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POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:
EVALUATION OF SOURCES AND EFFECTS
COMMITTEE ON PYRENE AND SELECTED ANALOGUE S
BOARD ON TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
NATIONAL RE SEARCH COUNC IL
Na t tonal Academy Pres s
Washington, D. C .
1983
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are
drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting
of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National
Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science
and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of
its Congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council
has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of
their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and
the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respec-
tively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The work on which this publication is based was performed pursuant
to Contract 68-01-4655 with the Office of Research and Development of
the Environmental Protection Agency.
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BOARD ON TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS
RONALD ESTABROOK, University of Texas Medical School, Dallas, Texas,
Cha irman
PHILIP LANDRIGAN, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Vice Chairman
EDWARD BRESNICK, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington,
Vermont
VICTOR COHN, George Washington University Medical Center,
Washington, D.C.
A. MYRICK FREEMAN, University of Washington, Seattle,.Washington
DAVID G. HOEL, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
MICHAEL LIEBERMAN, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri
RICHARD MERRILL, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
VAUN NEWILL, Exxon Corporation, New York, New York
JOHN PETERS, University of Southern California School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, Cal i fornia
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, Environ Corporation, Washington, D.C.
LIANE B. RUSSELL, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
CHARLES R. SCHUSTER, JR., University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Ex Of ficio Members
LESTER BRESLOW, School of Public Health, University of California, Los
Angeles, California
GARY P. CARLSON, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
JAMES F. CROW, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
BERNARD GOLDSTEIN, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/
Rutgers Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
ROGER O. McCLELLAN, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research
Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
SHELDON MURPHY, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
NORTON NELSON, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
JAMES L. WHITTENBERGER, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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COMMITTEE ON PYRENE AND SELECTED ANALOGUE S
EDWARD BRESNICK, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington,
Vermont, Chairman
MARSHALL W. ANDERSON, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
ROBERT A. GORSE, JR., Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
DANIEL GROSJEAN, Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., Westlake
Village, California
RONALD A. MITES, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
ATTALLAH KAPPAS, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
RICHARD E. KOURI, Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, Maryland
MALCOLM C. PIKE, University of Southern California School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California
JAMES K. SELKIRK, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
LAWRENCE J. WHITE, New York University, New York, New York
JAMES A. FRAZIER, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff
Of f icer
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Editor
JEAN E. PERRIN, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Secretary
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This document is the result of individual and coordinated efforts by
the members of the Commit tee on Pyrene and Se tee ted Analogues. Al though
individual members were responsible for specific sections, the entire
report was reviewed by the full Committee. The summary (Chapter 8) and
the recommendations (Chapter 9) represent a consensus of the Committee
members.
The executive summary was prepared by the chairman, Dr. Edward
Bresnick. Chapters 1, 2, and 3, on sources and atmospheric transforma-
tions and persistence, represent a joint effort of Drs. Robert A. Gorse,
Jr., Daniel Grosjean, and Ronald A. Hites and Mr. James A. Frazier.
Chapter 4, on biologic effects, was written by Dr. Bresnick. Chapter 5,
on pharmacokinetics and effective biologic dose, was prepared by Drs.
Marshal 1 W. Anderson and James K. Selkirk. Chapter 6, concerning human
exposure to and metabolism of the compounds in question, was written by
Or. Attallah Kappas. Cllapter 7, on populations of "hypersensitive"
persons , was written by Dr. Richard E. Kouri. Appendix C, dealing with
buman-cancer risk assessment, was prepared by Dr. Malcolm C. Pike.
Appendix D, on public decision-making with respect to source and
emission control, was prepared by Dr. Lawrence J. White.
We acknowledge the special contributions of Dr. Stanley Blacker of
the Environmental Protection Agency, who made a presentation to the
Committee at its first meeting, on May 11, 1981, and provided resource
material for the Committee's use in preparing its report, and to Dr. Roy
Albert of the New York University Medical Center's Institute of
Environmental Medicine, who addressed the Committee at its second
meeting, on May 29.
We express our gratitude to the following persons for providing
resource material and other information:
· Dr. Kent Berry, Environmental Protection Agency
o Dr. William J. Blot, National Cancer Institute
~ Dr. Robert M. Bruce, Environmental Protection Agency
· Dr. Marcus Cooke, Battelle Columbus Laboratory
· Mr. John Cuttica, Department of Energy
Dr. Gregory J. D'Alessio, Department of Energy
· Dr. Jack H. Jean, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
o Dr. John W. Farrington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
· Dr. Wayne H. Griest, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
o Dr. Robert Hall, Environmental Protection Agency
· Dr. Ronald W. Hart, National Center for Toxicological Research
o Dr. Frederick T. Hatch, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
· Dr. Dietrich Hoffman, Naylor Dana Institute for Disease
Prevention, American Health Foundation
Dr.
Dr.
O Dr.
Dr.
Gary L. Johnson, Environmental Protection Agency
Ronald O. Kagel, Dow Chemical Co.
Daniel W. Nebert, National Institutes of Health
Douglas E. Rickert, Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
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to:
Special thanks for providing printouts of the literature are given
· The National Agricultural Library in Beltaville, Md. (AGRICOLA)
· The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in
Cincinnati, Ohio (NIOSHTIC)
We acknowledge the contributions of the following in the National
Research Council for providing resource material:
· Dr. Scott R. Baker, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health
Hazards
· Dr. Robert J. Golden, Board on Toxicology and Environmental
Health Hazards
· Mrs. Barbara Jaffe and the Toxicology Information Center staff
o Dr. Sushma Palmer, Commission on Life Sciences
· Mr. Richard C. Vetter, Ocean Sciences Board
The Committee wishes to commend the excellent assistance of
Mr. James A. Frazier, the staff officer; Mr. Norman Grossblatt, the
editor; Mrs. Jean E. Perrin, secretary; and Mrs. Eileen G. Brown,
manuscript typist.
Extensive use was made of the resources of the Library of the
National Academy of Sciences, the Toxicology Information Center of the
Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazarda, the National
Library of Medicine, the National Agricultural Library, the Library of
Congress, and the Air Pollution Technical Information Center of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
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CONTENTS
Executive Summary
Introduction
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Mobile Sources
and Their Atmospheric Concentrations
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Natural and
Stationary Sources and Their Atmospheric Concentrations
Atmospheric Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Biologic Effects of Smoke, Emission, and Some of Their
PAH Components
Effective Biologic Dose
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food and Water and
Their Metabolism by Human Tissues
Some Factors that Affect Susceptibility of Humans to
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Summary
Recommendations
Appendix A Lists of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Appendix B Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Atmosphere
Appendix C Human-Cancer Risk Assessment, by Malcolm C. Pike
Appendix D Public Decision-Making with Respect to Atmospheric PAN
Sources and Emissions, by Lawrence J. White
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Clean Air Act stipulates that from time to time the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shal 1 revise a list that
includes pollutants that may be anticipated to endanger public health or
welfare and for which air-quality criteria have not been issued.
As part of a continuing contract with the National Academy of Sciences
to prepare scientific and technical assessment reports on selected
pollutants, the EPA asked for an evaluation of selected and representative
pyrene compounds and their analogues as they occur as pollutants in the
ambient air, especially those from mobile sources.
The Committee on Pyrene and Selected Analogues, appointed by the
National Research Council, selected representative pyrenes and close
chemical relatives for study. Great difficulties necessarily are
encountered when a study covers a large number of compounds . I t is
extremely difficult to be comprehensive and discuss every compound in
detail. The Committee found that there were far more sources of human
exposure to pyrenes than vehicle exhaust--for instance, cigarette-smoking,
coke ovens, wood-burning, and some foods. The Committee is aware that
some of its interpretations are founded on data that are neither clear-cut
nor complete. This is true of its efforts to extrapolate risks, to
identify susceptible groups in the population, and to assess economic
alternatives for control or abatement of the pollutants in question.
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs ~ have been reviewed pre-
viously as components of atmospheric pollution and as potential human-
health hazards. This document attempts to make current the information on
the sources, formation, atmospheric persistence and transformations,
biologic effects, and toxicokinetics of a select group of PAHs and on the
identification of populations hypersensitive to them. The document also
presents material on human risk assessment and develops an approximate
estimate of the societal value of reducing environmental emission of
benza [a ~ pyrene . Benz o ~ a] pyrene is used as a surrogate PAR. It may not be
the best indicator of the biologic effects of other PAHs in soots and
smokes. However, the literature on benzota~pyrene is considerably more
voluminous than that on other PARs. It should also be recognized that the
benzo~a~pyrene concentrations in soots and smokes is small and that other
PAHs present in smokes have greater biologic activity, such as
nitro-PAHs. The specific PAHs discussed in this report were selected on
the basis of their relative concentrations in various emission or
combustion products or because they are pharmacologically active. The
structures of the selected compounds are presented in Appendix A.
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