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NINTH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM
ON
FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS - 500 Fifth Street, N.W. - Washington, D.C. 20001
NOTICE: This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a
National Academy of Engineering (NAB) report review process. Publication of signed
work signifies that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public
consideration, but it does not imply endorsement of conclusions or recommendations by
the NAE. The interpretations and conclusions in such publications are those of the authors
and do not purport to represent the views of the council, officers, or staff of the National
Academy of Engineering.
Funding for the activity that led to this publication was provided by the Air Force Office
of Scientific Research, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of De-
fense-DDR&E-Research, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Eastman
Kodak, Microsoft Corporation, ATOFINA Chemicals, Inc., Cummins, Inc., Science Ap-
plications International Corporation, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Millipore Cor-
poration, GE Foundation, Dr. John A. Armstrong, and other individual donors.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-09139-X (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-52992-1 (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from The National Academies Press, 500
Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-
3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright C) 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
. ~ . .
. engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Insti-
tute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become
the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Nation-
al Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are
chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www. nationa l-academies.org
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
PABLO G. DEBENEDETTI (Chair), Class of 1950 Professor and Chair,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University
JANE BARE, Chemical Engineer, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
MATT BLAZE, Research Scientist, AT&T Laboratories
GANG CHEN, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOSEPH B. HUGHES, Professor and Chair, School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
LILA KARI, Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair in Biocomputing,
Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario
STEPHEN J. LEE, Chemist, U.S. Army Research Office
MITSUNORI OGIHARA, Professor, Department of Computer Science,
University of Rochester
ROBERT J. SCHOELKOPF, Assistant Professor, Applied Physics, Yale
University
Staff
JANET R. HUNZIKER, Program Officer
JENNIFER M. HARDESTY, Senior Project Assistant
MARY W. L. KUTRUFF, Administrative Assistant
V
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Preface
This volume highlights the papers presented at the Ninth Annual National
Academy of Engineering (NAE) Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. Every
year the symposium brings together 100 outstanding young leaders in engineer-
ing to share their cutting-edge research and technical work. The 2003 sympo-
sium was held September 18-20 at the Beckman Center in Irvine, California.
The papers included in this volume are extended summaries of the presentations
prepared by the speakers. The intent of this volume, and of the preceding vol-
umes in the series, is to describe the philosophy behind this unique meeting and
to highlight some of the exciting developments in engineering today.
GOALS OF THE FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING PROGRAM
The practice of engineering is changing. Engineers today must be able to
adapt and thrive in an environment of rapid technological change and globaliza-
tion. Engineering is becoming increasingly more interdisciplinary, and the fron-
tiers often occur at intersections between engineering disciplines or at intersec-
tions between traditional "science" and engineering disciplines. Thus, both
researchers and practitioners must be aware of developments and challenges in
areas other than their own.
At the three-day Frontiers of Engineering Symposium, we invite 100 of this
country's best and brightest engineers, ages 30 to 45, to join their peers to learn
about cutting-edge developments in engineering. This broad overview of cur-
rent developments in many fields of engineering often stimulates insights into
cross-disciplinary applications. Because the engineers at the symposium work
in academia, industry, and government, they can establish contacts with and
v
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v!
PREFACE
learn from people they would probably not meet in the usual round of profes-
sional meetings. We hope this networking will lead to collaborative work that
facilitates the transfer of new techniques and approaches from one field of engi-
neering to another.
The number of participants at each meeting is kept to 100 to maximize oppor-
tunities for interactions and exchanges among the attendees, who have been cho-
sen after a competitive nomination and selection process. The topics and speakers
for each meeting are selected by an organizing committee of engineers in the same
age group as the participants. Different topics are covered each year, and, with a
few exceptions, different individuals are invited to participate.
Each speaker faces a unique challenge to convey the excitement of his or
her field to a technically sophisticated but nonspecialist audience. To meet this
challenge, speakers are asked to provide brief overviews of their fields (includ-
ing a definition of the frontiers of the field); a brief description of current exper-
iments, prototypes, and design studies; a description of new tools and method-
ologies; identification of limitations on advances and controversies; a brief
description of the most exciting results and most difficult challenges of the past
few years; and a summary statement of the theoretical, commercial, societal, and
long-term significance of the work.
THE 2003 SYMPOSIUM
The presentations this year covered four broad areas: environmental engi-
neering, the fundamental limits of nanotechnology, counterterrorism technolo-
gies and infrastructure protection, and biomolecular computing. The talks in the
Environmental Engineering session illustrated the interface between engineering
and the natural sciences, resource economics, systems analysis, and risk man-
agement. Specifically, the presentations delved into how an understanding of
microbial mineral respiration can inform the remediation of contaminated envi-
ronments, the interface of water resource engineering with economics and public
policy, and the use of life cycle analysis to address sustainability issues. While
nanotechnology has been a topic at several past Frontiers meetings, the talks at
this year's meeting focused on the fundamental limits of nanotechnology and
sought to answer the question: How far down is the bottom? The speakers
addressed the prospects in top-down approaches as applied to silicon microelec-
tronics, the limits in the bottom-up approach to molecular electronics, the limits
of storage in magnetic materials, and limits imposed on nanotechnology by the
behavior of thermal systems at very small length scales. Presentations in the
Counterterrorism Technologies and Infrastructure Protection session addressed
chemical and biological threats, as well as threats to infrastructure systems such
as power distribution, telecommunications, and transportation systems that are
dependent on computing systems for their control and operation. Here presenta-
tions covered biocatalytic decontamination/demilitarization, the use of engineer-
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PREFACE
vii
ing problem-solving approaches for dealing with biological terrorism, and soft-
ware and network security issues. The symposium concluded with a session on
Biomolecular Computing, also known as DNA computing, biocomputing, and
molecular computing. The primary goal of this field is to investigate the po-
tential of molecules such as DNA for massively parallel computation. Here
the talks covered some of the most promising areas in the field: computation
based on DNA self-assembly, molecular breeding of DNA sequences by DNA
shuffling, and programmable biological cells. (See Appendix C for complete
program.)
It is traditional to invite a distinguished engineer to address the participants
at dinner on the first evening of the symposium. This year's dinner speaker was
William F. Ballhaus, Jr., president and CEO of The Aerospace Corporation,
whose talk was titled, "The Most Important Lessons You Didn't Learn in Engi-
neering School." The full text of Dr. Ballhaus's remarks are included in this
volume.
NAE is deeply grateful to the following organizations for their support of
the Ninth Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering: Air Force Office of
Scientific Research, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, U.S. Depart-
ment of Defense-DDR&E-Research, National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration, Eastman Kodak, Microsoft Corporation, ATOFINA Chemicals, Inc.,
Cummins, Inc., Science Applications International Corporation, Air Products
and Chemicals, Inc., Millipore Corporation, GE Foundation, and Dr. John A.
Armstrong and other individual donors. NAE would also like to thank the mem-
bers of the Symposium Organizing Committee (see p. iv), chaired by Pablo
Debenedetti, for planning and organizing the event.
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Contents
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Microbial Mineral Respiration
Dianne K. Newman
Water-Resource Engineering, Economics, and Public Policy
Gregory W. Characklis
Life Cycle Development: Expanding the Life Cycle Framework to
Address Issues of Sustainable Development
Gregory A. Norris
FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:
HOW FAR DOWN IS THE BOTTOM?
Status, Challenges, and Frontiers of Silicon CMOS Technology
Jack Hergenrother
Molecular Electronics
James R. Heath
Limits of Storage in Magnetic Materials
Thomas J. Silva
Thermodynamics of Nanosystems
Christopher Jarzynski
Fix
3
11
19
27
41
49
67
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x
COUNTERTERRORISM TECHNOLOGIES AND
INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
Biological Counterterrorism Technologies
Using Biotechnology to Detect and Counteract Chemical Weapons
Alan J. Russell, Joel L. Kaar, and Jason A. Berberich
An Engineering Problem-Solving Approach to Biological Terrorism
Mohamed Athher Mughal
Infrastructure Protection
Internet Security
William R. Cheswick
BIOMOLECULAR COMPUTING
DNA Computing by Self-Assembly
Erik Winfree
Natural Computation as a Principle of Biological Design
Willem P. C. Stemmer
Challenges and Opportunities in Programming Living Cells
Ron Weiss
DINNER SPEECH
CONTENTS
93
105
119
121
The Most Important Lessons You Didn't Learn in Engineering School 133
William F. Ballhaus, Jr.
APPENDIXES
Breakout Session
Contributors
Program
Participants
143
153
159
163
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NINTH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM
ON
FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING
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