National Academies Press: OpenBook

Oceanography and Mine Warfare (2000)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
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OCEANOGRAPHY AND MINE WARFARE

Ocean Studies Board

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report and the committee were supported by a grant from the Office of Naval Research and the Oceanographer of the Navy. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06798-7

Additional copies are available from the
National Academy Press,
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet: http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
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SYMPOSIUM STEERING COMMITTEE

DAVID BRADLEY, Chair,

Pennsylvania State University, State College

TONY CLARK,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh

ROBERT HOLMAN,

Oregon State University, Corvallis

MARY JANE PERRY,

University of Maine, Orono

Federal Agency Liaisons

MELBOURNE BRISCOE,

Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia

LINDA GLOVER,

Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, Washington, D.C.

KATHY SHANEBROOK, Chief of Naval Operations,

Washington, D.C.

NRC Staff

ALEXANDRA ISERN, Study Director

DAN WALKER, Symposium Manager and Study Director

SHARI MAGUIRE, Research Assistant

JENNIFER WRIGHT, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
×

OCEAN STUDIES BOARD

KENNETH BRINK, Chair,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts

ALICE ALLDREDGE,

University of California, Santa Barbara

DAVID BRADLEY,

Pennsylvania State University, State College

DAN BROMLEY,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

OTIS BROWN,

University of Miami, Florida

JAMES COLEMAN,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

CORTIS COOPER,

Chevron Petroleum Technology, San Ramon, California

CARL FRIEHE,

University of California, Irvine

RAY HILBORN,

University of Washington, Seattle

EDWARD HOUDE,

University of Maryland, Solomons

JOHN KNAUSS,

University of Rhode Island, Narragansett

ROBERT KNOX,

University of California, San Diego

RAY KRONE,

University of California, Davis

CINDY LEE,

State University of New York, Stony Brook

ROGER LUKAS,

University of Hawaii, Manoa

NANCY MARCUS,

Florida State University, Tallahassee

NEIL OPDYKE,

University of Florida, Gainesville

MICHAEL ORBACH,

Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina

WALTER SCHMIDT,

Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee

GEORGE SOMERO,

Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California

KARL TUREKIAN,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Staff

MORGAN GOPNIK, Director

EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Senior Program Officer

DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer

ALEXANDRA ISERN, Program Officer

SUSAN ROBERTS, Program Officer

ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Associate

LORA TAYLOR, Office Manager

SHARI MAGUIRE, Research Assistant

ANN CARLISLE, Senior Project Assistant

JODI BACHIM, Project Assistant

MEGAN KELLY, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
×

COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES

GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), S. Charleston, West Virginia

THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

THOMAS J. GRAFF,

Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California

EUGENIA KALNAY,

University of Oklahoma, Norman

DEBRA KNOPMAN,

Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.

KAI N. LEE,

Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts

BRAD MOONEY,

J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia

HUGH C. MORRIS,

El Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia

H. RONALD PULLIAM,

University of Georgia, Athens

MILTON RUSSELL,

Joint Institute for Energy and Environment and University of Tennessee (Emeritus), Knoxville

THOMAS C. SCHELLING,

University of Maryland, College Park

ANDREW R. SOLOW,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts

VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,

Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida

E-AN ZEN,

University of Maryland, College Park

MARY LOU ZOBACK,

U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California

Staff

ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director

GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director

JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer

DAVID FEARY, Scientific Reports Officer

SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate

MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
×

Preface

Naval mines present significant challenges for the operational Navy. Between 1950 and 1994, ship casualties caused by mines greatly outnumbered those from all other sources. Mines can essentially halt operations in shallow water, are easily deployed, and are relatively inexpensive to produce. As such, sea mines are rapidly becoming the weapon of choice for many developing countries. Since 1986 the number of mining-capable nations has greatly increased. These increases, along with the low cost and historical success of naval mines, guarantee that these weapons will continue to challenge U.S. Naval forces in the future. As a result, it is important that the warfighter has the tools and training needed to control the battlefield.

The majority of mine warfare occurs in nearshore environments, so an accurate, in-depth knowledge of the oceanographic setting is essential for mission planning and battlefield preparation. As coastal environments are characterized by short-term spatial and temporal variability, the capacity of the warfighter to control the battlefield and ensure mission success is dependent on the ability to understand local oceanography. This ability is greatly enhanced by continued dialogue between the academic community and naval operators to ensure research advances meet the needs of the mine warfighter. Recently, there has been rapid progress in techniques for oceanographic data collection and interpretation. Incorporation of these and future research developments into mine warfare operations will help guarantee the mine warfare community's ability to dominate nearshore operations.

KENNETH H. BRINK

OCEAN STUDIES BOARD, CHAIR

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
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Acknowledgments

The highly successful Symposium on Oceanography for Mine Warfare was a collaborative effort of many individuals from both the Navy and academia. Thus, the content of this report reflects input from a number of individuals, not just the steering committee. In particular, the steering committee would like to acknowledge the assistance of those persons who led working group discussions: R. Beach and L. Frailey (surf zone), A. Fuller (very shallow water), and C. Gunderson (deep water) and those persons who recorded session notes: C. Weilert (surf zone), L. Fry (very shallow water), T. Yoder (shallow water), and C. A. Blain (deep water). The steering committee is also grateful for the assistance of the attendees and experts who prepared background materials that helped to set the stage for later symposium discussions: CDR J. Brown, CDR F. Garcia, LCDR M. Null, and D. Todoroff. The steering committee would also like to recognize the persons involved with the organization and development of the war game: CDR F. Garcia (NO96), CDR T. Hodgson (Naval War College), and CDR M. Shumaker (Office of Naval Intelligence).

In addition to the support and contribution of the many attendees, experts, and individuals listed above, the steering committee would like to acknowledge the efforts of Rear Admiral D. R. Conley, as well as the officers, enlisted personnel, and civilian staff of the Ingleside Mine Warfare Facility and Corpus Christi Naval Air Station, the Office of Naval Research, the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, and the Naval Oceanographic Office. Without the help and support of these individuals and groups, this symposium and the resulting report would not have been possible.

For her assistance in data and information gathering, the steering committee would also like to extend its thanks to Constance Carter at the Library of Congress.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Stephen Boss (University of Arkansas), Peter Howd (University of South Florida), Jules Jaffe (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Brad Mooney (J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd.), Richard Stemberg (University of Washington), and Glen Wheless (Old Dominion University). While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Oceanography and Mine Warfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9773.
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Environmental information is important for successful planning and execution of naval operations. A thorough understanding of environmental variability greatly increases the likelihood of mission success. To ensure that naval forces have the most up-to-date capabilities, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) has an extensive environmental research program. This research, to be of greatest use to the warfighter, needs to be directed towards assisting and solving battlefield problems. To increase research community understanding of the operational demands placed on naval operators and to facilitate discussion between these two groups, the National Research Council's (NRC) Ocean Studies Board (OSB), working with ONR and the Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, convened five previous symposia on tactical oceanography.

Oceanography and Mine Warfare examines the following issues: (1) how environmental data are used in current mine warfare doctrine, (2) current procedures for in situ collection of data, (3) the present capabilities of the Navy's oceanographic community to provide supporting information for mine warfare operations, and (4) the ability of oceanographic research and technology developments to enhance current mine warfare capabilities. This report primarily concentrates on the importance of oceanographic data for mine countermeasures.

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