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Consensus Study Report

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As part of the effort to phase out the use of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the U.S. Navy is considering hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as replacements for the CFC refrigerants used aboard its submarines. Before using the HFCs, the Navy plans to set emergency exposure guidance levels (EEGLs) and continuous exposure guidance levels (CEGLs) to protect submariners from health effects that could occur as a result of accidental releases or slow leaks.

In this report, the Subcommittee on Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons of the National Research Council's (NRC 's) Committee on Toxicology independently reviews the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed 1-hr and 24-hr EEGLs and 90-day CEGLs for two of the candidate refrigerants-HFC-236fa and HFC-404a. In addition, the subcommittee reviews the the EEGLs and CEGL for HFC-23, one of the combustion products of HFC-236fa. This NRC report is intended to aid the Navy in using HFCs safely.

RESOURCES AT A GLANCE

Suggested Citation

National Research Council. 2000. Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23,and HFC-404a. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9815.

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Publication Info

98 pages |  6 x 9 | 

ISBNs: 
  • Paperback:  978-0-309-07084-3
  • Ebook:  978-0-309-18386-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/9815
Chapters skim
Front Matter i-xvi
Summary 1-1
APPROACH TO THE STUDY 2-2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3-3
HFC-236FA 4-4
HFC-404A 5-5
Exposure Guidance Levels for Components of HFC-404a 6-6
Exposure Guidance Levels for HFC-404a 7-8
1 Introduction 9-9
EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS 10-10
Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels 11-11
Special Considerations 12-12
REFERENCES 13-13
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 14-14
TOXICOKINETICS 15-15
Acute Toxicity 16-16
Cardiac Sensitization 17-17
Subchronic Toxicity 18-19
Developmental Toxicity 20-20
SUMMARY 21-21
EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS 22-24
RECOMMENDATIONS 25-25
REFERENCES 26-26
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 27-27
TOXICOKINETICS 28-28
Acute Toxicity 29-29
Cardiac Sensitization 30-30
Reproductive Toxicity 31-31
Genotoxicity 32-32
Carcinogenicity 33-33
SUMMARY 34-35
EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS 36-36
REFERENCES 37-39
4 Hydrofluorocarbon-404a 40-40
Toxicokinetics 41-41
Subchronic Toxicity 42-42
Developmental Toxicity 43-43
Genotoxicity 44-44
Exposure Guidance Levels for HFC-143a 45-46
Chemical and Physical Properties 47-47
Acute Toxicity 48-48
Cardiac Sensitization 49-49
Developmental Toxicity 50-50
Genotoxicity 51-51
Exposure Guidance Levels for HFC-125 52-53
Chemical and Physical Properties 54-54
Toxicokinetics 55-56
Human Studies 57-59
Cardiac Sensitization 60-60
Subchronic Toxicity 61-61
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 62-63
Genotoxicity 64-64
Carcinogenicity 65-65
Exposure Guidance Levels for HFC-134a 66-70
SUMMARY 71-72
EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR HFC-404A 73-73
Calculations Used to Determine EEGLs and CEGL for HFC-404a 74-75
REFERENCES 76-82

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