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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century

Committee on Space Biology and Medicine

Space Studies Board

Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1998

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 96013 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

The cover was designed by Penny Margolskee.

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Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

COMMITTEE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

MARY J. OSBORN,

University of Connecticut Health Center,

Chair

NORMA M. ALLEWELL,

University of Minnesota

ROBERT E. CLELAND,

University of Washington

MARY F. DALLMAN,*

University of California, San Francisco

FRANCIS (DREW) GAFFNEY,

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

JAMES LACKNER,

Brandeis University

ANTHONY P. MAHOWALD,

University of Chicago

ELLIOT MEYEROWITZ,

California Institute of Technology

LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS,

University of California, San Diego

KENNA D. PEUSNER,

George Washington University Medical Center

STEVEN E. PFEIFFER,

University of Connecticut Health Center

DANNY A. RILEY,

Medical College of Wisconsin

GIDEON A. RODAN,

Merck Research Laboratories

RICHARD SETLOW,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

GERALD SONNENFELD,

Carolinas Medical Center

T. PETER STEIN,

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

SANDRA J. GRAHAM, Study Director

SHOBITA PARTHASARATHY, Research Assistant (until August 1996)

CATHY GRUBER, Senior Program Assistant

VICTORIA P. FRIEDENSEN, Senior Program Assistant (until April 1996)

*  

Former member.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

COMMITTEE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE DISCIPLINE PANELS

Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation

RICHARD SETLOW,

Brookhaven National Laboratory,

Chair

JOHN F. DICELLO,

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

R.J. MICHAEL FRY,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

JOHN B. LITTLE,

Harvard University School of Public Health

R. JULIAN PRESTON,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology

JAMES B. SMATHERS,

University of California, Los Angeles

ROBERT L. ULLRICH,

University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

Panel on Human Behavior

LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS,

University of California, San Diego,

Chair

EARL B. HUNT,

University of Washington

NICK KANAS,

University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center

PETER J. LANG,

University of Florida

PATRICIA A. SANTY,

University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

PETER SUEDFELD,

University of British Columbia

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD

CLAUDE R. CANIZARES,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Chair

MARK R. ABBOTT,

Oregon State University

JAMES P. BAGIAN,*

Environmental Protection Agency

DANIEL N. BAKER,

University of Colorado

LAWRENCE BOGORAD,

Harvard University

DONALD E. BROWNLEE,

University of Washington

GERARD W. ELVERUM, JR.,

TRW Space and Technology Group

ANTHONY W. ENGLAND,

University of Michigan

MARILYN L. FOGEL,

Carnegie Institution of Washington

MARTIN E. GLICKSMAN,*

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

RONALD GREELEY,

Arizona State University

WILLIAM GREEN, former member,

U.S. House of Representatives

ANDREW H. KNOLL,

Harvard University

JANET G. LUHMANN,*

University of California, Berkeley

ROBERTA BALSTAD MILLER,

CIESIN

BERRIEN MOORE III,

University of New Hampshire

KENNETH H. NEALSON,*

University of Wisconsin

MARY JANE OSBORN,

University of Connecticut Health Center

SIMON OSTRACH,

Case Western Reserve University

MORTON B. PANISH,

AT&T Bell Laboratories

(retired)

CARLÉ M. PIETERS,

Brown University

THOMAS A. PRINCE,

California Institute of Technology

MARCIA J. RIEKE,*

University of Arizona

PEDRO L. RUSTAN, JR.,

U.S. Air Force

(retired)

JOHN A. SIMPSON,

Enrico Fermi Institute

GEORGE L. SISCOE,

Boston University

EDWARD M. STOLPER,

California Institute of Technology

RAYMOND VISKANTA,

Purdue University

ROBERT E. WILLIAMS,

Space Telescope Science Institute

MARC S. ALLEN, Director (through December 12, 1997)

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director (as of February 17, 1998)

*  

Former member.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS

ROBERT J. HERMANN,

United Technologies Corporation,

Co-chair

W. CARL LINEBERGER,

University of Colorado,

Co-chair

PETER M. BANKS,

Environmental Research Institute of Michigan

WILLIAM BROWDER,

Princeton University

LAWRENCE D. BROWN,

University of Pennsylvania

RONALD G. DOUGLAS,

Texas A&M University

JOHN E. ESTES,

University of California, Santa Barbara

MARTHA P. HAYNES,

Cornell University

L. LOUIS HEGEDUS,

Elf Atochem North America, Inc.

JOHN E. HOPCROFT,

Cornell University

CAROL M. JANTZEN,

Westinghouse Savannah River Company

PAUL G. KAMINSKI,

Technovation, Inc.

KENNETH H. KELLER,

University of Minnesota

KENNETH I. KELLERMANN,

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

MARGARET G. KIVELSON,

University of California, Los Angeles

DANIEL KLEPPNER,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

JOHN KREICK,

Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company

MARSHA I. LESTER,

University of Pennsylvania

NICHOLAS P. SAMIOS,

Brookhaven National Laboratory

CHANG-LIN TIEN,

University of California, Berkeley

NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

Foreword

The space life sciences occupy a unique niche in the nation's extensive biomedical research enterprise. Only in space is it possible to explore fully the role of gravity on biological systems. In the case of the most complex systems, namely humans, the possible effects of long-term exposure to zero gravity is of more than academic interest. Astronauts have been spending increasing amounts of time in low Earth orbit, extended sojourns in the International Space Station will become routine, and someday humans will likely return to the moon and venture farther. In studies of fundamental biological processes at the cellular or organismic level, the ability to fully manipulate the gravity vector enables a range of studies that cannot be performed in terrestrial laboratories.

The cost and complexity of doing any experiment in space demand that careful priorities be set for research. This was done by the National Research Council for space biology and medicine over a decade ago. The present strategy is a complete reformulation of research agendas in the context of current scientific understanding and current or projected opportunities for conducting investigations in space. It is particularly timely given the nation's decision to make a large investment in an orbiting laboratory on the space station.

Biological research is a relative newcomer to NASA and still occupies a relatively modest portion of the agency's resources. But there is a growing appreciation of the importance of life sciences within NASA. Outside NASA, space research has often been seen by bench biologists as far from the mainstream of their discipline. However, successful life sciences missions on the space shuttle, joint programs with the National Institutes of Health, and effective peer review have enhanced perceptions about the program. In preparing this report, the Space Studies Board's Committee on Space Biology and Medicine, which itself includes many biologists with little or no connection to space research, convened workshops involving participants drawn widely from the relevant disciplines. The product should help to reinforce the positive trends in both the reality and perceptions about space biology and medicine by providing a science-based assessment of the most important topics to pursue for the decade to come.

Claude R. Canizares, Chair

Space Studies Board

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Preface

In 1987, the Committee on Space Biology and Medicine (CSBM) produced a research strategy, A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science for the 1980s and 1990s.1 In 1991, the committee's Assessment of Programs in Space Biology and Medicine 19912 examined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) progress in implementing the 1987 strategy. Since publication of these reports there have been major changes in the direction and status of NASA's life sciences program. The unprecedented amount of biological and medical data gathered from Spacelab missions since 1987 has allowed NASA investigators to move from experiments of an exploratory nature to those that address more fundamental questions. This development has been accompanied by a program shift away from human physiology, the area of major emphasis in the 1987 CSBM report, to more diverse plant and animal studies.

As a consequence of these and numerous programmatic changes at NASA, the committee believed that a new strategy, which builds on the current scientific understanding of space biology questions and issues, was needed. After a series of discussions with NASA's Life Sciences Division, the committee agreed to undertake a comprehensive review of the status of research in the various fields of space life sciences and to develop a science strategy that could guide NASA in its long-term research and mission planning. This study was carried out over a 3-year period, and its objectives remained the same as those outlined in the 1987 report: "(1) to identify and describe those areas of fundamental scientific investigation in space biology and medicine that are both exciting and important to pursue and (2) to develop

1  

Space Science Board, National Research Council. 1987. A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science for the 1980s and 1990s. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

2  

Space Studies Board, National Research Council. 1991. Assessment of Programs in Space Biology and Medicine 1991. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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the foundation of knowledge and understanding that will make long-term manned space habitation and/or exploration feasible."3

Specifically, the committee attempted to provide the following in this report:

  • A review of the disciplines of biology and medicine that can usefully be studied in the space environment, including sciences that study plant, animal, and human systems at the molecular, cellular, system, and whole-organism levels;
  • Discussion of the fundamental research issues and questions within these disciplines;
  • Identification of the most promising experimental challenges and opportunities within each discipline;
  • Evaluation of the potential for space research to provide advances within each discipline; and
  • Prioritization of research topics to the extent feasible.

In addition to numerous expert speakers from NASA and academia, who were invited to give presentations at regular committee meetings, the CSBM used a variety of approaches to gather information for its task. Three workshops were organized by the committee, each focusing on a broad life sciences discipline, and both NASA and non-NASA investigators were invited to participate. The committee also sent delegates to several international life sciences workshops organized by NASA and its international partners. Each workshop was directed at reviewing progress in a specific discipline and included participation by space life sciences investigators from around the world. Of course, the committee also reviewed both NASA source materials and the relevant literature, published and online, on flight- and ground-based research.

Separate discipline panels, each chaired by a member of the CSBM, were developed to review and discuss the areas of space radiation and human behavioral studies. These two groups were given responsibility for drafting the sections of this report representing their disciplines, although the final report is the responsibility of the committee as a whole. As originally planned, the recommendations and analysis developed by the Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation and published separately in 19964 form the basis of Chapter 11, "Radiation Hazards," in CSBM's new strategy for research.

3  

Space Science Board, 1987, A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science for the 1980s and 1990s, p. XI.

4  

Space Studies Board. 1996. Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions: Biological Issues and Research Strategies. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
×

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The contents of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

S. James Adelstein, Harvard Medical School,

Robert M. Berne, University of Virginia,

Joseph V. Brady, Johns Hopkins University,

Robert R. Burris, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

Robert A. Frosch, Harvard University,

Sally K. Frost-Mason, University of Kansas,

Ursula W. Goodenough, Washington University,

J. Richard Hackman, Harvard University,

Jack P. Landolt, Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Ontario, Canada,

Philip Osdoby, Washington University,

Robert O. Scow, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and

Frank A. Witzman, Indiana University Purdue University-Columbus.

Although the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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3

 

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

 

37

   

Introduction

 

37

   

Progress in Developmental Biology

 

38

   

Developmental Genetics

 

38

   

Molecular Conservation

 

38

   

Genome Sequencing Project

 

39

   

Major Issues in Space Developmental Biology

 

40

   

Complete Life Cycles in Microgravity

 

40

   

Development of the Vestibular System

 

41

   

Neural Space Maps

 

42

   

Neuroplasticity

 

43

   

References

 

45

4

 

PLANTS, GRAVITY, AND SPACE

 

49

   

Introduction

 

49

   

Space Horticulture

 

49

   

Reasons for Studies on Space Horticulture

 

49

   

Accomplishments

 

50

   

Future Directions

 

51

   

Role of Gravity in Plant Processes

 

52

   

Scientific Problems

 

52

   

Accomplishments

 

53

   

Future Directions

 

54

   

Response of Plants to a Change in the Direction of the Gravity Vector

 

55

   

Known Responses

 

55

   

Gravitropism

 

55

   

Gravitaxis

 

60

   

Effects of Gravity-induced Tissue Stresses on Plant Development

 

60

   

References

 

60

5

 

SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION

 

63

   

Introduction

 

63

   

Spatial Orientation

 

63

   

Posture and Locomotion

 

66

   

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes and Oculomotor Control

 

68

   

Vestibular Processing During Microgravity

 

70

   

Space Motion Sickness

 

71

   

Central Nervous System Reorganization

 

73

   

Teleoperation and Telepresence

 

73

   

General Strategic Issues

 

74

   

References

 

74

6

 

BONE PHYSIOLOGY

 

80

   

Introduction

 

80

   

Bone Functions, Growth and Development, and Remodeling

 

80

   

Functions of Bone

 

80

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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Bone Growth and Development

 

81

   

Bone Remodeling: Hormonal Effects

 

82

   

Mechanical Effects on Bone Remodeling

 

84

   

Clinical Observations and Human Experimentation

 

84

   

Animal Studies

 

85

   

Putative Mechanisms

 

86

   

Microgravity Effects on the Skeleton

 

87

   

Caveats

 

87

   

Human Studies

 

88

   

Animal Studies

 

90

   

Equipment Needs

 

92

   

References

 

93

7

 

SKELETAL MUSCLE

 

97

   

Introduction

 

97

   

Background

 

98

   

Research Done on Muscle Biology

 

98

   

Previous Space- and Ground-based Research

 

99

   

Primary In-flight Changes

 

100

   

Simple Deconditioning and Adaptation

 

100

   

Pathological Alteration and Metabolic Adaptation

 

101

   

Contractile Physiology, Contractile Proteins, and Myofilaments

 

101

   

Preservation of Function During Atrophy

 

102

   

Reentry- and Reloading-induced Secondary Changes

 

103

   

Movements in Space and Upon Return to Earth

 

103

   

Compromised Microcirculation

 

103

   

Increased Susceptibility to Structural Damage

 

104

   

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

 

106

   

References

 

108

8

 

CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS

 

118

   

Introduction

 

118

   

Cardiovascular Physiology in Microgravity

 

119

   

Pulmonary Physiology in Microgravity

 

121

   

Postflight Cardiovascular Physiology

 

123

   

In-flight Countermeasures

 

124

   

Future Directions

 

125

   

Cardiopulmonary Equipment

 

126

   

Research

 

127

   

References

 

128

9

 

ENDOCRINOLOGY

 

132

   

Introduction

 

132

   

Current Status of Research

 

133

   

Effects of Spaceflight on Humans

 

133

   

Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

 

133

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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12

 

BEHAVIORAL ISSUES

 

194

   

Introduction

 

194

   

Program History

 

194

   

Statement of Goals

 

195

   

Definition and Assessment of Behavior and Performance in Space

 

195

   

Research in Analogue Environments

 

196

   

Integration of Research and Operations

 

197

   

Organizational Support of Research

 

197

   

Environmental Factors

 

198

   

Environmental Conditions Unique to Spaceflight

 

198

   

Environmental Conditions Common to Isolated, Confined Environments

 

199

   

Psychophysiological Issues

 

201

   

Circadian Rhythms and Sleep

 

201

   

The Psychophysiology of Emotion and Stress

 

203

   

Psychophysiological Measurement in Space

 

204

   

Individual Issues

 

206

   

Psychological Issues

 

206

   

Psychiatric Issues

 

210

   

Countermeasures

 

211

   

Interpersonal Issues

 

213

   

Crew Tension and Conflict

 

213

   

Crew Cohesion

 

214

   

Ground-Crew Interaction

 

215

   

Leadership Role

 

216

   

Countermeasures

 

216

   

Organizational Issues

 

219

   

Organizational Culture

 

219

   

Mission Duration

 

220

   

Management

 

220

   

References

 

222

PART IV—RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES

 

 

13

 

SETTING PRIORITIES IN RESEARCH

 

231

   

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Spaceflight

 

232

   

Loss of Weight-bearing Bone and Muscle

 

232

   

Vestibular Function, the Vestibular Ocular Reflex, and Sensorimotor Integration

 

232

   

Orthostatic Intolerance Upon Return to Earth Gravity

 

233

   

Radiation Hazards

 

233

   

Physiological Effects of Stress

 

234

   

Psychological and Social Issues

 

234

   

Fundamental Gravitational Biology

 

235

   

Mechanisms of Graviperception and Gravitropism in Plants

 

235

   

Mechanisms of Graviperception in Animals

 

235

   

Effects of Spaceflight on Reproduction and Development

 

236

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1998. A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6282.
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A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in the New Century Get This Book
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Construction of the international space station, scheduled to start in late 1998, ushers in a new era for laboratory sciences in space. This is especially true for space life sciences, which include not only the use of low gravity as an experimental parameter to study fundamental biological processes but also the study of the serious physiological changes that occur in astronauts as they remain in space for increasingly longer missions.

This book addresses both of these aspects and provides a comprehensive review of ground-based and space research in eleven disciplines, ranging from bone physiology to plant biology. It also offers detailed, prioritized recommendations for research during the next decade, which are expected to have a considerable impact on the direction of NASA's research program. The volume is also a valuable reference tool for space and life scientists.

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