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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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OCR for page R1
Procedures for
Testing Color Vision
Report of Working Group 41
Committee on Vision
Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1981
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by
the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are
drawn f ram the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee
consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy
of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and
technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of
its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council
has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of
their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and
the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970,
respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
This work relates to Department of the Navy Contract N00014-80-C-0159
issued by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Authority NR
201-124. However, the content does not necessarily reflect the
position or the policy of the Department of the Navy or the Government,
and no official endorsement should be inferred.
The United States Government has at least a royalty-free,
non-exclusive and irrevocable license throughout the world for
goverment purposes to publish, translate, reproduce, deliver, perform,
dispose of, and to authorize others so to do, all or any portion of
this work.
OCR for page R3
WORKING GROUP 41
JOEL POKORNY (Chair), Eye Research Laboratories, University of
Chicago
BILL COLLINS, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Aeronautical Center, Federal
Aviation Administration
GERALD HOWETT, National Bureau of Standards
ROMUALD LAKOWSKI, Department of Psychology, University of British
Columbia
MARK LEWIS, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Aeronautic ~ Center, Federal
Aviation Administration
JACK MORELAND, University of Bradford, England
HELEN PAULSON, Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton,
Connect lout
VIVIANNE C. SMITH, Eye Research Laboratories, University of Chicago
STEVEN SHEVELL, Statistical Advisor, Department of Behavioral Sciences,
University of Chicago
· · ~
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COMMITTEE ON VISION
.
DEREK H. FENDER (Chair), Jorgensen Laboratory of Information Science,
California Institute of Technology
ANTHONY ADAMS, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley
ELIOT L. BERSON, Harvard Medical School
JOHN E. DOLLING, Department of Biology, Harvard University
JULIAN HOCHBERG, Department of Psychology, Columbia University
DOROTHEA JAMESON, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
KEN NARAYAMA, Smith-Kettlewell Institute of Visual Sciences, San
Francisco
LUIS M. PROENZA, Department of Zoology, University of Georgia
ROBERT SEKULER, Departments of Psychology, Ophthalmology,
Neurobiology/Physiology, Northwestern University
HARRY SNYDER, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations
Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
KEY DISMUKES, Study Director
BARBARA BROWN, Research Assistant
LLYN ELLISON, Administrative Secretary
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
Color Vision Requirements in Different Occupations, 1
Occupations Excluding Ma jor Color Vision Defects, 2
Occupations Requir ing Representative Color Vision, 2
Occupations Requiring Good Color Discrimination, 2
Selecting Color Vision Tests, 3
2 CLASSIFICATION OF COLOR VISION DEFECTS
Normal Color Vision, 4
Colorimetric Def inition, 4
Chromatic Discriminative Ability, 8
Congenital Sex-Linked Color Vision Defects, 8
Anomalous Trichromats, 9
Dichromats, 10
Autosomal Dominant Tritan Defect, 11
Acquired Color Vision Defects, 12
Normal Color Vision Changes with Age, 12
Effect of Disease, Injury, and Drugs, 12
Physical Factors Affecting Color Vision, 13
Illumination, 13
Field Size, 13
3 COLOR VISION TESTS
Historical Introduction, 14
General Description of Types of Color Vision Tests, 15
Anomaloscopes, 15
Plate Tests, 16
Arrangement Tests, 17
Lantern Tests, 18
How to Evaluate a Color Test, 18
Reliability and Validity, 18
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Specific Procedures for Calculating Different
Types of Tests, 19
Illuminants, 20
Existing Tests: Availability, Practicality,
and Procedures, 24
Anomaloscopes, 24
Pseudoisochromatic Plates, 40
Other Plate Tests, 53
Arrangement Tests, 57
Lantern Tests, 73
Other Tests, 78
4 USING COLOR VISION TESTS
Evaluation of Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects, 81
Rapid Screening of Congenital Red-Green Color Defects, 81
Diagnosis of Red-Green Defects, 82
Recognition of Congenital Blue-Yellow Defects,
and Achromatopsia, 83
Evaluation of Acquired Color Vision Defects, 83
Classification and Quantification of Chromatic Discriminative
Ability, 83
Test Batteries, 83
Quantification of Chromatic Discriminative Ability, 85
Screening for Professional Purposes, 86
Test Administration: Training Personnel to
Administer Tests, 87
Some Special Problems of Testing, 89
Testing Illiterates, 89
Language Problems, 90
Testing the Elderly, 90
Testing Children, 90
Malingering and Concealing, 93
Color Vision "Cures and "Remedies n ~ 93
5 RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING TEST DESIGN
Color Matching, 97
Representation of Defective Color vision in the Chromaticity
Diagram, 99
Theory of Test Construction, 101
Pseudoisochromatic Plate Tests, 101
Arrangement Tests, 105
Anomaloscope, 107
REFERENCES
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PREFACE
Color vision tests are used in selecting personnel for certain occupa-
tions that require the use of color vision. These tests are also used
clinically to identify and differentiate congenital and acquired
disorders involving color vision. Several basic techniques are used
for testing color vision and many different devices are available
commercially. It is extremely important that color vision testing
devices be validated before being adopted for screening; this requires
demonstration that a test actually does identify and discriminate among
color vision deficiencies as required for a particular occupational
task. Some, but not all, commercially available tests have been
adequately validated. This information, however, has not been available
from any single source, making it difficult for users to decide what
tests are most appropriate for their needs.
Working Group 41 was established by the Committee on Vision to
assemble information on existing color vision tests and to assess their
utility and the extent to which they have been adequately validated.
This report, which is derived from deliberations of the working group,
describes the administration, scoring, and interpretation of various
color vision tests and evaluates validation studies that have been
performed on these tests. Additional material is included to make this
report a self-contained reference source on procedures for testing
color vision. Characterization of color vision and the classification
of color vision defects are described. An appendix on the principles
of test design is included for nonspecialists. Recommendations are
made for the appropriate use of color vision tests in occupational
screening. The report includes information on most of the more
commonly used tests, but it was not possible to obtain complete
descriptions of all tests. Readers are welcome to send to the study
director of the Committee any supplementary information that might be
used if this report were to be updated in the future.
Members of Working Group 41 brought to this project great expertise
in such areas as the nature of color vision defects, calorimetry, test
design, and occupational uses of color vision tests. Individual
members of the group contributed material, which was drafted by Joel
Pokorny and Vivianne Smith into manuscript form and reviewed by the
entire group. Preparation of the report was supported in part by
grants EY 01876 (Smith) and EY 00901 (Pokorny) from the United States
vii
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Public Health Service and the National Eye Institute. Mary Jo Nissen
provided technical editing. Several members of the Committee on Vision
staff contributed to the preparation of this report: William Benson,
Barbara Brown, Key Dismukes, Michelle Eabon, Llyn Ellison, and Luis
Proenza. Robert M. Boynton, Ronald Ever son, Dorothea Jameson, and
Whitman Richards also encouraged this work and commented helpfully on
the manuscript. Some of the information herein is based on material
prepared for Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects (Pokorny et
al., 19791.
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