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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
Materials in the New Millennium
Responding to Society’s Needs
Proceedings of the 2000 National Materials Advisory Board Forum
National Materials Advisory Board
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
National Research Council
NMAB-501
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, DC
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Sciences Office, under Contract #MDA972-01-D-0001. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressly or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the U.S. Government.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-07562-9
Copies available in limited supply from:
National Materials Advisory Board
HA-262
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20418
202–334–3505
nmab@nas.edu
http://www.nas.edu/nmab
Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20055 800–624–6242 202–334–3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2001 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I.Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. William A.Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
EDGAR A.STARKE, Chair,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
EDWARD C.DOWLING,
Cleveland Cliffs, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
THOMAS EAGAR,*
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
HAMISH L.FRASER,
Ohio State University, Columbus
ALASTAIR M.GLASS,
Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey
MARTIN E.GLICKSMAN,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
JOHN A.S.GREEN,
Aluminum Association, Inc. (retired), Ellicott City, Maryland
THOMAS S.HARTWICK, TRW (retired),
Redmond, Washington
ALLAN J.JACOBSON,
University of Houston, Houston, Texas
MICHAEL JAFFE,*
New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark
SYLVIA M.JOHNSON,*
NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
FRANK E.KARASZ,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
SHEILA F.KIA,
General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, Michigan
LISA KLEIN,*
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick (Board member until December 2000)
HARRY A.LIPSITT,
Wright State University (emeritus), Dayton, Ohio
ALAN G.MILLER,*
Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, Washington
ROBERT C.PFAHL, JR.,*
Motorola, Schaumburg, Illinois
JULIA PHILLIPS,*
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
HENRY J.RACK,
Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
KENNETH L.REIFSNIDER,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
T.S.SUDARSHAN,
Materials Modification, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
JULIA WEERTMAN,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
Staff
TONI MARECHAUX, Director
ARUL MOZHI, Associate Director
DANIEL MORGAN,† Staff Officer
SHARON YEUNG,† Staff Officer
JULIUS CHANG, Staff Officer
TERI THOROWGOOD,† Research Associate
DANA CAINES, Financial Associate
JUDY ESTEP, Administrative Assistant
JANICE PRISCO, Administrative Assistant
PAT WILLIAMS, Administrative Assistant
*
Forum Planning Group.
†
Forum Planning Group staff.
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
Preface
The 2000 National Materials Advisory Board Forum was held on February 8 and 9, 2000, at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. Participants included more than 180 congressional and agency staff, industry leaders, and scientists and engineers from across the spectrum of the materials research community (see p. 50). The purpose of the forum was to bring the importance of materials to the attention of policy makers and to promote interactions between policy makers and the materials community. Participants were asked to address four key themes:
the critical role of materials in advancing technology and enhancing the nation’s economy, security, and health
industrial and societal needs that will require materials development in the new millennium
materials research areas with the greatest potential for meeting those needs
federal and industrial research initiatives that can help the materials community meet those needs
To help focus the discussions, special sessions were convened to address the current and future roles of materials in four selected areas: information technology, health and biotechnology, national security, and energy and the environment. We hope to cover other areas in future years. In each session there were brief presentations by invited speakers, followed by panel discussions.
The NMAB thanks the speakers and panelists (see p. 47), exhibitors (see p. 49), planning group (see p. iv), and others who helped to make the forum a success. We would also like to acknowledge the work of the NMAB staff, including Daniel Morgan, Teri Thorowgood, and Sharon Yeung.
These proceedings are a factual summary of what occurred at the forum in February 2000. Summaries of individual talks were prepared by the members and staff of the NMAB and edited by Sylvia Johnson and Daniel Morgan. The proceedings were reviewed by Edgar A.Starke (University of Virginia, Charlottesville) and Kenneth L.Reifsnider (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg).
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
Participants in the forum made uniformly positive comments on the selection of topics and the quality of the talks and discussion sessions. They were particularly pleased that the forum brought together the diverse segments of the materials community in a single, unifying event. The NMAB intends to make this the first of many such meetings. To find out more or to give us your ideas for the next forum, please send e-mail to <nmab@nas.edu> or call 202–334–3505.
Edgar A.Starke, Chair
National Materials Advisory Board
Sylvia M.Johnson, Chair
Forum Planning Group
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
Contents
Keynote Address
1
Setting the Scene
7
Recent Studies and Symposia
16
The Role of Materials in Information Technology
19
The Role of Materials in Health and Biotechnology
23
The Role of Congress
28
The Role of Materials in National Security
33
Materials, Jobs, and the Economy
40
The Role of Materials in Energy and the Environment
42
Agenda
47
Exhibits
49
Participants
50
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Materials in the New Millennium: Responding to Society’s Needs
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