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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page R1
Occu Rational
Health and Safety
in the Care and Use of
Research Animals
Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in
Research Animal Facilities
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, DC 1997
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. The members of the commit-
tee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropri-
ate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported under contract number NO1-RR-2-2118 by the National Center for
Research Resources (NCRR), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Ser-
vices (DHHS), which served as the lead agency for DHHS funding received from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institute on Aging, National
Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and
Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Insti-
tute of General Medical Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the
Office for Protection from Research Risks. NCRR also served as the lead agency for receipt of
funding from the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Veterans
Administration. Financial support was also provided by Research Resources, Merck Research Labs.
Core support is provided to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources by the Comparative
Medicine Program, National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, through
grant number 5P40RR0137; the National Science Foundation through grant number BIR-9024967;
the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, which serves as the lead agency for
combined U.S. Department of Defense funding also received from the Human Systems Division of
the U.S. Air Force Systems Command, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, and U.S. Naval Medical Research and Development
Command, through grant number DAMD17-93-J-3016; the American Cancer Society through grant
number RC-1-34; and the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication do
not necessarily reflect the views of DHHS or other sponsors, nor does the mention of trade names,
commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. government or other sponsors.
Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and use of Research Animals is available from the
National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Box 285, Washington DC 20055
1-800-624-6242; 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area); http://www.nap.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Occupational health and safety in the care and use of research animals / Committee on
Occupational Safety and Health in Research Animal Facilities, Institute of Laboratory Animal
Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-05299-8 (pbk.)
1. Laboratory animal technicians Health risk assessment.
2. Animal health technicians Health risk assessment.
3. Occupational diseases Prevention. I. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.).
Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in Research Animal Facilities.
RC965.A6023 1997
363.11'9619 dc21
Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All right reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
97-4794
OCR for page R3
COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
IN RESEARCH ANIMAL FACILITIES
W. Emmett Barkley (Chair), Laboratory Safety, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
Rebecca Bascom, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland
Robert K. Bush, Allergy Section, University of Wisconsin, and William S.
Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
Diane O. Fleming, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Peter I. Gerone, Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Tulane University
Medical Center, Covington, Louisiana
Janet C. Gonder, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois
A. Wallace Hayes, The Gillette Company, Boston, Massachusetts
Julia K. Hilliard, Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest
Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Christian E. Newcomer, Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, School of
Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
James H. Stewart, Harvard University and Data Chem Software, Westboro,
Massachusetts
Wayne R. Thomann, Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety,
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
Stay
Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director
Ralph Dell, Visiting Scientist
Amanda Hull, Project Assistant (through 1995)
Cheryl Mitchell, Project Assistant
Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant
Norman Grosshlatt, Editor
. . .
OCR for page R4
INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
John L. VandeBerg (Chair), Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research,
San Antonio, Texas
Christian R. Abee, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
Muriel T. Davisson, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
Bennett Dyke, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio,
Texas
Neal L. First, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Gerald F. GeLhart, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
James W. Glosser, Massillon, Ohio
John P. Hearn, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, Madison,
Wisconsin
Margaret S. Landi, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania
Charles R. McCarthy, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University,
Washington, DC
Robert }. Russell, Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, Indiana
Richard C. Van Sluyters, University of California, Berkeley, California
John G. Vanderbergh, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North
Carolina
Peter A. Ward, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Thomas D. Pollard, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla,
California (ex officio member)
Staff
Thomas L. Wolfle, Program Director
Mara L. Glenshaw, Research Assistant
Cheryl Mitchell, Project Assistant
Carol M. Rozmiarek, Project Assistant
The Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) was founded in 1952
under the auspices of the National Research Council. A component of the Com-
mission on Life Sciences, ILAR develops guidelines and disseminates informa-
tion on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of animals and related bio-
logical resources in research, testing, and education. ILAR promotes high-quality,
humane care of animals and the appropriate use of animals and alternatives.
ILAR functions within the mission of the National Academy of Sciences as an
adviser to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the
public.
V
OCR for page R5
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Thomas D. Pollard (Chairman), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La
Jolla, California
Frederick R. Anderson, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
John C. Bailar III, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Paul Berg, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
John E. Burris, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Sharon L. Dunwoody University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
Henry W. Heikkinen, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
Hans I. Kende, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Susan E. Leeman, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts
Thomas E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Donald R. Mattison, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Joseph E. Murray, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
Edward E. Penhoet, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California
Emil A. Pfitzer, Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Hackensack,
New Jersey
Malcolm C. Pike, University of Southern California Comprehensive Cancer
Center, Los Angeles, California
Henry C. Pitot III, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison,
Wisconsin
Jonathan M. Samet, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Charles Stevens, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
John L. VandeBerg, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
Staff: Paul Gilman, Executive Director
v
OCR for page R6
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distin-
guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in
its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the
National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I.
Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services
to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is admin-
istered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A.
Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
OCR for page R7
Preface
Occupational health and safety has long been a priority in the nation's re-
search enterprise and of the National Research Council (NRC) of the National
Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences. Over the last 2
decades, the NRC has provided substantive guidance in environmental health and
safety to laboratory workers, managers, and government policy-makers through
four major reports: Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in
Laboratories (1981), Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Labora-
tories (1983), Biosafety in the Laboratory: Prudent Practices for the Handling
and Disposal of Infectious Materials (1989), and Prudent Practices in the Labo-
ratory: Handling and Disposing of Chemicals (1995) which consolidated and
extensively revised the 1981 and 1983 reports. This tradition has now been
extended to address occupational health and safety issues associated with the care
and use of laboratory animals.
The Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC), composed of repre-
sentatives of federal agencies that use or regulate the use of animals in research,
asked the NRC to conduct a study and produce a report that would provide
guidance for protecting the health and safety of workers who care for and use
research animals. The need for such guidance was based both on the recognition
of the broad array of occupational hazards in the specialized workplace of the
animal research facility and on the absence of authoritative guidance that institu-
tions could use to develop appropriate occupational health and safety programs
within their animal research facilities. The IRAC and NRC considered this study
particularly important because grantees of the US Public Health Service are
required to address the need for an occupational health program as recommended
OCR for page R8
. . .
vile
PREFACE
in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and particularly timely
because the Guide was scheduled for revision. The NRC appointed the Commit-
tee on Occupational Safety and Health of Personnel in Research Animal Facili-
ties in January 1993. The study was conducted under the auspices of the Institute
of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) of the Commission on Life Sciences.
The committee was charged to provide guidelines for the development of
occupational health and safety programs that would be suitable for all institutions
that use research animals. Specific recommendations were requested of the
committee on several relevant issues, including the need for periodic physical
examinations, the value of serum banking, and who should be included in the
animal research institution's occupational health and safety program.
This report differs considerably from its predecessors. Although it affirms
prudent practices developed in the previous studies, the committee's approach
has been to address the way in which prudent practices can best be incorporated
into the animal care and use programs of research institutions. When hazards
associated with laboratory research are viewed in the context of the animal facil-
ity, different strategies might be appropriate for achieving a safe and healthful
workplace. A new set of workers, who might be less informed of research
hazards, could become exposed to potentially hazardous experimental agents
under circumstances quite different from the laboratory. The safety knowledge
and expertise of the responsible laboratory worker might not be easily transfer-
able to this new setting. And the use of research animals introduces new occupa-
tional health concerns, such as the risks of zoonoses and allergies to animals.
In the course of preparing this report, the committee met with a large number
of specialists as an important part of its data-gathering. The committee hosted
workshops in Washington, DC, and Irvine, California, with occupational health
professionals; participated in the Forum on Occupational Health and Safety spon-
sored by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine; and conducted
seminars at meetings of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Sci-
ence, Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (PRIM&R), and the Ap-
plied Research Ethics National Association (ARENA). Many people participated
in those sessions and contributed substantially to the formulation of the
committee's recommendations. To each of them the committee is greatly in-
debted. Special recognition is in order for the important and continuing assis-
tance provided by Ralph Dell, Columbia University; Alan Ducatman, West Vir-
ginia University School of Medicine; Tom Ferguson, University of California,
Davis; Suzi Goldmacher, University of California, San Francisco; George Jack-
son, Duke University; Thomas McBride, US Department of Energy; Albert E.
New, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care,
International; Jonathan Richmond and Margaret Tipple, Centers for Disease Con-
trol and Prevention; James Schmitt, National Institutes of Health; and Ellison
Wittles, Baylor University College of Medicine.
Many letters of interest and support were received from people who struggle
OCR for page R9
PREFACE
MIX
with occupational health issues at their institutions. They reminded us not to
forget the small institutions, not to create costly bureaucracy, to help with the
meaning of "substantial animal contact" in defining those who should be in-
cluded in institutional occupational health and safety programs, and to help in
determining needs for serum banking and other important parts of their occupa-
tional health programs. Their letters constituted a tremendous incentive to the
committee and a constant reminder of the array of problems for which the report
would be consulted.
We also want to acknowledge the contributions of the many individuals who
willingly agreed to review our work. Their burden was our benefit as they
thoughtfully improved the quality of this report.
The committee recognizes that this report will likely be revised in the future.
It has been our intent to provide basic concepts and a valid foundation from
which many models of successful occupational health and safety programs will
emerge. Future revisions will benefit from this acquired experience. So we
encourage readers who have evidence to support improved procedures or recom-
mendations or who detect errors of omission or commission in this report to send
their suggestions to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Re-
search Council, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW,
Washington, DC 20418.
The committee extends its appreciation to the sponsors of this report; to
Norman Grossblatt for editing the manuscript; to James Glosser for his encour-
agement and wise counsel; to Carol Rozmiarek for her skillful support at each of
the committee's meetings and for coordinating the great flow of information to
and from committee members; to Amanda Hull for her steadfast assistance and
polite reminders of our self-inflicted deadlines; and to Thomas Wolfle for his
thoughtful nurturing, extraordinary tolerance, hard work, and firm belief that our
good intentions would ultimately prevail.
Emmett Barkley, Chair
Committee on Occupational Safety and
Health in Research Animal Facilities
OCR for page R10
OCR for page R11
Contents
INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction, 1
Overview, 3
Recommendations, 7
PROGRAM DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
Program Goal, 11
Diversity, 1 1
Basic Concepts, 13
Accountability and Responsibility, 15
Institutional Activities and Their Interactions, 18
Management Style and Structure, 23
Getting Started, 23
11
3 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PROTOCOL-RELATED HAZARDS 32
Physical Hazards, 32
Hazards Associated with Experimental Protocols, 43
ALLERGENS
Mechanisms of Allergic Reactions, 53
Specific Animals That Can Provoke Allergic Reactions, 54
Preventive Measures and Interventions, 60
Evaluation of the Allergic Worker, 63
Anaphylaxis, 64
x~
51
OCR for page R12
xt!
5 ZOONOSES
Viral Diseases, 66
Rickettsial Diseases, 81
Bacterial Diseases, 85
Protozoal Diseases, 95
Fungal Diseases, 99
Helminth Infections, 101
Arthropod Infestations,101
6 PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF AN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAM
Administrative Procedures, 107
Facility Design and Operation, 107
Exposure Control Methods, 108
Education and Training, 114
Equipment Performance, 116
Information Management, 118
Emergency Procedures, 120
Program Evaluation, 121
7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH-CARE SERVICES
Federal Requirements and Guidelines for
Occupational Health-Care Services, 124
Assessment of Health Risks, 125
Responsibilities of an Occupational Health-Care Service, 125
Activities of an Occupational Health-Care Service, 129
Program Evaluation, 133
REFERENCES
INDEX
CONTENTS
65
106
123
135
147