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Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease (2003)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF JOHNE’S DISEASE

Committee on Diagnosis and Control of Johne’s Disease

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

Division on Earth and Life Studies

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

This study was supported by Agreement No. 02–9114–0523 and 00–9114–0523 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm.A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V.Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.Alberts and Dr. Wm.A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources

HARLEY W.MOON, Chair,

Iowa State University, Ames

SANDRA BARTHOLMEY,

Crystal Lake, Illinois

DEBORAH BLUM,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

ROBERT B.FRIDLEY,

University of California, Davis

BARBARA P.GLENN,

Federation of Animal Science Societies, Bethesda, Maryland

LINDA F.GOLODNER,

National Consumers League, Washington, D.C.

W.R. (REG) GOMES,

University of California, Oakland

PERRY R.HAGENSTEIN,

Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts

CALESTOUS JUMA,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

JANET C.KING,

University of California, Davis

WHITNEY MACMILLAN,

Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota

TERRY L.MEDLEY,

DuPont Biosolutions Enterprise, Wilmington, Delaware

ALICE N.PELL,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

SHARRON S.QUISENBERRY,

Montana State University, Bozeman

NANCY J.RACHMAN,

Exponent, Inc., Washington, D.C.

SONYA B.SALAMON,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana

G.EDWARD SCHUH,

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

BRIAN J.STASKAWICZ,

University of California, Berkeley

JACK WARD THOMAS,

University of Montana, Missoula

JAMES H.TUMLINSON,

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida

B.L.TURNER,

Clarke University, Worcester, Massachusetts

STAFF

Charlotte Kirk Baer, Director

Donna Lee Jameison, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

Acknowledgments

This report represents the integrated efforts of many individuals. The committee thanks all those who shared their insight and knowledge to bring the document to fruition. We also thank all those who provided information at our public meetings and who participated in our public sessions.

During the course of its deliberations, the committee sought assistance from several people who gave generously of their time to provide advice and information that were considered in its deliberations. Special thanks are due the following:

John B.Adams, National Milk Producers Federation, Arlington, Virginia

John P.Bannantine, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa

Michael Carter, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland

Michael T.Collins, University of Wisconsin, Madison

William Hartmann, Minnesota Board of Animal Health, St. Paul

Jeffrey Huse, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany

Dennis Lang, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Bill Layton, Marsh Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Bozeman, Montana

Brian J.McCluskey, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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Cheryl Miller, Paratuberculosis Awareness and Research Association, Temple Terrace, Florida

Charlotte F.Quist, Wildlife Health Associates, Inc., Dillon, Montana

Ralph Slaughter, Biocor Animal Health, Omaha, Nebraska

Judith R.Stabel, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa

Susan M.Stehmen, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Gary M.Weber, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Washington, D.C.

Scott J.Wells, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Robert H.Whitlock, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square

The committee is grateful to members of the National Research Council (NRC) staff who worked diligently to maintain progress and quality in its work.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Raúl G.Barletta, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Michael T.Collins, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Charles J.Czuprynski, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Donald E.Hansen, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Norman Pace, University of Colorado, Boulder

J.Marc Rhoads, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Christine Rossiter, Poulin Grain, Inc., Newport, Vermont

Elizabeth S.Williams, University of Wyoming, Laramie

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Norman Cheville. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

Preface

Control or eradication of important livestock diseases has been a top priority for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) throughout much of the previous century. Most efforts have involved mandatory national eradication programs. But mandatory programs bring a host of difficulties: they require a large program infrastructure, administration of indemnity programs, and constant scrutiny to uncover and eliminate loopholes. As most eradication programs near completion, attention is turning to other diseases that previously were not of sufficiently high priority to warrant mandatory control. These other diseases pose new challenges and may require novel approaches for control.

Johne’s disease (JD) is one such disease. Although its significance as an animal health and economic problem has been recognized for years, it is only now beginning to receive attention and prioritization for control. The United States Animal Health Association’s National Johne’s Disease Working Group has been leading the effort to provide national coordination and minimum standards for voluntary control, and USDA recently stepped in with the appointment of a national JD coordinator. Some of this recent attention is being driven by concern over the potential role of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the causative agent of JD, in Crohn’s disease in humans. This issue warrants concern because it could affect the diagnosis and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

treatment of Crohn’s disease and because it could change strategies for control of JD in livestock.

The USDA saw an opportunity to address this important issue and to facilitate progress in the control of JD in livestock. In August 2001, the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources was asked to convene the Committee on the Diagnosis and Control of Johne’s Disease. The committee’s task was to review and synthesize the state of knowledge of JD in livestock, to evaluate current control plans, to critically assess the evidence for and against a causal relationship between Map and Crohn’s disease, and to provide recommendations for control and research.

The committee had a relatively short period in which to accomplish these ambitious goals, but I am pleased that its members approached the task with great enthusiasm and determination. The committee met twice in Washington D.C., and once in Hershey, Pennsylvania in conjunction with the annual meeting of the United States Animal Health Association. The latter meeting included a public workshop, where committee members heard from experts on JD and from a leading Crohn’s disease patient advocacy group. At its final meeting, the committee received an update on research into the link between Map and Crohn’s disease and a progress report on the Map genome project at the National Animal Disease Laboratory.

This report represents the outcome of many hours of hard work and spirited debate by committee members. I am grateful for their talent, dedication, intellectual integrity, and perseverance in the face of many challenges posed by our schedule and task. I am also very grateful to the Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources for the great care they took in assembling such a distinguished panel and for the opportunity to serve with them on this important committee. Finally, on behalf of the committee I would like to thank and acknowledge study director Tina Rouse and project assistant Cindy Lochhead for their outstanding dedication and persistence. Without their expertise, organizational skills, resilience, and resourcefulness, we could not have completed the task.

BRUCE A.RIDEOUT, Chair

Committee on Diagnosis and Control of Johne’s Disease

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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Tables, Boxes, and Figures

TABLES

2–1

 

Species Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

 

16

2–2

 

Clinical Stages of Johne’s Disease in Cattle

 

20

2–3

 

Global Seroprevalence of Johne’s Disease in Dairy Cattle

 

25

2–4

 

Seroprevalence of Johne’s Disease in U.S. Dairy Cattle in 1996

 

26

2–5

 

Environmental Factors Associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

 

32

2–6

 

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Response to Heat Treatment, Pasteurization, and Other Processes

 

35

3–1

 

Detectability of Johne’s Disease at Varying Clinical Stages

 

46

3–2

 

Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for Johne’s Disease

 

47

3–3

 

Utility of Diagnostic Tests in Clinical Stages of Johne’s Disease

 

47

4–1

 

Standard-Track Certification from the U.S. Voluntary Johne’s Disease Herd Status Program for Cattle

 

81

4–2

 

Fast-Track Certification from the U.S. Voluntary Johne’s Disease Herd Status Program for Cattle

 

81

4–3

 

Test-Positive Requirements from the Uniform Program Standards

 

84

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
×

 

 

for the Voluntary Bovine Johne’s Disease Control Program

 

84

4–4

 

Standard-Track Test-Negative Components from the Uniform Program Standards for the Voluntary Bovine Johne’s Disease Control Program

 

84

4–5

 

Fast-Track Test-Negative Components from the Uniform Program Standards for the Voluntary Bovine Johne’s Disease Control Program

 

85

4–6

 

National Veterinary Services Laboratory Approved Johne’s Disease Tests

 

87

4–7

 

Canadian and U.S. National Veterinary Services Laboratory Approved Laboratories for Johne’s Disease

 

87

4–8

 

Components of State Johne’s Disease Herd Status/Control Programs

 

96

4–9

 

Components of Nationwide Johne’s Disease Herd Status/Control Programs

 

97

6–1

 

Clinical Features of Crohn’s Disease and Johne’s Disease

 

111

6–2

 

Pathologic Features of Crohn’s Disease and Johne’s Disease

 

112

6–3

 

Antimycobacterial Therapy Studies for Crohn’s Disease

 

113

BOXES

ES-1

 

Components of a Coordinated Industry/Government JD Control Program

 

5

4–1

 

Approval Process for Laboratories Performing Official Johne’s Disease Tests

 

86

4–2

 

Approval Process for Laboratories Performing Johne’s Disease Screening Tests (Serology Tests)

 

86

7–1

 

Components of a Coordinated Industry/Government JD Control Program

 

125

FIGURES

4–1

 

Johne’s Disease State Control Programs, January 2002

 

92

4–2

 

Johne’s Disease State Certification and Status Programs, January 2002

 

93

4–3

 

Johne’s Disease State Advisory Committees, January 2002

 

93

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2003. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10625.
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Johne's Disease is a chronic, progressive intestinal disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) that affects primarily ruminant animals. In recent decades there has been growing concern over the lack of effective control of this disease and questions have arisen regarding the possibility that Map infection could be a cause of some cases of Crohn's disease in humans. This report presents a broad outline of the steps that should be taken to control Johne's disease, reduce the spread of Map, and minimize effects of the disease in animals. The report also describes the weaknesses of our current research agenda and provides recommendations for a new research strategy to resolve the question of whether there is a link between Johne's and Crohn's diseases.

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