government might give this issue further consideration.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Acknowledgments
In preparing this report, the Panel on Opportunities in Plasma Science and Technology has benefited greatly from the assistance of many members of the plasma science community. We are particularly indebted to the former chairs of the Plasma Science Committee of the Board on Physics and Astronomy, C.F. Kennel and F.W. Perkins, and the present chair, Ravi Sudan, for their advice and help. The other members of the Plasma Science Committee also provided valuable advice during the course of the study.
The panel would like to acknowledge the following colleagues for the extensive advice and assistance they provided in assembling the broad range of material covered in this report and for critical reading of various portions of it: Jonathan Arons, University of California, Berkeley; Ira B. Bernstein, Yale University; John Bollinger, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado; Keith H. Burrell, GA Technologies, Inc.; Vincent S. Chan, GA Technologies, Inc.; Xing Chen, Science Research Laboratory, Inc.; Samuel A. Cohen, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; Bruce Danly, Plasma Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Luiz Da Silva, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Patrick Diamond, University of California, San Diego; Paul Drake, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; C. Fred Driscoll, University of California, San Diego; Eduardo Epperlein, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics; Joel Fajans, University of California, Berkeley; Walter Gekelman, University of California, Los Angeles; Brian Gilchrist, University of Michigan; Martin Goldman, University of Colorado; Tamas I. Gombosi, University of Michigan; Daniel Goodman, Science Research Laboratory, Inc.; Richard A. Gottscho, AT&T Bell Laboratories; Roy W. Gould, California Institute of Technology; Hans Griem, University of Maryland; Larry R. Grisham, Princeton
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Plasma Physics Laboratory; Richard Hazeltine, University of Texas; Noah Hershkowitz, University of Wisconsin; Chuck Hooper, University of Florida; Mary Hudson, Dartmouth College; Chandrashekhar Joshi, University of California, Los Angeles; Robert Kessler, Textron Defense Systems; William Kruer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Stephen Lane, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Richard Lee, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Bruce Lipschultz, Plasma Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; James F. Lyon, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; James Maggs, University of California, Los Angeles; Earl S. Marmar, Plasma Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dennis Mathews, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Jakob Maya, Matsushita Electrical Works, R&D Laboratory; Kevin M. McGuire, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; George Morales, University of California, Los Angeles; Andrew Nagy, University of Michigan; Torsten Neubert, University of Michigan; Francis W. Perkins, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; Arthur V. Phelps, JILA, University of Colorado (retired); Stewart C. Prager, University of Wisconsin; Juan Ramirez, Sandia National Laboratories; Barrett Ripin, American Physical Society; Gerald L. Rogoff, Sylvania, Inc.; Louis Rosocha, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Norman Rostoker, University of California, Los Angeles; Andrew Schmitt, Naval Research Laboratory; Wolf Seka, University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics; Gary Selwyn, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Frederick Skiff, University of Maryland; Reiner Stenzel, University of California, Los Angeles; Raul Stern, University of Colorado, Boulder; Ravindra Sudan, Cornell University; Roscoe White, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; Scott Wilks, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; David Wineland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado; Masaaki Yamada, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; Michael C. Zarnstorff, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
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Contents
Executive Summary
1
PART I:
OVERVIEW
Introduction,
7
The Role of Plasma Science in Our Society,
8
The Discipline of Plasma Science,
11
Common Research Themes,
11
Wave-Particle Interactions and Plasma Heating,
11
Chaos, Turbulence, and Transport,
14
Plasma Sheaths and Boundary Layers,
14
Magnetic Reconnection and Dynamo Action,
14
Research and Education in Plasma Science,
15
Basic Plasma Experiments,
15
Theory and Computational Plasma Physics,
17
Education in Plasma Science,
18
Summary of Topical Areas,
19
Low-Temperature Plasmas,
19
Nonneutral Plasmas,
20
Inertial Confinement Fusion,
21
Magnetic Confinement Fusion,
22
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Beams, Accelerators, and Coherent Radiation Sources,
24
Space Plasmas,
24
Astrophysical Plasmas,
26
Central Messages of this Report,
26
Conclusions and Recommendations,
28
PART II:
TOPICAL AREAS
1
Low-Temperature Plasmas
33
Introduction,
33
Lighting,
36
Gas Discharge Lasers,
37
Plasma Isotope Separation,
38
Plasmas for Electric Propulsion of Space Vehicles,
39
Magnetohydrodynamics,
39
Plasmas for Pollution Control and Reduction,
40
Plasma Processing of Materials,
42
Conclusions and Recommendations,
45
Conclusions,
45
Recommendations,
45
2
Nonneutral Plasmas
47
Introduction and Background,
47
Recent Advances in Nonneutral Plasmas,
48
Electron Plasmas,
49
Ion Plasmas,
50
Ion Plasmas in Electron-Beam Ion Traps,
51
Confinement of Antimatter,
53
Research Opportunities,
53
Coherent Structures and Vortex Dynamics,
54
Transport Processes,
54
Confinement Properties in Nonaxisymmetric Geometries,
54
Stochastic Effects,
54
Strongly Coupled Nonneutral Plasmas,
55
Quantum-Mechanical Effects,
56
Antimatter,
56
Opportunities for Advances in Technology,
57
Precision Clocks,
57
Precision Mass Spectrometry,
57
Ion Sources with Enhanced Brightness,
57
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Electron-Beam Ion Traps,
58
Radiation Sources,
58
Pressure Standard in Ultrahigh-Vacuum Regime,
58
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations,
59
3
Inertial Confinement Fusion
60
Introduction and Background,
60
Recent Advances,
61
Laser Fusion,
61
Ion-Beam Fusion,
62
Scientific and Technological Opportunities,
64
Conclusions and Recommendations,
69
4
Magnetic Confinement Fusion
71
Introduction,
71
Magnetohydrodynamics and Stability,
72
Introduction and Background,
72
Past Achievements,
72
Future Prospects,
73
Tokamak Transport,
74
Introduction and Background,
74
Past Achievements,
74
Future Prospects,
75
Edge and Divertor Physics,
77
Introduction and Background,
77
Recent Advances,
79
Future Research and Technical Opportunities,
79
Plasma Heating and Non-inductive Current Drive,
80
Neutral-Beam Heating and Current Drive,
80
Introduction and Background,
80
Past Achievements,
81
Future Prospects,
81
Radio-Frequency Heating and Current Drive,
81
Introduction and Background,
81
Past Achievements,
83
Future Prospects,
83
Diagnostic Development,
84
Introduction and Background,
84
Past Achievements,
84
Future Prospects,
86
Non-Tokamak Concepts,
86
Introduction and Background,
86
Recent Advances,
87
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Future Prospects,
88
Conclusions,
89
Recommendations,
90
5
Beams, Accelerators, and Coherent Radiation Sources
92
Introduction and Background,
92
Recent Advances and Science and Technology Opportunities,
92
Intense Charged-Particle Beams,
92
Accelerators,
94
Coherent Radiation Sources,
96
Conclusions and Recommendations,
98
6
Space Plasmas
100
Introduction,
100
Background,
100
Status,
101
Tools for Space Plasma Physics,
103
Space-Based Techniques,
103
Ground-Based Techniques,
103
Plasma Theory and Simulations,
105
Laboratory Techniques,
106
Fundamental Processes in Space Plasmas,
106
Wave-Particle Interactions,
106
Charged-Particle and Plasma Energization,
107
Dust-Plasma Interactions,
108
The Critical Ionization Velocity Effect,
108
Radiation Processes,
109
Active Experiments,
109
Plasma and Neutral Mass Injections,
109
Particle Beam Experiments,
110
Wave Injection Experiments,
110
Vehicle-Environment Interactions,
111
Future Plans and Opportunities,
112
In Situ Observations,
112
In Situ Experiments,
116
Terrestrial Observation Networks,
116
Laboratory Experiments,
117
Conclusions and Recommendations,
118
7
Plasma Astrophysics
120
Recent Accomplishments in Plasma Astrophysics,
120
Magnetized Disks, Winds, and Jets,
120
Particle Acceleration in Shocks,
121
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Magnetized Convection in Stars,
121
Formation of Low-Mass Stars,
121
Problems in Plasma Astrophysics,
123
Dense Stellar Plasmas,
123
Thermal Conduction in Plasmas,
123
Structure of Collisionless Shocks,
123
Acceleration of Particles to High Energies,
124
Hydromagnetic Turbulence,
124
Magnetic Reconnection,
124
The Magnetization of the Universe,
125
Laboratory Experiments,
125
Training in Plasma Astrophysics,
125
Funding for Plasma Astrophysics,
126
Summary,
127
Conclusions and Recommendations,
127
Conclusions,
127
Recommendation,
127
PART III:
BROAD AREAS OF PLASMA SCIENCE
8
Basic Plasma Experiments
131
Introduction and Background,
131
Overview of Recent Progress,
133
Basic Plasma Experiments,
133
Wave Phenomena,
133
Bernstein Waves,
133
Mode Conversion,
134
Wave-Particle Interactions,
134
Magnetically Trapped Particle Instabilities,
134
Lower Hybrid Wave Current Drive,
135
Beat Wave Excitation and Particle Acceleration,
135
Nonlinear Phenomena,
135
Double Layers,
135
Ponderomotive Forces and the Filamentation of Electromagnetic Radiation,
135
Magnetic Field Line Reconnection,
136
Plasma Reorganization,
136
Chaos and Turbulence,
137
Chaos,
137
Quasilinear Effects and Single-Wave Stochasticity,
137
Collisionless Heat Transport,
139
Strong Langmuir Turbulence,
139
Experimental Techniques and Capabilities,
139
Plasma Sources,
139
Mechanical Probes,
141
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Laser-Based Optical Diagnostics,
142
Data Acquisition and Processing,
143
Research Opportunities,
144
Fundamental Plasma Processes,
144
Wave Phenomena,
144
Alfvén Waves,
144
Wave-Plasma Interactions,
144
Intense Laser-Plasma Interactions,
144
Chaos, Turbulence, and Localized Structures,
145
Nonlinear Particle Dynamics and Chaos,
145
Nonlinear Wave Phenomena,
145
Turbulence,
145
Turbulent Transport,
146
Sheaths, Boundary Layers, and Double Layers,
146
Shock Waves,
147
Striated Plasmas,
147
Flows in Magnetized Plasmas,
147
Plasmoids,
147
Magnetic Effects,
148
Magnetic Field Line Reconnection,
148
Dynamo Action,
148
Magnetic Reconfiguration,
149
New Experimental Capabilities,
150
Use of Nanotechnology,
150
Optical Diagnostics,
150
New Regimes of Plasma Parameters,
151
Data Acquisition,
151
Massively Parallel Plasma Diagnostics,
151
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations,
152
9
Theoretical and Computational Plasma Physics
156
Introduction and Background,
156
Recent Advances in Theoretical and Computational Plasma Physics,
159
Hamiltonian Transport,
159
Coherent Structures and Self-Organization,
160
Strong Plasma Turbulence,
160
Gyrokinetics,
160
Large-Orbit Effects on Plasma Stability,
161
Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics,
161
Numerical Simulation of Plasma Processes,
161
Nonlinear Laser-Plasma Interaction,
161
Nonlinear Processes in Ionospheric Plasmas,
162
Collisional Relaxation of Nonneutral Plasmas,
162
Free-Electron Lasers and High-Power Microwave Sources,
163
Research Opportunities,
163
Basic Plasma Theory and Applications to Laboratory Plasmas,
163
Nonlinear Plasma Processes,
163
Numerical Simulation,
164
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Plasma Science: From Fundamental Research to Technological Applications
Novel Analytical Techniques,
164
Boundary Layers,
164
Kinetic Theory,
165
Stochastic Effects in Evolving Plasmas,
165
Alpha-Particle Effects in Magnetically Confined Plasmas,
165
Concept Improvement,
166
Nonlinear Interaction of Intense Electromagnetic Waves with Plasmas,
166
Current-Carrying Plasmas with Flow,
167
Engineering Design Tools,
167
Space Plasmas,
167
Magnetic Reconnection,
168
Turbulence,
168
Large-Scale Flows,
169
Particle Acceleration,
169
Plasma Confinement and Transport,
170
Collisionless Shocks,
171
Chaotic Effects,
171
Summary,
172
Conclusions and Recommendations,
172
10
Education in Plasma Science
174
Degree Production and Employment Statistics,
174
Estimate of Future Supply of Plasma Physicists,
177
Educating Non-Plasma Students in Plasma Physics,
178
General Comments,
178
Recommendations,
180
PART IV:
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES
A
Federal Funding Data,
189
B
Letters to Funding Agencies,
193
C
List of Agencies Contacted,
199
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