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All rights) 63 10 1200 OUT 675 1666 4.2162 0.9374 (reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in) 64 12 1200 OUT 675 1712 8.9462 0.9374 (any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including) 61 9 1200 OUT 675 1758 0.0000 0.6976 (photocopying, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval) 67 8 1200 OUT 675 1804 0.2148 0.9374 (system, without permission in writing from the National Academy) 63 8 1200 OUT 675 1850 2.3155 0.9374 (Press. Inquiries should be addressed to Permissions Department,) 64 8 1200 OUT 675 1896 0.0000 0.0723 (National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington) 64 7 1200 OUT 675 1941 1.8378 0.9374 (DC 20418.) 10 2 192 OUT 675 2008 5.6184 0.9374 (Computing the Future was originally published as a printed pa-) 62 9 1200 OUT 675 2054 6.9817 0.9374 (perbound book which is still available $ISBN 0-309-04740-4; 288) 63 8 1200 OUT 675 2100 0.0353 0.9374 (pages, index, $24.95$. 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Shine is presi-) 89 14 1350 OUT 600 1506 1.6767 0.8332 (dent of the Institute of Medicine.) 34 5 518 OUT 637 1589 0.9969 0.8332 (The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences) 79 11 1312 OUT 600 1631 3.2379 0.8332 (in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Acade-) 82 13 1350 OUT 600 1672 3.1655 0.8332 (myŐs purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Func-) 81 11 1350 OUT 600 1714 3.2651 0.8332 (tioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council) 82 11 1350 OUT 600 1756 2.4518 0.8332 (has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences) 82 12 1350 OUT 600 1797 4.8244 0.8332 (and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government,) 80 11 1350 OUT 600 1839 3.6014 0.8332 (the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is adminis-) 84 12 1350 OUT 600 1881 0.0420 0.8332 (tered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr.) 87 15 1350 OUT 600 1922 5.6306 0.8332 (Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Re-) 81 12 1350 OUT 600 1964 1.6572 0.8332 (search Council.) 15 1 240 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1259 2800 0.0000 -0.0371 (vi) 2 0 32 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 7 7 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 504 0.0000 0.8264 (CONTENTS) 8 0 185 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1906 504 0.0000 -0.0185 (vii) 3 0 44 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 650 1550 4.2311 1.0415 (In April 1990, the Computer Science and Technology Board $now) 61 9 1300 OUT 600 1600 1.9565 1.0415 (the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board \(CSTB$\) of the) 64 8 1350 OUT 600 1650 0.0000 0.9565 (National Research Council formed the Committee to Assess the Scope) 66 9 1350 OUT 600 1700 0.0277 1.0415 (and Direction of Computer Science and Technology. Composed of 16) 65 10 1350 OUT 600 1750 1.4792 1.0415 (individuals from industry and academia, the committee was charged) 65 8 1350 OUT 600 1800 0.0000 0.0494 (with assessing how best to organize the conduct of research and teaching) 72 11 1350 OUT 600 1850 1.2674 1.0415 (in computer science and engineering $CS&E$ in the future. The com-) 67 11 1350 OUT 600 1900 5.5010 1.0415 (mittee took a broad outlook on its charge but chose to focus its ef-) 68 13 1350 OUT 600 1950 5.2853 1.0415 (forts primarily on academic CS&E, which is both a major source of) 65 11 1350 OUT 600 2000 5.8914 1.0415 (trained personnel at all levels $for itself and for industry and com-) 69 11 1350 OUT 600 2050 1.9147 1.0415 (merce$ and a very important performer of research in the field. This) 69 12 1350 OUT 600 2100 1.8580 1.0415 (dual role suggests that positive changes in academic CS&E will have) 67 10 1350 OUT 600 2150 2.1043 1.0415 (high leverage throughout industry and academia.) 47 5 975 OUT 650 2200 2.0853 1.0415 (The committee addressed four questions in its deliberations:) 60 7 1186 OUT 650 2300 7.1149 1.0415 (1.) 2 0 33 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 704 2300 7.1149 1.0415 (What is CS&E?) 13 2 299 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1003 2300 7.1146 1.0415 ( What characterizes the intellectual content of) 48 7 947 OUT 600 2350 2.1863 1.0415 (the field? How is it different from other fields? What are the impli-) 71 14 1350 OUT 600 2400 4.0336 1.0415 (cations of rapid technological change for the field? What is the sci-) 70 12 1350 OUT 600 2450 2.0708 1.0415 (ence that underpins hardware and software computer technology?) 62 7 1306 OUT 650 2500 8.3820 1.0415 (2.) 2 0 33 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 704 2500 8.3820 1.0415 (How is the field doing?) 23 4 446 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1150 2500 8.3822 1.0415 ( What are the accomplishments of the) 37 7 800 OUT 600 2550 1.8312 1.0415 (field? What is the impact of the field on society? What is the demo-) 70 15 1350 OUT 600 2600 2.0807 1.0415 (graphic profile of the field?) 29 4 538 OUT 650 2650 0.3167 1.0415 (3.) 2 0 33 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 704 2650 0.3167 1.0415 (What should the field be doing?) 31 5 563 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1268 2650 0.3167 1.0415 ( To what extent and in what direc-) 35 8 682 OUT 600 2700 6.9284 1.0415 (tions should the field change its educational and research agenda?) 66 9 1350 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 180 100 mul 1000 div 1420 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1149 868 0.0000 1.8624 (Pr) 2 0 79 OUT 1226 868 0.0000 1.8624 (eface) 5 0 175 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1258 2800 0.0000 -0.0185 (vii) 3 0 44 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 8 8 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 600 9.2054 1.0415 (How can the academic and industrial sectors work together more) 62 9 1350 OUT 600 650 0.0000 1.0499 (effectively?) 12 0 221 OUT 650 700 3.1396 1.0415 (4.) 2 0 33 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 704 700 3.1396 1.0415 (What does the field need in order to prosper?) 45 8 820 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1524 700 3.1396 1.0415 ( Are current funding) 21 4 426 OUT 600 750 5.9871 1.0415 (emphases appropriate? What structural or institutional changes $if) 67 8 1350 OUT 600 800 4.6986 1.0415 (any$ are necessary to support academic CS&E as it evolves into the) 66 11 1350 OUT 600 850 2.0867 1.0415 (next century?) 13 1 264 OUT 650 925 0.0000 0.4647 (These questions are particularly appropriate given the circumstances) 68 7 1300 OUT 600 975 1.7593 1.0415 (of today. From its beginnings as an organized and independent aca-) 67 11 1350 OUT 600 1025 0.3317 1.0415 (demic discipline in the 1960s, academic CS&E has been quite success-) 68 10 1350 OUT 600 1075 0.4760 1.0415 (ful. It has witnessed rapid growth in demand for computer scientists) 69 11 1350 OUT 600 1125 5.8390 1.0415 (and engineers, and it has worked hand in hand with the computer) 63 11 1350 OUT 600 1175 2.9937 1.0415 (industry, demonstrating the remarkably rich interaction possible be-) 68 7 1350 OUT 600 1225 1.2224 1.0415 (tween academic and industrial CS&E research. Indeed, together aca-) 67 9 1350 OUT 600 1275 1.1906 1.0415 (demic and industrial CS&E research have in a few short decades laid) 67 11 1350 OUT 600 1325 4.3348 1.0415 (the intellectual foundation and created the scientific base for one of) 70 10 1350 OUT 600 1375 2.0806 1.0415 (the most important technologies of the future.) 46 6 906 OUT 650 1425 6.0329 1.0415 (But today, both the intellectual focus of academic CS&E and the) 63 10 1300 OUT 600 1475 2.8259 1.0415 (environment in which academic CS&E is embedded are in the midst) 63 10 1350 OUT 600 1525 2.9725 1.0415 (of significant change. The traditional intellectual boundaries of aca-) 71 9 1350 OUT 600 1575 9.6958 1.0415 (demic CS&E are blurring with the rise of in-depth programs and) 62 10 1350 OUT 600 1625 6.4095 1.0415 (activities in computational science. Universities themselves are re-) 69 8 1350 OUT 600 1675 2.9315 1.0415 (trenching; the computer industry is undergoing substantial and rap-) 67 8 1350 OUT 600 1725 4.7608 1.0415 (id restructuring; and the increasingly apparent utility of computing) 68 8 1350 OUT 600 1775 2.0789 1.0415 (in all aspects of society is creating demands for computing technolo-) 69 10 1350 OUT 600 1825 4.5537 1.0415 (gy that is more powerful and easier to use. Such changes motivate) 66 12 1350 OUT 600 1875 2.6750 1.0415 (the forward-looking assessment of the field that this report attempts) 69 9 1350 OUT 600 1925 2.1401 1.0415 (to provide.) 11 1 215 OUT 650 1975 4.2865 1.0415 (Given the increasing pervasiveness of computer-related technolo-) 64 6 1300 OUT 600 2025 2.8362 1.0415 (gies in all aspects of society, the committee believes that several key) 71 11 1350 OUT 600 2075 0.0000 0.8425 (groups will benefit from an assessment of the state of academic CS&E:) 69 11 1350 OUT 650 2150 4.1909 1.0415 (Ą) 1 0 26 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 697 2150 4.1909 1.0415 (Federal policy makers,) 22 2 404 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1101 2150 4.1909 1.0415 ( who have considerable influence in deter-) 42 6 849 OUT 600 2200 9.5645 1.0415 (mining intellectual directions of the field through their control of) 68 9 1350 OUT 600 2250 2.0883 1.0415 (research budgets and funding levels;) 36 4 723 OUT 650 2300 2.7510 1.0415 (Ą) 1 0 26 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 697 2300 2.7510 1.0415 (Academic computer scientists and engineers,) 43 4 808 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1505 2300 2.7510 1.0415 ( who are the individu-) 22 4 445 OUT 600 2350 8.1735 0.2500 (als that do the real work of selecting research topics, performing re-) 70 11 1350 OUT 600 2400 2.0549 0.2500 (search, and teaching students;) 30 3 567 OUT 650 2450 5.1497 1.0415 (Ą) 1 0 26 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 697 2450 5.1497 1.0415 (University administrators,) 26 1 484 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1181 2450 5.1497 1.0415 ( who play key roles in influencing the) 38 7 769 OUT 600 2500 2.0853 1.0415 (intellectual tone of the academic environment; and) 50 6 997 OUT 650 2550 0.0000 1.0415 (Ą) 1 0 26 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 697 2550 0.0000 1.0415 (Industry,) 9 0 168 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 865 2550 2.5641 1.0415 ( which is by far the major employer of CS&E baccalau-) 53 10 1085 OUT 600 2600 3.7226 1.0415 (reate holders, one of the major employers of CS&E Ph.D. recipients,) 67 10 1350 OUT 600 2650 2.0941 1.0415 (and $in the computer industry$ a key player in CS&E research.) 61 10 1231 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 604 504 0.0000 -0.0123 (viii) 4 0 56 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1801 504 0.0000 0.8300 (PREFACE) 7 0 153 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 9 9 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 650 600 3.1261 1.0415 (Each of these groups has a different perspective on the intellectu-) 67 10 1300 OUT 600 650 5.9514 1.0415 (al, fiscal, institutional, and cultural influences on the field, and the) 72 10 1350 OUT 600 700 0.0000 0.8516 (committee devoted considerable effort to forging a consensus on what) 68 9 1350 OUT 600 750 2.0405 1.0415 (should be done in the face of the different intellectual traditions that) 72 11 1350 OUT 600 800 2.3153 1.0415 (characterize various subfields of CS&E and of different views on the) 68 10 1350 OUT 600 850 2.0959 1.0415 (nature of the problems that the field faces.) 44 7 835 OUT 650 900 2.7570 1.0415 (This report does not address international dimensions of CS&E in) 64 9 1300 OUT 600 950 3.6082 1.0415 (any detail or depth, other than to note that the importance of CS&E) 67 12 1350 OUT 600 1000 1.1129 1.0415 (as an area of research is recognized all over the world. Although the) 70 13 1350 OUT 600 1050 1.1494 1.0415 (committee believes strongly that international aspects of the field are) 71 9 1350 OUT 600 1100 5.4556 1.0415 (worth considering, it had neither the expertise nor the resources to) 68 10 1350 OUT 600 1150 0.0000 -0.5316 (focus on such aspects. Appropriate sponsoring agencies and the Computer) 72 10 1350 OUT 600 1200 0.0839 1.0415 (Science and Telecommunications Board may wish to consider a study) 65 9 1350 OUT 600 1250 2.0975 1.0415 (that addresses international dimensions of the field.) 53 6 1021 OUT 650 1300 7.3235 1.0415 (The report is divided into two parts. Part I addresses in broad) 64 12 1300 OUT 600 1350 0.0000 0.8754 (strokes the fundamental challenges facing the field and what the com-) 69 10 1350 OUT 600 1400 0.1484 1.0415 (mittee believes is an appropriate response to these challenges. Part II) 72 11 1350 OUT 600 1450 0.1523 1.0415 (elaborates on certain issues in greater detail. In particular, the reader) 74 11 1350 OUT 600 1500 3.8438 1.0415 (unfamiliar with CS&E as an intellectual discipline will find the nec-) 69 10 1350 OUT 600 1550 0.2052 1.0415 (essary background in Chapter 6. Readers unfamiliar with the institu-) 69 10 1350 OUT 600 1600 6.3298 1.0415 (tional infrastructure of academic CS&E or the demographics of the) 65 9 1350 OUT 600 1650 2.0886 1.0415 (field will find additional detail in Chapters 7 and 8, respectively.) 68 10 1277 OUT 650 1700 1.5789 1.0415 (A variety of previous studies have addressed important aspects of) 65 9 1300 OUT 600 1750 0.8070 1.0415 (the field. The Taulbee surveys) 31 5 600 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1200 1736 0.0000 0.7288 (1) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1215 1750 0.8070 1.0415 ( of the past several years have report-) 39 7 735 OUT 600 1800 7.8246 1.0415 (ed on human resource issues in CS&E, CSTBŐs report ) 51 9 1110 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1710 1800 7.8252 1.0415 (The National) 12 1 240 OUT 600 1850 4.6821 1.0415 (Challenge in Computer Science and Technology) 44 5 871 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1471 1836 0.0000 0.7293 (2) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1487 1850 4.6821 1.0415 ( discussed research op-) 23 3 463 OUT 600 1900 2.7824 1.0415 (portunities in the field, and the Hopcroft-Kennedy report) 57 7 1134 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1734 1886 0.0000 0.7293 (3) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1749 1900 2.7825 1.0415 ( described) 10 1 201 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 504 0.0000 0.8300 (PREFACE) 7 0 153 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1918 504 0.0000 -0.0371 (ix) 2 0 32 OUT 0. 0. 2550. 3300. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 1. 600. 1969. 900. 1969. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 630 2008 0.0000 0.7287 (1) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 645 2019 1.7486 0.8332 (David Gries, ŇThe 1984-1985 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 45 6 739 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1385 2019 1.7486 0.8332 (Communications of the ACM,) 26 3 433 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1817 2019 1.7487 0.8331 ( Volume) 7 1 133 OUT 600 2061 1.4845 0.8332 (29$10$, October 1986, pp. 972-977; David Gries, ŇThe 1985-1986 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 80 11 1273 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1873 2061 0.0000 0.8333 (Com-) 4 0 77 OUT 600 2103 7.5306 0.8332 (munications of the ACM,) 23 3 385 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 985 2103 7.5306 0.8332 ( Volume 30$8$, August 1987, pp. 688-694; David Gries and) 56 9 965 OUT 600 2145 1.1842 0.8332 (Dorothy Marsh, ŇThe 1986-1987 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 47 6 787 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1387 2145 1.1842 0.8332 (Communications of the ACM,) 26 3 431 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1818 2145 1.1843 0.8331 ( Volume) 7 1 132 OUT 600 2186 8.2614 0.8332 (31$8$, August 1988, pp. 984-991; David Gries and Dorothy Marsh, ŇThe 1987-1988) 78 11 1350 OUT 600 2228 2.7384 0.8332 (Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 17 2 283 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 883 2228 2.7383 0.8332 (Communications of the ACM,) 26 3 436 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1319 2228 2.7383 0.8332 ( Volume 32$10$, October 1989, pp. 1217-) 39 6 631 OUT 600 2270 3.5388 0.8332 (1224; David Gries and Dorothy Marsh, ŇThe 1988-1989 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 69 10 1168 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1768 2270 0.0000 0.8332 (Communica-) 10 0 182 OUT 600 2311 0.5150 0.8332 (tions of the ACM,) 17 3 258 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 858 2311 0.5149 0.8332 ( Volume 33$9$, September 1990, pp. 160-169; David Gries and Dorothy) 67 10 1092 OUT 600 2353 1.6133 0.8332 (Marsh, ŇThe 1989-1990 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 39 5 649 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1249 2353 1.6132 0.8332 (Computing Research News,) 24 2 397 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1646 2353 1.6133 0.8332 ( Volume 3$1$, Janu-) 19 3 304 OUT 600 2395 1.0741 0.8332 (ary 1991; and David Gries and Dorothy Marsh, ŇThe 1990-1991 Taulbee Survey,Ó ) 77 12 1273 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1873 2395 0.0000 0.8333 (Com-) 4 0 77 OUT 600 2436 1.6790 0.8332 (puting Research News,) 21 2 332 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 932 2436 1.6789 0.8332 ( Volume 4$1$, January 1992, pp. 8 ff.) 37 7 568 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 630 2467 0.0000 1.8951 (2) 1 0 16 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 646 2478 2.7618 0.8332 (Computer Science and Technology Board, National Research Council, ) 66 8 1115 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1761 2478 2.7619 0.8332 (The National) 12 1 189 OUT 600 2520 6.1991 0.8332 (Challenge in Computer Science and Technology,) 45 5 718 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1318 2520 6.1991 0.8332 ( National Academy Press, Washington,) 36 4 632 OUT 600 2561 1.6131 0.8332 (D.C., 1988.) 11 1 168 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 630 2592 0.0000 0.7291 (3) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 645 2603 1.0667 0.8332 (John E. Hopcroft and Kenneth W. Kennedy, eds., ) 47 8 778 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1423 2603 1.0667 0.8332 (Computer Science Achievements and) 33 3 527 OUT 600 2645 0.0000 0.8332 (Opportunities,) 14 0 211 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 811 2645 1.6636 0.8332 ( Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1989.) 68 8 1076 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 10 10 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 600 9.0207 1.0415 (the scientific contributions of CS&E. The 1989 ACM-CRA confer-) 63 9 1350 OUT 600 650 0.0000 0.9255 (ence, published as ) 19 3 365 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 965 650 0.0000 0.9255 (Strategic Directions in Computer Research,) 42 4 771 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1736 636 0.0000 0.6480 (4) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1752 650 0.0000 0.9255 ( discussed) 10 1 198 OUT 600 700 3.0327 1.0415 (structural and long-range issues for the field. These studies provid-) 70 10 1350 OUT 600 750 2.5481 1.0415 (ed a strong foundation on which the committee built its comprehen-) 66 10 1350 OUT 600 800 2.1155 1.0415 (sive and integrated assessment.) 31 3 618 OUT 650 850 3.9053 1.0415 (In addition, the CSTB, in cooperation with the Office of Scientific) 67 10 1300 OUT 600 900 8.7682 1.0415 (and Engineering Personnel at the National Research Council, con-) 64 8 1350 OUT 600 950 5.9497 1.0415 (ducted a companion project on human resources concurrently with) 63 8 1350 OUT 600 1000 4.2793 1.0415 (this project. The key activity of this project, a workshop on human) 68 12 1350 OUT 600 1050 1.0347 1.0415 (resources in computer science and technology held on October 28-29,) 67 9 1350 OUT 600 1100 3.2030 1.0415 (1991, addressed the utility of current and proposed new taxonomies) 66 9 1350 OUT 600 1150 5.1631 1.0415 (for classifying computing professionals and considered present and) 66 7 1350 OUT 600 1200 3.5887 1.0415 (future supply-and-demand issues for the labor market for computer) 65 8 1350 OUT 600 1250 7.0647 1.0415 (specialists. Participants in the workshop included experts in com-) 67 9 1350 OUT 600 1300 2.7268 1.0415 (puter science and technology, labor market analysis, and the admin-) 67 9 1350 OUT 600 1350 7.5362 1.0415 (istration of human resources. While certain insights of this work-) 67 10 1350 OUT 600 1400 4.0959 1.0415 (shop have been incorporated into this report, a full report based on) 68 11 1350 OUT 600 1450 2.0770 1.0415 (this workshop is expected to be released in the summer of 1992.) 63 11 1259 OUT 650 1500 8.6265 1.0415 (The Committee to Assess the Scope and Direction of Computer) 59 9 1300 OUT 600 1550 5.9111 1.0415 (Science and Technology met in June and September of 1990 and in) 63 11 1350 OUT 600 1600 7.6387 1.0415 (February, June, and September of 1991. It received input through) 65 10 1350 OUT 600 1650 6.5086 1.0415 (briefings and interviews with a variety of federal government offi-) 67 9 1350 OUT 600 1700 6.5000 1.0415 (cials and representatives from the computer industry, from several) 66 8 1350 OUT 600 1750 0.0000 0.7710 (major commercial users of computer and information technology,) 62 7 1259 OUT 1859 1750 0.0000 -0.0204 ( and,) 5 1 91 OUT 600 1800 6.7815 0.2500 (through the Computing Research Association,) 43 4 890 OUT 1490 1800 6.7815 1.0415 ( from heads of depart-) 22 4 460 OUT 600 1850 2.1007 1.0415 (ments granting Ph.D.s in CS&E) 29 4 616 OUT 1216 1850 0.0000 -0.7915 (.) 1 0 10 OUT 650 1900 3.2466 1.0415 (The committee appreciates the time and thoughtful attention pro-) 64 8 1300 OUT 600 1950 6.2350 1.0415 (vided by numerous individuals, who are listed in the appendix; in) 65 10 1350 OUT 600 2000 0.7968 1.0415 (particular the comments and criticisms of reviewers of early drafts of) 70 10 1350 OUT 600 2050 9.9971 1.0415 (this report are gratefully acknowledged. Of course, the findings,) 66 9 1350 OUT 600 2100 2.4293 1.0415 (conclusions, and judgments of this report are solely the responsibili-) 70 9 1350 OUT 600 2150 2.0495 1.0415 (ty of the committee.) 20 3 393 OUT 650 2200 2.6826 1.0415 (A variety of government agencies that sponsor computer research) 63 8 1300 OUT 600 2250 2.4504 1.0415 (and professional organizations in the computer field were interested) 68 8 1350 OUT 600 2300 4.1026 1.0415 (in conducting a broad-ranging assessment of the health of the field.) 68 10 1350 OUT 600 2350 8.5124 0.2500 (Some of them generously provided funding for this project; they in-) 67 10 1350 OUT 600 2400 7.3994 0.2500 (clude the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research,) 68 9 1350 OUT 600 2450 0.7894 0.2500 (the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the Association for Com-) 73 11 1350 OUT 600 2500 2.0825 0.2500 (puting Machinery, Inc.) 22 2 430 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 604 504 0.0000 0.0000 (x) 1 0 21 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1801 504 0.0000 0.8300 (PREFACE) 7 0 153 OUT 0. 0. 2550. 3300. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 1. 600. 2619. 900. 2619. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 560 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 630 2658 0.0000 0.7293 (4) 1 0 15 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 645 2669 0.8965 0.8332 (Association for Computing Machinery $ACM$ and the Computing Research Associ-) 76 9 1305 OUT 600 2711 1.6606 0.8332 (ation $CRA$, ) 13 2 208 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 808 2711 1.6605 0.8332 (Strategic Directions in Computing Research,) 43 4 647 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 640 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1455 2711 1.6605 0.8332 ( ACM Press, New York, 1990.) 27 5 465 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 11 11 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 1512 2.0825 1.0415 (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) 17 1 486 OUT 1929 1512 0.0000 0.0000 (1) 1 0 21 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 840 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1200 1587 2.0176 1.0415 (PART I) 6 1 150 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 1662 0.0000 0.0000 (1) 1 0 21 OUT 650 1662 2.0845 1.0415 (COMPUTINGŃSIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 1147 OUT 1907 1662 0.0000 1.0383 (13) 2 0 43 OUT 700 1712 2.0946 1.0415 (Computing in Society, 13) 24 3 494 OUT 700 1762 2.0876 1.0415 (Scope and Purpose of This Report, 18) 36 6 736 OUT 700 1812 2.1059 1.0415 (Computer Science and Engineering, 19) 36 4 759 OUT 700 1862 2.1018 1.0415 (Contributions of CS&E to Computing Practice, 24) 47 6 972 OUT 700 1912 2.0803 1.0415 (Computing as a Two-edged Sword, 26) 34 5 753 OUT 700 1962 2.0945 1.0415 (The Relationship Between the Federal Government and) 51 6 1087 OUT 750 2012 2.0362 1.0415 (CS&E Research, 28) 17 2 368 OUT 700 2062 2.1023 1.0415 (The Relationship Between CS&E and the) 37 5 798 OUT 750 2112 2.1155 1.0415 (Computer Industry, 38) 21 2 447 OUT 700 2162 2.0845 1.0415 (The Changing Environment for Academic CS&E, 45) 46 6 1015 OUT 700 2212 2.0600 1.0415 (Summary and Conclusions, 49) 27 3 595 OUT 700 2262 2.0751 1.0415 (Notes, 49) 9 1 181 OUT 600 2362 0.0000 0.0000 (2) 1 0 21 OUT 650 2362 2.0786 1.0415 (LOOKING TO THE FUTURE OF CS&E) 29 5 769 OUT 1907 2362 0.0000 1.0383 (55) 2 0 43 OUT 700 2412 2.0858 1.0415 (Broadening the Field, 55) 24 3 479 OUT 700 2462 2.0684 1.0415 (A Historical Perspective, 60) 28 3 543 OUT 700 2512 2.0600 1.0415 (Research Opportunities in Broadening, 64) 40 4 819 OUT 700 2562 2.0858 1.0415 (A Broader Research AgendaŃSome Illustrations, 69) 48 5 1020 OUT 700 2612 2.0877 1.0415 (Broadening Educational Horizons in CS&E, 85) 43 5 911 OUT 700 2662 2.0873 1.0415 (A Special Role for University-Industry-Commerce) 47 4 980 OUT 750 2712 2.0265 1.0415 (Interaction, 86) 15 1 279 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 180 100 mul 1000 div 1420 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1120 868 0.0000 1.8677 (Contents) 8 0 311 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 504 0.0000 0.8264 (CONTENTS) 8 0 185 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1918 504 0.0000 -0.0371 (xi) 2 0 32 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1263 2800 0.0000 -0.0371 (xi) 2 0 32 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 12 12 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 604 504 0.0000 -0.0185 (xii) 3 0 44 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1769 504 0.0000 0.8264 (CONTENTS) 8 0 185 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 700 600 2.0562 1.0415 (Prerequisites for Broadening, 87) 32 3 629 OUT 700 650 2.0600 1.0415 (Summary and Conclusions, 90) 27 3 595 OUT 700 700 2.0751 1.0415 (Notes, 90) 9 1 181 OUT 600 800 0.0000 0.0000 (3) 1 0 21 OUT 650 800 2.0983 1.0415 (A CORE CS&E RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE) 42 7 1138 OUT 1907 800 0.0000 1.0383 (95) 2 0 43 OUT 700 850 2.0996 1.0415 (Processor Capabilities and Multiple-processor) 45 3 901 OUT 750 900 2.0430 1.0415 (Systems, 97) 11 1 226 OUT 700 950 2.0859 1.0415 (Data Communications and Networking, 101) 39 4 862 OUT 700 1000 2.1090 1.0415 (Software Engineering, 103) 25 2 512 OUT 700 1050 2.0883 1.0415 (Information Storage and Management, 107) 39 4 836 OUT 700 1100 2.0678 1.0415 (Reliability, 110) 16 1 290 OUT 700 1150 2.1353 1.0415 (User Interfaces, 111) 20 2 383 OUT 700 1200 2.0591 1.0415 (Summary and Conclusions, 113) 28 3 617 OUT 700 1250 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 114) 10 1 203 OUT 600 1350 0.0000 0.0000 (4) 1 0 21 OUT 650 1350 2.0604 1.0415 (EDUCATION IN CS&E) 17 2 459 OUT 1885 1350 0.0000 1.0408 (116) 3 0 65 OUT 700 1400 2.0760 1.0415 (Undergraduate Education in CS&E, 118) 36 4 777 OUT 700 1450 2.0837 1.0415 (The MasterŐs Degree in CS&E, 130) 32 5 672 OUT 700 1500 2.0938 1.0415 (The Ph.D. Degree in CS&E, 131) 29 5 614 OUT 700 1550 2.0915 1.0415 (Employment Expectations for Holders of) 38 4 802 OUT 750 1600 2.0370 1.0415 (CS&E Degrees, 133) 17 2 373 OUT 700 1650 2.1029 1.0415 (Continuing Education, 133) 25 2 522 OUT 700 1700 2.0534 1.0415 (Precollege CS&E Education, 135) 30 3 628 OUT 700 1750 2.0591 1.0415 (Summary and Conclusions, 136) 28 3 617 OUT 700 1800 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 136) 10 1 203 OUT 600 1900 0.0000 0.0000 (5) 1 0 21 OUT 650 1900 0.0000 1.0416 (RECOMMENDATIONS) 15 0 462 OUT 1885 1900 0.0000 1.0408 (139) 3 0 65 OUT 700 1950 2.0654 1.0415 (Overall Priorities, 139) 23 2 427 OUT 700 2000 2.1115 1.0415 (Recommendations Regarding Research, 143) 39 3 852 OUT 700 2050 2.0707 1.0415 (Recommendations Regarding Education, 151) 40 3 876 OUT 700 2100 2.0747 1.0415 (Conclusions, 157) 16 1 328 OUT 700 2150 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 158) 10 1 203 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 840 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1192 2275 2.0656 1.0415 (PART II) 7 1 167 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 2350 0.0000 0.0000 (6) 1 0 21 OUT 650 2350 2.0902 1.0415 (WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?) 41 5 1110 OUT 1885 2350 0.0000 1.0408 (163) 3 0 65 OUT 700 2400 2.1063 1.0415 (Computer Science and Engineering, 163) 37 4 780 OUT 700 2450 2.0671 1.0415 (Abstractions in Computer Systems, 168) 37 4 769 OUT 700 2500 2.1289 1.0415 (Selected Accomplishments, 174) 29 2 611 OUT 700 2550 2.0979 1.0415 (Synergy Leading to Innovations and Rapid Progress, 212) 54 7 1116 OUT 700 2600 2.0918 1.0415 (Intellectual and Structural Characteristics of CS&E as) 54 6 1047 OUT 750 2650 2.0615 1.0415 (a Discipline, 213) 17 2 321 OUT 700 2700 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 214) 10 1 203 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 13 13 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 504 0.0000 0.8264 (CONTENTS) 8 0 185 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1895 504 0.0000 -0.0123 (xiii) 4 0 56 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 600 0.0000 0.0000 (7) 1 0 21 OUT 650 600 2.0628 1.0415 (INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF) 31 2 825 OUT 750 650 2.1414 1.0415 (ACADEMIC CS&E) 13 1 369 OUT 1885 650 0.0000 1.0408 (217) 3 0 65 OUT 700 700 2.0673 1.0415 (Federal Agencies Funding Computer Science and) 45 5 966 OUT 750 750 2.0055 1.0415 (Engineering, 217) 16 1 326 OUT 700 800 2.0598 1.0415 (Private Nongovernmental Organizations, 231) 42 3 885 OUT 700 850 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 237) 10 1 203 OUT 600 950 0.0000 0.0000 (8) 1 0 21 OUT 650 950 2.1202 1.0415 (HUMAN RESOURCES) 15 1 446 OUT 1885 950 0.0000 1.0408 (239) 3 0 65 OUT 700 1000 2.1066 1.0415 (Baccalaureate and Post-baccalaureate Degree) 43 3 880 OUT 750 1050 2.0292 1.0415 (Production, 239) 15 1 306 OUT 700 1100 2.1023 1.0415 (Composition of Academic CS&E, 246) 33 4 726 OUT 700 1150 2.0723 1.0415 (Notes, 259) 10 1 203 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 1250 0.0000 1.0422 (APPENDIX) 8 0 224 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 700 1300 2.0615 1.0415 (Contributors to ) 16 2 315 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1015 1300 2.0615 1.0415 (Computing the Future) 20 2 404 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1885 1300 0.0000 1.0408 (261) 3 0 65 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 600 1400 0.0000 1.0468 (INDEX) 5 0 138 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1885 1400 0.0000 1.0408 (265) 3 0 65 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 14 14 BEGPAGE SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 780 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 604 504 0.0000 -0.0185 (xiv) 3 0 53 OUT SURSTR SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 620 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 1769 504 0.0000 0.8264 (CONTENTS) 8 0 185 OUT ENDPAGE ENDJOB end %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman %%+ Palatino-Roman %%+ Palatino-Italic %%+ Palatino-Bold %%DocumentSuppliedFonts: %%DocumentNeededFonts: Times-Roman %%+ Palatino-Roman %%+ Palatino-Italic %%+ Palatino-Bold %%EOF ˙