Items in cart [0]
| [ Top of Page ] [ Home ] [ Contact Us ] [ Help ] [ The National Academies Home ] | ||
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
New Vistas in
TranselIanti~ Science
an'! Technology
Cooperelion
CHARLES W. WESSNER, Editor
Based on a conference
held June 8-9, 1 998, in Washington, D.C.
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, D.C. 20418
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on science and
technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in
its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the
National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy mat-
ters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth
I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf
are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those
of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provide
support for the project.
This work relates to Department of Navy grant N00014-98- 1-0762 issued by the Of lice of Naval
Research. The United States Government has a royalty-free license throughout the world in all copy-
rightable material contained herein.
Limited copies are available from:
Board on Science, Technology,
and Economic Policy
National Research Council
1055 Thomas Jefferson, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20007
202-334-2200
Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
www.nap.edu
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06197-0
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science,
Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC established by the National
Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the
STEP Board is to integrate understanding of scientific, technological, and economic elements in the
formulation of national policies to promote the economic well-being of the United States. A distinc-
tive characteristic of STEP's approach is its frequent interactions with public and private sector
decisionmakers. STEP bridges the disciplines of business management, engineering, economics, and
the social sciences to bring diverse expertise to bear on pressing public policy questions. The mem-
bers of the STEP Board* and the NRC staff are listed below:
Dale Jorgenson, Chair
Frederic Eaton Abbe
Professor of Economics
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
James F. Gibbons
Professor of Engineering
Stanford University
Stanford, California
George N. Hatsopoulos
President, Chief Executive Officer
Thermo Electron Corporation
Waltham, Massachusetts
Ralph Landau
Consulting Professor of Economics
Stanford University
Stanford, California
James T. Lynn
Adviser
Lazard Freres
Bethesda, Maryland
Burton John McMurtry
General Partner
Technology Venture Investors
Menlo Park, California
Mark B. Myers
Senior Vice President
Xerox Corporation
Stamford, Connecticut
Ruben Mettler
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (ret.)
TRW, Inc.
Los Angeles, California
*As of June, 1998.
. . .
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair
Chairman, SEMATECH
Austin, Texas
James M. Poterba
Professor of Economics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
A. Michael Spence
Dean, Graduate School of Business
Stanford University
Stanford, California
Joseph E. Stiglitz
Senior Vice-President for Development Economics
The World Bank
Washington, D.C.
Alan Wm. Wolff
Managing Partner
Dewey Ballantine
Washington, D.C.
Staff
Stephen A. Merrill
Executive Director
Charles W. Wessner
Program Director
John B. Horrigan
Consultant
Craig M. Schultz
Program Associate
John Oldfield
Program Associate
Laura T. Holliday
Program Associate
OCR for page R4
STEERING COMMITTEE FOR GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY
PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Gordon Moore, Chair
Chairman Emeritus
Intel Corporation
M. Kathy Behrens
Robertson Stephen Venture Capital
and STEP Board
Gordon Binder
Chief Executive Officer
Amgen, Inc.
Michael Borrus
Co-Director
Berkeley Roundtable on International
Economics
Iain Cockburn
Professor of Commerce
and Business Administration
University of British Columbia
Kenneth Flamm*
Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs
LBJ School of Public Affairs
University of Texas at Austin
James F. Gibbons
Professor of Engineering
Stanford University
and STEP Board
W. Clark McFadden
Partner
Dewey Ballantine
Burton John McMurtry
General Partner
Technology Ventures
and STEP Board
*At the time of this conference, Dr. Flamm was
a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution.
TV
William J. Spencer, Vice-Chair
Chairman, SEMATECH
and STEP Board
Mark B. Myers
Senior Vice President
Xerox Corporation
and STEP Board
Richard Nelson
George Blumenthal Professor
Columbia University
Charles Trimble
Vice Chairman
Trimble Navigation
John P. Walker
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Patrick Windham
Adjunct Professor
Stanford University
Consultant
Science and Technology Policy
Project Staff
Charles W. Wessner
Study Director
John B. Horrigan
Consultant
Ryan L. Catteau
Program Associate
Craig M. Schultz
Program Associate
Laura T. Holliday
Program Associate
OCR for page R5
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
Conference on New Vistas in Transatlantic
Science and Technology Cooperation
Sponsors
The National Research Council gratefully acknowledges the support of the
following sponsors:
The United Kingdom,
(Presidency of the European Union)
The European Commission
Fogarty Center
National Institutes of Health
National Center for Toxicological Research
Food and Drug Administration
Office of Naval Research
United States Navy
U.S. Department of Transportation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Airbus Industrie of North America, Inc.
Chemical Manufacturers Association
Nokia Telecommunications, Inc.
Procter and Gamble
Siemens Corporation
Silicon Valley Group, Inc.
Any opinions expressed in this conference are those of the participants and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the project sponsors.
v
OCR for page R6
OCR for page R7
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Proceedings
Welcome
Kenneth Shine, President, Institute of Medicine
Opening Remarks .....................................................................................
Stuart Eizenstat, Under Secretary of State for Economic,
Business, and Agricultural Affairs
Hugo Paemen, Ambassador, European Commission
Plenary Session I: Trends in Science and Technology Policy
14
The U.S. Perspective: The Here and Now Versus the Ideal 20
Joseph Bordogna, Deputy Director, National Science Foundation
The EU Perspective on Transatlantic Cooperation 24
Jorma Routti, Director General DGXII, European Commission
vat
OCR for page R8
. . .
vile
Evening Session
CONTENTS
Plenary Session II: International R&D Cooperation
The EC and U.S. Approach and the Agreement on Science and
Technology Cooperation
The U.S. Approach to the U.S.-EU S&T Agreement 28
Melinda Kimble, Acting Assistant Secretary for Oceans and
International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,
U.S. Department of State
The European Union Vista in Transatlantic Science and
Technology Cooperation 32
Rainer Gerold, Director, European Commission
Complementarily of Bilateral and EC Cooperation
with the U.S
Paolo Fasella, Director Generalfor Research, Italy
Presentations of Discussions in Breakout Sessions
38
Group A: Information Technologies 42
Ray Kammer, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Department of Commerce
Group B: Transportation Challenges for the 21st Century
John C. Horsely, Department of Transportation
........... 44
Group C: Climate Prediction, Forecasting Applications,
and Impacts 46
John Krebs, National Environmental Research Council
Group D: Human Environmental Health Sciences: Endocrine
Disrupters
Paul Foster, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
Opening Remarks
John Cadogan, Director General, Research Councils of the
United Kingdom, for the UK Presidency of the European Union
Keynote Address
Gordon Moore, Chairman Emeritus, Intel Corporation
48
51
54
OCR for page R9
Second Day's Welcome ..................................................................................
William Wulf; President, National Academy of Engineering
..60
Best Practices in Small-Business Technology
Development Programs 62
Moderator: Helmut List, Chairman, Industrial Research and
Development Advisory Council, Austria
Industry-Laboratory Cooperation: The Amtex Experiment 63
Jerry Cogan, Milliken Research
Laboratory Partnerships with Industry 64
Dan Hartley, Sandia National Laboratories
The U.S. Experience with the Small Business Innovation
Research Program
Joshua Lerner, Harvard Business School
67
The EU Experience with Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise
Development 71
Patrice Laget, European Commission
Discussants:
Jon Baron, U.S. Department of Defense, SBIR Program
Attilio Stajano, DGIII, European Commission
R&D in the Framework of the New Transatlantic Agenda
Moderator: Kenneth Flamm, Brookings Institution
76
The 300-mm International Initiative 78
William Spencer, SEMA TECH
Discussants:
John Shamaly, Silicon Valley Group, Inc.
Robert Hance, Motorola
Michael Borrus, University of California at Berkeley
Discussion
Internationalization of the Technical Workforce and Transatlantic
Cooperation in R&D 88
Moderator: William Wulf President, National Academy of
~ · .
Engineering
OCR for page R10
x
CONTENTS
Discussants:
E. Praestguard, European Science and Technology Assembly,
Denmark
H. Glatz, DaimlerBenz, Germany
Henri Conze, Ministry for Defense (1993-1996), France
Gary Poehlein, National Science Foundation
Dieter Seltzer, Fraunhofer Institute, Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany
Discussion
Concluding Remarks ..
Jorma Routti, Director General DGXII, European Commission
.94
Selected Bibliography 98
ANNEX
European Union Research Programs 103
Professor Jorma Routti and Dr. William Cannell, DGXII,
European Commission
Multilingual Information Management 117
Gary Strong, National Science Foundation
Charge for Electronic Commerce Subgroup
122
Ray Kammer, Director, National Institutes of Standards and Technology
White Papers on Transportation Research
U.S. Department of Transportation
Opportunities for EU and U.S. Cooperation in Global
Navigation and Applications
Intelligent Transportation Systems: Surface Applications
Intelligent Transportation Systems: Maritime Safety
Strategic Enabling Research
Intermodal Transportation: Intermodal Transportation Networks
125
OCR for page R11
CONTENTS
Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation
Between the European Community and the Government
of the United States of America .............................................................
Conference Participants
x~
136
146
OCR for page R12
OCR for page R13
Preface
The successful conclusion of the US-KU Agreement on Science and Tech-
nology Cooperation offers the prospect of a new chapter in transatlantic coopera-
tion.i As with any international agreement in science and technology, the
accord's full potential will be realized only if it can encourage mutually benefi-
cial cooperation. With this in mind, responsible officials of the European Union
(KU) and the U.S. government contacted the National Research Council's Board
on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) to discuss how this nego-
tiating success might be publicized and productively exploited. It was agreed that
the STEP Board should organize a conference to celebrate the accord, inform the
U.S. and European research communities of the agreement, and explore specific
opportunities for enhanced cooperation. At the same time, the conference would
provide the occasion to review existing and evolving areas of transatlantic coop-
eration in science and technology from the perception of the United States, the
European Commission, and the member states of the European Union.
Given the strong interest and support on both sides of the Atlantic for a major
conference, the STEP Board welcomed the opportunity to hold a conference cel-
ebrating and advancing transatlantic science and technology cooperation. En-
couraging such international cooperation is of great importance to the National
Research Council (NRC). Under the leadership of Dr. Bruce Alberts, Dr. William
Wulf, and Dr. Kenneth Shine, the NRC has emphasized the role of international
iFor the full text of the agreement, formally known as the Agreement for Scientific and Techno-
logical Cooperation Between the European Community and the Government of the United States of
America, see the Annex.
. . .
x~
OCR for page R14
xlv
PREFACE
cooperation in the advancement of science and human welfare.2 The Academy
therefore was pleased to host an event to encourage cooperation in this domain
among nations as we prepare to address the challenges of the 21St Century.
International cooperation is also a central element of a major project now
underway under the aegis of the STEP Board. The project focuses on the coop-
erative activities or partnerships among government, industry, and universities
for the development of new technologies. It is being carried out under the direc-
tion of a distinguished steering committee, led by Gordon Moore, the Chairman
Emeritus of Intel, and is to review the goals and operation of a number of U.S.
cooperative programs.3 These include U.S. programs such as the multi-agency
Small Business and Innovative Research program, the Advanced Technology Pro-
gram of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and industry partner-
ships with national laboratories.4 The project also plans to assess government-
industry cooperation in sectors such as biotechnology and computing. The
project's ultimate goals are to improve policy makers' understanding of the op-
portunities and challenges inherent in such partnerships and to make recommen-
dations for best practice, for both international and domestic cooperation.
The recent signing of the agreement and the continued expansion of transat-
lantic cooperation provided an ideal opportunity for the STEP Board's project
entitled Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Tech-
nologies to explore current international cooperation with Europe, which, along
with the United States, is one of the premier centers of global scientific activity.
Moreover, U.S.-European cooperation is unparalleled in its scope and depth. It
includes expanding opportunities for cooperation at the level of the European
Union and vibrant bilateral cooperation among the European member states and
the United States. In both regions, public-private collaboration is increasing,
raising a rich set of crosscutting policy issues of direct relevance to the STEP
Board's work and to the international community as a whole. The high-level
policy interest evident on both sides of the Atlantic suggested that the signing of
the accord presented a valuable opportunity for the Academy to contribute di-
rectly to enhanced transatlantic cooperation.
2Reflecting the interest in having science more effectively incorporated into U.S. foreign policy,
the National Research Council (NRC) is carrying out a study for the Department of State on Science,
Technology, Health Issues, and U.S. Foreign Policy.
3The STEP Steering Committee members responsible for overseeing the activities associated with
this conference are listed in the front matter.
4Cooperative Research and Development Agreements, or CRADAs, became a significant element
of U.S. technology policy in the l990s, serving as the principal vehicle for industry-laboratory coop-
eration.
OCR for page R15
PREFACE
XV
BACKGROUND
The specific suggestion for the NRC to host a conference to highlight the
S&T Agreement, which was then in the final stages of negotiation, emerged
through a series of meetings between STEP staff and European Union representa-
tives in Washington and Brussels in 1997. Subsequently, both the Commission
and the relevant U.S. government interagency working group endorsed the pro-
posal and requested that the STEP Board hold an event to publicize the agreement
and to identify promising areas of potential collaboration. The decision to con-
vene the conference was taken under the leadership of the United Kingdom, which
held the EU presidency in the first half of 1998.
THE NEED FOR SUSTAINED EFFORT-
THE CONFERENCE IN EUROPE
From the outset, it was recognized that the range of existing and potential
S&T activities is so broad that one conference, no matter how large, would not be
sufficient. The partners recognized that the transatlantic S&T relationship is one
that could benefit from a sustained effort to share views, review current activities,
explore new opportunities, and deepen mutual understanding of the S&T systems
in operation on both sides of the Atlantic. Accordingly, it was agreed that a
second meeting would be held in June 1999 in Stuttgart, Germany. Major confer-
ences such as these have the advantage of not only assessing current progress, but
also of offering a means of focusing the attention of the scientific community on
the opportunities presented by expanding transatlantic S&T cooperation.
A SHARED COMMITMENT
Conferences such as the event recorded in this volume do not take place
without leadership and commitment. In this regard, the Academy wishes to rec-
ognize the leadership and early support of the United Kingdom, in particular,
Chris Whaley, the Science Counselor, and Phillipa Rogers, the Attache for Sci-
ence and Technology, of the British Embassy in Washington. The leadership and
commitment of Dr. Jorma Routti and Dr. Rainer Gerold from the European Com-
mission were essential, as was the encouragement of the Commission's able rep-
resentative in Washington, Ambassador Hugo Paeman. The STEP Board would
like to express a special debt of gratitude to Counselors Patrice Laget and Pablo
Amor, of the Delegation of the European Commission. Without their initiative,
enthusiasm, good judgment, and support, the Conference could not have taken
place, and certainly not within six months of the decision to proceed. On the
American side, the STEP Board is grateful for the early encouragement from Dr.
Neal Lane, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and then Direc-
tor of the National Science Foundation. However, the enthusiasm and financial
OCR for page R16
xv!
PREFACE
support of Ray Kammer, Director of the National Institute of Standards and Tech-
nology, and Deputy Secretary of Transportation, Mortimer Downey, and his col-
league, Fenton Carey, were instrumental in enabling STEP to organize the con-
ference, as was the early interest and support of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The STEP Board wishes to acknowledge
the Chief of Naval Research, Admiral Paul G. Gaffney, for his contribution at a
crucial juncture in the preparation of the conference.
A number of distinguished individuals deserve recognition for their willing-
ness to review this report. These individuals were chosen for their diverse per-
spectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the
National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this
independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the
institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that
the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsive-
ness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain
confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank
the following individuals for their participation in the review process: Dr. Gerald
Dinneen, the review coordinator, Dr. Albert N. Link, Professor of Economics,
University of North Carolina, Greensboro, Dr. David Bruce Audretsch, Director
and Ameritech Professor of Economic Development, Indiana University, Dr. Ri-
chard Thayer, President, Telecommunications and Technologies International,
and Dr. John Boright, Executive Director, Office of International Affairs at the
National Research Council. Although these individuals have provided construc-
tive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the
final content of this report rests entirely with the STEP Board and the NRC. It
should also be emphasized that, although the conference participants identified
numerous areas of potential collaboration, no formal recommendations are made
by the National Research Council and the National Academies of Science and
Engineering.
Many of the topics covered in the conference are of interest to industry as
well as to the research community. As a result, the conference benefited from the
endorsement of Siemens Corporation, Procter and Gamble, Airbus Industries,
Nokia Telecommunications, Silicon Valley Group, and the Chemical Manufac-
turers Association. Without their interest, confidence, and support, the confer-
ence could not have been organized in the time frame and on the scale required.
Last, the STEP Board would like to thank Thomas Kalil, of the White House
National Economic Council, for his leadership in identifying topics of common
interest and outstanding participants, as well as for his participation. Among the
STEP staff, Dr. John Horrigan and John Oldfield deserve recognition for their
commitment, skill, and energy in organizing STEP's largest conference to date.
Dr. Horrigan also played an instrumental role in producing the conference report.
As the acknowledgments above suggest, the organization of this conference was
OCR for page R17
PREFACE
. .
XVi!
a cooperative effort benefiting from the genuine interest, on both sides of the
Atlantic, in developing transatlantic S&T cooperation.
The evident mutual interest, indeed enthusiasm, for transatlantic cooperation
in science and technology does not, however, mean that there are no challenges to
overcome. Effective cooperation requires that we recognize, but are not deterred
by differences in perspectives and practices. Addressing these issues and identi-
fying common ground, while sharing the burdens and the fruits of research, are
the essence of sustainable international cooperation. Our goal in hosting this
conference was to contribute, with many others, to a new and productive chapter
in transatlantic cooperation.
Charles W. Wessner
OCR for page R18