%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Title: computer 1 %%Creator: PageMaker 4.01 %%CreationDate: 6-5-1992, 8:54:10 %%For: Station PS %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 44 0 %%DocumentPrinterRequired: "" "" %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%DocumentSuppliedFonts: (atend) %%DocumentNeededFonts: (atend) %%DocumentNeededProcSets: %%DocumentSuppliedProcSets: AldusDict2 209 55 %%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter %%EndComments %%BeginFile: PatchFile userdict /AldusDict known {(A previous version PageMaker header is loaded.) = flush} if %%EndFile %%BeginProcSet: AldusDict2 209 55 % 209 55 AldusVersion/AldRevision: This record must be first!! % Copyright (C) 1987 Aldus Corporation. All rights reserved. /AldusDict2 325 dict def AldusDict2 begin /AldusVersion 209 def /AldusRev 55 def /bdef { bind def } bind def systemdict /currentpacking known {/AD_OldPacking currentpacking def true setpacking } if /AD_PrevMatrix matrix def /AD_SomethingOnPage false def /AD_OutlineWidth 30 def /AD_ShadOffset 0.06 def /AD_OLShadOffset 0.06 def /AD_OLSmearFact 0.03 def /AD_BoldSmearFact 0.03 def /AD_ObliqueAngle -0.21 def /AD_TrueSetscreen /setscreen load def /AD_NestedMirror false def /AD_TextCutout false def /BEGJOB { /AD_Invert exch def dup AD_NestedMirror xor /AD_NestedMirror exch def /AD_MirrorFlag exch def /AD_WideFlag exch def /paperwid exch def /paperht exch def /AD_Resolution 1440 def /AD_PointsToUCS AD_Resolution 72 div def AD_PrevMatrix currentmatrix pop /AD_PrevScreen [currentscreen] def /AD_PrevTransfer currenttransfer def /AD_StdScreen true def /STD_SCREEN { AD_StdScreen not { AD_PrevScreen cvx exec setscreen /AD_PrevTransfer load settransfer /AD_StdScreen true assign }if } def true _SetCoordSys version (23.) anchorsearch { pop pop /truesetgray /setgray load def /setgray { mark AD_Invert {.0 .0 .06 .1 .28 .48 .56 .68 .82 .9 .98 1.0 } {1.0 1.0 .98 .9 .82 .68 .56 .48 .28 .1 .06 .0 } ifelse counttomark dup 3 add -1 roll exch 2 sub mul dup floor cvi dup 3 1 roll sub exch dup 3 add index exch 2 add index dup 4 1 roll sub mul add counttomark 1 add 1 roll cleartomark truesetgray } def } { pop } ifelse /screenAdjust 1 0 dtransform exch atan def /mirrorScreen AD_NestedMirror {/neg load} {{}} ifelse def /setscreen {exch screenAdjust add mirrorScreen exch AD_TrueSetscreen} def } def /_SetCoordSys { /AD_OldSys exch def AD_WideFlag { AD_OldSys { 90 rotate 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale } { 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale paperht paperwid neg translate 90 rotate } ifelse } { 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale 0 paperht neg translate } ifelse AD_MirrorFlag { paperwid 0 translate -1 1 scale } if /AD_DeviceScale 1 1 transform pop 0 0 transform pop sub abs def } bdef /SETRES { /AD_Resolution exch def /AD_PointsToUCS AD_Resolution 72 div def AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix false _SetCoordSys _DefinePatterns } bdef /SETOVERPRINT { setoverprint } bdef /SETTEXTCUTOUT { /AD_TextCutout exch def } bdef /BEGPAGE { /AD_SomethingOnPage false def } bdef /ENDPAGE { AD_SomethingOnPage { save showpage restore } if } def /MUST_PRINT_PAGE { /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /ENDJOB { AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix } bdef /S_PSCRIPT { /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /S_TEXTSEGBEG { /here save def /TX_RunDrawn false def newpath } bdef /S_TEXTSEGEND { TX_RunDrawn { here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } { here restore } ifelse } bdef /S_WORKING { /AD_WorkingMemory exch def } bdef /S_LOADFONT { AldusDict2 /AD_TopOfFonts known exch { { AD_TopOfFonts restore } if } { not { save /AD_TopOfFonts exch def } if } ifelse } bdef /SURSTR { AD_SomethingOnPage SUsv restore } bdef /SUSAVE { AldusDict2 /AD_TopOfFonts known vmstatus exch sub exch pop AD_WorkingMemory lt { dup { AD_TopOfFonts restore } if } if not { save /AD_TopOfFonts exch def } if save /SUsv exch def /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bdef /_ftName 66 string def /_AutoRecode { /recode exch def _ftName cvs dup length 7 gt { dup 0 7 getinterval (|______) eq { dup length 7 exch 7 sub getinterval recode { FTRECODE } { FTRENAME } ifelse } { pop } ifelse } { pop } ifelse } bdef /SYM_SAV { save /SYMsv exch def } bdef /SYM_RSTR { AD_SomethingOnPage SYMsv restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bdef /AD_save_xform null def /SET_TX_XFORM { /m_x exch def /r_angle exch def /ref_y exch def /ref_x exch def /AD_save_xform save def ref_x ref_y translate m_x { -1 1 scale } if r_angle neg rotate ref_x neg ref_y neg translate } bind def /CLEAR_TX_XFORM { AD_SomethingOnPage AD_save_xform restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bind def /SHADOWFLAG 16#1 def /OUTLINEFLAG 16#2 def /BOLDSMEAR 16#4 def /OUTLINESMEAR 16#8 def /ReENCODED 16#10 def /BOLDPSBUMP 16#20 def /ITALICOBLIQUE 16#40 def /SET { count 5 eq not{6 array astore}if /AD_textcolor exch def /AD_fontbits exch def /AD_20EMS exch def 1 index FontDirectory exch known not { 1 index ReENCODED AD_fontbits _iand _AutoRecode } if BOLDPSBUMP AD_fontbits _iand { 1 add } if dup _ActivateFont ITALICOBLIQUE AD_fontbits _iand { _ActivateObliqueFont } if /AD_width_factor_internal AD_width_factor def AD_width_factor 1 ne { currentfont [AD_width_factor 0 0 1 0 0] makefont setfont } if /AD_EmNotMatch AD_20EMS 20 div (M) _ADStringWidth pop sub abs 1 gt def false SETTEXTCUTOUT } bdef /S_SETUPRUN /SET load def /OUT { /here save def /runwidth exch def /nspaces exch def /nchars exch def /textrun exch def /letterspace exch def /wordspace exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def nchars 0 gt { AD_textcolor dup _Gray? {setgray} {aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse } ifelse /letterspace AD_EmNotMatch { runwidth textrun _ADStringWidth pop nchars dup 1 gt {1 sub} if letterspace mul add nspaces wordspace mul add sub nchars dup 1 gt {1 sub} if div } { 0 } ifelse letterspace add def SHADOWFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { _OLShadowOffset } { AD_textcolor _Gray?{_ShadowScreen}if AD_textcolor _ShadowColor _ShadowOffset } ifelse OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand not and { _ActivateSolidFont _SetTextWidth } if AD_TextCutout {1 setgray} if _ShowRun BOLDSMEAR AD_fontbits _iand { _BoldSmearOffset _ShowRun } if restore } if OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand and { _OLSmearRun } { OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save _ActivateSolidFont _SetTextWidth AD_textcolor _Gray? AD_textcolor _White? or { AD_textcolor _White? {0} {_TextFillColor} ifelse setgray } { 1 setgray }ifelse _ShowRun restore } if _ShowRun BOLDSMEAR AD_fontbits _iand { _BoldSmearOffset _ShowRun } if } ifelse } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /S_OUTPUTRUN /OUT load def /_ADStringWidth { gsave closepath clip stringwidth grestore } bdef /_OLSmearRun { gsave _OLSmearOffset translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset exch neg exch translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset neg translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset neg exch neg exch translate _ShowRun grestore gsave AD_textcolor _Gray? AD_textcolor _White? or { AD_textcolor _White? {0} { _TextFillColor} ifelse setgray } { 1 setgray }ifelse _ShowRun grestore } bdef /_TextFillColor { AD_TextCutout {1} {1 AD_textcolor sub} ifelse } bdef /_ShowRun { x1 y1 moveto wordspace 0 8#040 letterspace 0 textrun awidthshow } bdef /AD_width_factor_internal 1 def /_SetTextWidth { AD_width_factor_internal 1 ne { currentfont [AD_width_factor_internal 0 0 1 0 0] makefont setfont } if } bdef /AD_save_textwidth null def /SET_TEXT_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor_internal exch def /AD_save_textwidth save def _SetTextWidth } bdef /RESTORE_TEXT_WIDTH { AD_SomethingOnPage AD_save_textwidth restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def /AD_width_factor_internal 1 def } bdef /AD_width_factor 1 def /SET_TX_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor exch def } bdef /CLEAR_TX_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor 1 def } bdef /S_UNDERLINE { /here save def count 7 eq not{6 array astore}if /color exch def /pointsize exch def /width exch def /deltay exch def /baseline exch def /rightx exch def /leftx exch def currentfont /FontInfo known { currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlinePosition known { /deltay currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlinePosition get currentfont /FontMatrix get 3 get mul pointsize AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div div mul def } if currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlineThickness known { /width currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlineThickness get currentfont /FontMatrix get 3 get abs mul pointsize AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div div mul def } if } if /underliney 0 baseline deltay add transform round exch round exch itransform exch pop def color dup _Gray? {setgray}{aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse }ifelse width setlinewidth SHADOWFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { _OLShadowOffset } { color _Gray?{_ShadowScreen}if color _ShadowColor _ShadowOffset } ifelse leftx underliney rightx underliney _ShowUnderline restore } if leftx underliney rightx underliney _ShowUnderline OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand not and { save color _Gray?{1 color sub setgray} {0 0 0 0 setcmykcolor }ifelse /AD_OutlineWidth AD_OutlineWidth 1000 div AD_fontscale mul def width 3 AD_OutlineWidth mul ge { width 2 AD_OutlineWidth mul sub } { width 3 div } ifelse setlinewidth leftx AD_OutlineWidth add underliney rightx AD_OutlineWidth sub underliney _ShowUnderline restore } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /_ShowUnderline { newpath moveto lineto stroke } bdef /S_STRIKETHRU { /here save def count 4 eq not{6 array astore}if /color exch def /y exch def /rightx exch def /leftx exch def /y 0 y transform round exch round exch itransform exch pop def color _Gray? {color setgray}{color aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse }ifelse _StrikeThruWidth setlinewidth newpath leftx y moveto rightx y lineto stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_TEXT { /here save def /text exch def /y exch def /x exch def Black setgray (Helvetica-Bold) FTRECODE /|______Helvetica-Bold 9 dup _ActivateFont x y moveto text show here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_BOX { /here save def /draftflag exch def /shadowflag exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def AD_PointsToUCS 2 div setlinewidth newpath x1 y1 moveto x1 y2 lineto x2 y2 lineto x2 y1 lineto closepath shadowflag { gsave STD_SCREEN 0.5 setgray fill grestore} { gsave 1.0 setgray fill grestore 0.0 setgray stroke } ifelse draftflag { x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto stroke x2 y1 moveto x1 y2 lineto stroke } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_LINE { /here save def /lw exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 y1 transform round exch round exch itransform /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x2 y2 transform round exch round exch itransform /y2 exch def /x2 exch def 0 lw transform round exch round exch itransform /lw exch def pop lw setlinewidth 0 setseparationgray newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } def /DV_DRAW_CIRCLE { /here save def /lw exch def /r exch def /y exch def /x exch def x y transform round exch round exch itransform /y exch def /x exch def 0 r transform round exch round exch itransform /r exch def pop 0 lw transform round exch round exch itransform /lw exch def pop lw setlinewidth Black setgray newpath x y r 0 360 arc stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /_ActivateFont { /AD_fontscale exch AD_PointsToUCS mul def /AD_fontscaleX exch AD_PointsToUCS mul def /AD_fontname exch def AD_fontname findfont [ AD_fontscaleX 0 0 AD_fontscale neg 0 0 ] makefont setfont } bdef /_ActivateObliqueFont { AD_fontname findfont [ AD_fontscaleX 0 0 AD_fontscale neg 0 0 ] [ 1 0 AD_ObliqueAngle 1 0 0 ] matrix concatmatrix makefont setfont } bdef /_ActivateSolidFont { AD_solidfont AD_fontscaleX AD_PointsToUCS div AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div _ActivateFont } bdef /_ShadowOffset { AD_ShadOffset AD_fontscaleX mul AD_ShadOffset AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_OLShadowOffset { AD_OLShadOffset AD_fontscaleX mul AD_OLShadOffset AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_ShadowScreen { 100 AD_PrevScreen 1 get AD_PrevScreen 2 get setscreen } bdef /_ShadowColor { dup _Gray? exch dup _White? 3 -1 roll or { dup _White? {pop 1 }if 0.6 mul 0.8 exch sub setgray} {_ShadeColor }ifelse } bdef /_ShadeColor { /AldusTint .2 def aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse /AldusTint 1 def } bdef /_Gray? { dup type 0 type eq exch type 0.0 type eq or } bdef /_White? { dup type [] type eq {aload pop pop pop add add add 0 eq {true}{false }ifelse }{pop false }ifelse } bdef /PCOLOR { findcmykcustomcolor AD_NonSepPat {1 currentgray sub setcustomcolor} {AldusTint setcustomcolor}ifelse } def /ndf { 1 index where {pop pop pop}{dup xcheck {bind }if def }ifelse } bdef /setoverprint { AldusDict2 begin /AD_Overprint exch def end }ndf /currentoverprint { AldusDict2 /AD_Overprint get }ndf /setcmykcoloroverprint { 4{dup -1 eq{pop 0}if 4 1 roll}repeat setcmykcolor }ndf /findcmykcustomcolor { 5 /packedarray where {pop packedarray}{array astore readonly }ifelse }ndf /setcustomcolor { exch aload pop pop 4 {4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat setcmykcolor pop }ndf /setcmykcolor { 1 exch sub _Ccmyk _Ccmyk _Ccmyk pop setrgbcolor }ndf /customcolorimage { pop image }ndf /separationimage { image }ndf /setseparationgray { setgray }ndf /_Ccmyk { dup 5 -1 roll sub 0 _Max exch }bdef /_Max { 2 copy lt {exch }if pop } bdef /_OLSmearOffset { AD_OLSmearFact AD_fontscaleX mul AD_OLSmearFact AD_fontscale mul } bdef /_BoldSmearOffset { AD_BoldSmearFact AD_fontscaleX mul AD_BoldSmearFact AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_StrikeThruWidth { AD_fontscale 16 div } bdef /_iand { and 0 ne } bdef /FTRENAME { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if NewName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /FTRECODE { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if dup /Encoding MacEncoding put NewName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /AD_encode_vector_size 256 def /AD_encode_vector null def /AD_doing_recoding false def /BEG_RECODE { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known { pop /AD_doing_recoding false def /AD_encode_vector null def } {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if /AD_encode_vector AD_encode_vector_size array def dup begin Encoding AD_encode_vector copy pop end dup /Encoding AD_encode_vector put NewName exch definefont pop /AD_doing_recoding true def AD_encode_vector dup } ifelse } bdef /ENCODE_CHAR { AD_doing_recoding { put dup } { pop pop } ifelse } bdef /END_RECODE { AD_doing_recoding { pop pop } if /AD_doing_recoding false def /AD_encode_vector null def } bdef /FTOUTLINE { ReENCODED FTOLINE } bdef /FTOLINE { /AD_fontbits exch def cvn /OlineName local dup /AD_solidfont exch def AD_solidfont FontDirectory exch known not { AD_solidfont ReENCODED AD_fontbits _iand _AutoRecode } if FontDirectory OlineName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength 2 add dict true copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName OlineName put} if dup /PaintType 2 put dup /StrokeWidth AD_OutlineWidth put OlineName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /AD_nameString1 66 string def /ftMakeName { 1 index length /PrefixLen local dup length PrefixLen add AD_nameString1 exch 0 exch getinterval dup PrefixLen 4 -1 roll putinterval dup 0 4 -1 roll putinterval } bdef /copyDict { /NoUnique local begin { 1 index /FID ne NoUnique {2 index /UniqueID ne and} if { def } { pop pop } ifelse } forall currentdict end } bdef /MacEncoding 256 array def MacEncoding 0 /Times-Roman findfont /Encoding get 0 128 getinterval putinterval MacEncoding 16#27 /quotesingle put MacEncoding 16#60 /grave put /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute /Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis /atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis /iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve /ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex /udieresis /dagger /degree /cent /sterling /section /bullet /paragraph /germandbls /registersans /copyrightsans /trademarksans /acute /dieresis /notequal /AE /Oslash /infinity /plusminus /lessequal /greaterequal /yen /mu /partialdiff /summation /product /pi /integral /ordfeminine /ordmasculine /Omega /ae /oslash /questiondown /exclamdown /logicalnot /radical /florin /approxequal /Delta /guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /space /Agrave /Atilde /Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /divide /lozenge /ydieresis /Ydieresis /fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl /periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand /Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /apple /Ograve /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron MacEncoding 128 128 getinterval astore pop /getAnInt{2 getinterval dup 0 get 16#100 mul exch 1 get add cvi}def /CharBitStr 30 string def /BuildCharDict 16 dict def /AFONT { gsave /FName local /BMFSize local 1 add /LastChar local /FirstChar local /DefChar LastChar FirstChar sub 2 mul def 20 dict dup begin 10 1 roll /LocTableLen local /OWTableLen local /BMRowLen local /PixelHeight local /FontWidth local /MaxWidth local /MaxKern local /Descent local /Ascent local /Bits BMRowLen PixelHeight mul string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /LocTable LocTableLen string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /OWTable OWTableLen string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix matrix def /FontBBox[MaxKern Descent neg MaxWidth MaxKern add Ascent]def /Encoding 256 array def Encoding 0 MacEncoding 0 256 getinterval putinterval /Mummble 257 array def 0 1 256{Mummble exch DefChar put}for FirstChar 1 LastChar{Mummble exch dup FirstChar sub 2 mul put}for /BuildChar { BuildCharDict begin /1Char local /FDict local FDict /Mummble get 1Char get /2Char local FDict /OWTable get 2Char getAnInt 16#FFFF eq {/2Char DefChar assign}if FDict /LocTable get 2Char getAnInt /BitLoc local FDict /LocTable get 2Char 2 add getAnInt BitLoc sub /BitWidth local BitLoc 8 mod /ShiftVal local 16#FF 8 ShiftVal sub dup neg /RemShift local bitshift 16#FF and /BMask local 16#FF 8 BitLoc BitWidth add 8 mod sub dup 8 ge{pop 0}if BitWidth 0 eq{pop 8}if bitshift /AMask local BitWidth ShiftVal add 7 add 8 idiv dup 0 eq{pop 1}if /ByteWidth local BitLoc 8 idiv /WhichRow local FDict /OWTable get 2Char get cvi /Offset local FDict /OWTable get 2Char 1 add get cvi /Charwidth local Charwidth 0 BMFSize divPoint FDict /MaxKern get FDict /Descent get neg BMFSize divPoint BitWidth Offset add FDict /MaxKern get add FDict /Ascent get BMFSize divPoint setcachedevice gsave ByteWidth 8 mul FDict /PixelHeight get true [FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 1 add 0 0 FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 1 add neg Offset neg 0.5 add FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 0.5 add] { FDict /Bits get WhichRow ByteWidth getinterval CharBitStr copy /ThisRow local 16#100 ByteWidth 1 sub 1 neg 0 { /iV local ThisRow iV get 1 index 16#100 eq{AMask and}if dup BMask and RemShift bitshift 3 1 roll ShiftVal bitshift add 16#FF and cvi ThisRow iV 3 -1 roll put }for pop ThisRow /WhichRow WhichRow FDict /BMRowLen get add assign } imagemask grestore end }def end FontDirectory FName cvn known {pop} {FName cvn exch definefont pop} ifelse grestore }def /AldusTint 1 def /AD_Overprint false def /AD_NonSepPat false def /const /def load def /var /def load def /local[/exch load /def load]cvx def /assign /def load def /incr{dup cvx exec 1 add assign}bdef /postIncr{dup cvx exec exch incr}bdef /SpaceChar 16#20 const /cvPA{2 array astore cvx}bdef /point{cvPA def}bdef /locPoint{3 1 roll point}bdef /pointXpoint{3 -1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch}bdef /pointDpoint{3 -1 roll exch div 3 1 roll div exch}bdef /setPoint{load astore pop}bdef /dupPoint{2 copy}bdef /addPoint{exch 4 -1 roll add 3 1 roll add}bdef /subPoint{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}bdef /mulPoint{dup pointXpoint}bdef /divPoint{dup pointDpoint}bdef /exchPoint{4 2 roll}bdef /overPoint{3 index 3 index}bdef /anyStatD systemdict /statusdict known const /thisProduct anyStatD {statusdict /product known{statusdict /product get}{()}ifelse} {()}ifelse const /PerCentChg 1.0 -1.0 point /boxPath{/y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath}bdef /dump{4{pop}repeat}bdef /rBoxPath{/r local /y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local x1 r add y1 moveto x2 y1 x2 y2 r arcto dump x2 y2 x1 y2 r arcto dump x1 y2 x1 y1 r arcto dump x1 y1 x2 y1 r arcto dump closepath}bdef /SaveMatrix matrix var /ButtCap 0 const /SquareCap 2 const /MiterJoin 0 const /BevelJoin 2 const /Black 0 const /White 1 const /Wide 0 const /Narrow 1 const /PictPostScript false var /isHairline false var /PBEGIN{ dup not {save /PSave exch def} if /isLBO exch def /PBotRight locPoint /PTopLeft locPoint isLBO not {newpath PTopLeft PBotRight boxPath clip} if newpath isLBO {ButtCap}{SquareCap} ifelse setlinecap MiterJoin setlinejoin 3 setmiterlimit AD_PointsToUCS setlinewidth /deviceRound { dup AD_DeviceScale mul round AD_DeviceScale div dup 0 eq { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /HairWidth AD_PointsToUCS 4 div AD_DeviceScale mul deviceRound dup 1.5 lt { pop 0 } if const Black setgray /LineScale 1 var /LineWidth AD_PointsToUCS var /LineHeight AD_PointsToUCS var /DoingWedge false var /DoingArc false var AldusDict2 /PatternShade known not { /psb {} bdef /pse {} bdef /PatternShade Black var /DeclaredPattern <00> var /PCurPat <01> var } if }bdef /PEND{ newpath isLBO not {PSave restore} if /AD_SomethingOnPage true def }bdef /SetPattern { dup /PatternShade exch def setgray } bdef /bitison{ /ybit local /xbit local PCurPat ybit PatWidth mul xbit 8 idiv add get 1 7 xbit 8 mod AD_NestedMirror {exch pop}{sub} ifelse bitshift and 0 ne}bdef /PSHADE{ STD_SCREEN 100 div dup /PatternShade exch def /AD_NonSepPat true def setgray <01> /PCurPat local } def /BK { /AD_NonSepPat true def Black setgray } bdef /WT { /AD_NonSepPat true def White setgray } bdef /PBLACK /BK load def /PWHITE /WT load def /PREGISCOLOR { pop AD_NonSepPat { pop currentgray}{AldusTint mul 1 exch sub}ifelse setseparationgray pop pop pop } bdef /PUSETHISPATTERN { dup PCurPat eq {pop}{ PPATTERN } ifelse PatternShade /AD_NonSepPat true def setgray /VerifyUsedPattern false def } bdef /PUSEPATTERN { VerifyUsedPattern {DeclaredPattern PCurPat ne {DeclaredPattern PPATTERN} if } if PatternShade setgray /VerifyUsedPattern false def } bdef /PDECLAREPATTERN { /DeclaredPattern exch def /VerifyUsedPattern true def /AD_NonSepPat true def } bdef /PatWidth 1 const /PatSide 8 const /PFreq 300 32 div const /PPATTERN{/PCurPat local /AD_NonSepPat true def /VerifyUsedPattern false def 0 /Onbits local 0 /Offbits local AD_Invert {{1 exch sub} settransfer} {{} settransfer} ifelse PFreq PerCentChg pop dup 0.96 eq {pop}{div}ifelse 0 { 1 1 addPoint 2 divPoint PatSide mulPoint cvi exch cvi exch bitison AD_Invert xor {/Onbits incr 1} {/Offbits incr 0}ifelse } setscreen Offbits dup Onbits add div AD_Invert {1 exch sub} if SetPattern /AD_StdScreen false assign}def /vertLines{pop dup mul -2 mul 1 add}bdef /sPat { AD_Invert {{1 exch sub} settransfer} {{} settransfer} ifelse setscreen setgray }def /PALDUSSHADE { <11> /PCurPat local /AD_NonSepPat true def /AD_StdScreen false assign Wide eq { 0.774 20 45 {vertLines} sPat } { 0.643 30 45 {vertLines} sPat } ifelse } bdef /PHAIRWIDTH { HairWidth setlinewidth /isHairline true def } bdef /LW { LineScale mul deviceRound /LineHeight exch def LineScale mul deviceRound dup /LineWidth exch def setlinewidth /isHairline false def }bdef /PLNWIDTH /LW load def /PLNSCALE{div /LineScale exch def} bdef /roundCoord { 0.5 add round 0.5 sub } bdef /roundPoint { transform round exch round exch itransform } bdef /adjCoord { dup 1 AD_DeviceScale div gt { deviceRound 2 div } { pop .5 AD_DeviceScale div } ifelse } bdef /pULAdj{ roundPoint currentlinewidth adjCoord LineHeight adjCoord addPoint }bdef /pLRAdj{ roundPoint currentlinewidth adjCoord LineHeight adjCoord subPoint }bdef /QD_LINE { /qd_save save def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 x2 gt { x1 y1 x2 y2 /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def } if newpath y1 y2 gt { x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto x2 LineWidth add dup y2 lineto y2 LineHeight add lineto x1 LineWidth add y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 lineto } { x1 y1 moveto x1 LineWidth add y1 lineto x2 LineWidth add dup y2 lineto y2 LineHeight add lineto x2 y2 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 lineto } ifelse closepath eofill qd_save restore } bdef /PLINETO { PictPostScript { moveto lineto } { /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def currentlinecap ButtCap setlinecap newpath x1 x2 eq y1 y2 eq and { LineWidth 1 le LineHeight 1 le and { x1 y1 moveto } { x1 y1 x1 LineWidth add y1 LineHeight add boxPath fill} ifelse } { y1 y2 eq { LineWidth x1 x2 lt { x2 add /x2 exch def } { x1 add /x1 exch def } ifelse LineHeight setlinewidth x1 y1 LineHeight 2 div add roundPoint moveto x2 y2 LineHeight 2 div add roundPoint lineto mayStroke } { x1 x2 eq { LineHeight y1 y2 lt { y2 add /y2 exch def } { y1 add /y1 exch def } ifelse x1 LineWidth 2 div add y1 roundPoint moveto x2 LineWidth 2 div add y2 roundPoint lineto mayStroke } { x1 y1 pULAdj moveto x2 y2 pULAdj lineto mayStroke } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse setlinecap } ifelse }bdef /HairRect { save /here exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def PHAIRWIDTH newpath x1 x2 sub abs y1 y2 sub abs lt { x1 x2 add 2 div dup y1 roundPoint moveto y2 roundPoint lineto stroke} { y1 y2 add 2 div dup x1 exch roundPoint moveto x2 exch roundPoint lineto stroke} ifelse here restore } bdef /PHAIRLINE { count 4 gt { newpath PHAIRWIDTH addPoint 2 divPoint roundPoint moveto addPoint 2 divPoint roundPoint lineto pop pop stroke } { HairRect } ifelse } bdef /PHANGLINE { roundPoint /yb exch def /xr exch def roundPoint /yt exch def /xl exch def deviceRound /delta exch def { {yt delta sub /yt exch def} {yb delta add /yb exch def} ifelse } { {xl delta sub /xl exch def} {xr delta add /xr exch def} ifelse } ifelse newpath 1 AD_DeviceScale div 2 div dup dupPoint xl yt addPoint exchPoint xr yb exchPoint subPoint boxPath fill } bdef /PCURVETO { curveto } bdef /PMOVETO { moveto } bdef /PRECT{newpath pLRAdj exchPoint pULAdj exchPoint boxPath}bdef /PRRECT { pLRAdj /Botts locPoint pULAdj /Tops locPoint currentlinewidth dup subPoint /Diams locPoint newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop Botts Tops subPoint /Sides locPoint Sides pop abs Diams pop ge{Diams}{Sides}ifelse pop Sides exch pop abs Diams exch pop ge{Diams}{Sides}ifelse exch pop /Diams locPoint Diams 2 div /YRad local 0 gt {Diams exch pop 0 eq {1} {Diams div} ifelse } {1}ifelse 1 /PRRscale locPoint Tops translate PRRscale scale 0 0 Sides PRRscale pointDpoint Diams 0 gt exch 0 gt and{YRad rBoxPath}{boxPath}ifelse SaveMatrix setmatrix}bdef /POVAL{newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop 0 359 false pArc closepath SaveMatrix setmatrix}bdef /PARC{ newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop /DoingArc true assign false pArc SaveMatrix setmatrix }bdef /PWEDGE{newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop /DoingWedge true assign true pArc closepath SaveMatrix setmatrix }bdef /modAdj{ dup 360 gt{360 sub}if dup 0 lt{360 add}if}bdef /pArc{/Fill local /ArcAng local /BegAng local pLRAdj /PLR locPoint pULAdj /PUL locPoint 360 BegAng ArcAng add sub 90 add modAdj /StartAng local StartAng ArcAng add /EndAng local PLR PUL subPoint 2 divPoint /Rad locPoint PUL Rad addPoint translate Rad neg scale Fill{0 0 moveto}if 0 0 1 StartAng EndAng dupPoint eq {pop pop 0 359 arc closepath} {ArcAng 0 lt {arcn}{arc}ifelse } ifelse }bdef /PBEGPOLY{ newpath pULAdj moveto }bdef /PBEGSMOOTHPOLY { newpath } bdef /PPOLYPOINT { pULAdj lineto } bdef /PENDPOLY{ /Closed local Closed{closepath}if }bdef /PENDSMOOTHPOLY { PENDPOLY } bdef /PBEGRGN{mark}bdef /PREGION{PRECT cleartomark}bdef /PTXBEG {/PTSave1 save const} bdef /PROTATE { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if 3 1 roll dupPoint neg exch neg exch 5 2 roll translate rotate translate } bdef /PHFLIP { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if dupPoint neg exch neg exch 4 2 roll translate -1 1 scale translate } bdef /PVFLIP { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if dupPoint neg exch neg exch 4 2 roll translate 1 -1 scale translate } bdef /PROTATE_END { PRotateSave restore } bdef /PSCALETEXT { AD_PointsToUCS mul div /Xscale exch def AD_PointsToUCS mul div /Yscale exch def currentfont [ Xscale 0 0 Yscale 0 0 ] makefont setfont /AD_fontscaleX AD_fontscaleX Xscale mul def /AD_fontscale AD_fontscale Yscale mul def } bdef /PSTBEG { userdict /md known not { userdict begin /md 0 def end } if PBLACK /PictPostScript true def } bdef /PSTEND { /PictPostScript false def } bdef /mayStroke{ currentlinewidth 0 gt isHairline or { gsave /s_matrix null def /stroke_xform false def DoingWedge {MiterJoin setlinejoin} if currentlinewidth 1 AD_DeviceScale div sub setlinewidth LineWidth LineHeight ne { /s_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 1 LineHeight LineWidth div scale /stroke_xform true def } if stroke stroke_xform {s_matrix setmatrix} if grestore } if /DoingWedge false assign } bdef /RESET_PAT_SEP { /AD_NonSepPat false def } bdef /PFRAME{mayStroke RESET_PAT_SEP}bdef /PPAINT { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PERASE { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PFILL { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PTINT { 100 exch sub 100 div /AldusTint exch def } bdef /PRESETTINT { AldusTint 1 eq not {/AldusTint 1 def }if } bdef /PHORZSHADE { 0 eq {/widehorz}{/narrowhorz }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PVERTSHADE { 0 eq {/widevert}{/narrowvert }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PHATCHSHADE { 0 eq {/widehatch}{/narrowhatch }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PDIAGSHADE { 0 eq {/widediag}{/narrowdiag }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /_SetCoords { /y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local } bdef /_DefinePattern { 7 dict begin /FontDict 9 dict def FontDict begin /cache exch def /key exch def /proc exch cvx def /mtx exch matrix invertmatrix def /height exch def /width exch def /ctm matrix currentmatrix def /ptm matrix identmatrix def /str (12345678901234567890123456789012) def end /FontBBox [ 0 0 FontDict /width get FontDict /height get ] def /FontMatrix FontDict /mtx get def /Encoding StandardEncoding def /FontType 3 def /BuildChar { pop begin FontDict begin width 0 cache { 0 0 width height setcachedevice }{ setcharwidth } ifelse 0 0 moveto width 0 lineto width height lineto 0 height lineto closepath clip newpath gsave proc grestore end end } def FontDict /key get currentdict definefont end } bind def /_Patternpath { dup type /dicttype eq { begin FontDict /ctm get setmatrix }{ exch begin FontDict /ctm get setmatrix concat } ifelse currentdict setfont FontDict begin FontMatrix concat width 0 dtransform round width div exch round width div exch 0 height dtransform round height div exch round height div exch 0 0 transform round exch round exch ptm astore setmatrix pathbbox height div ceiling height mul 4 1 roll width div ceiling width mul 4 1 roll height div floor height mul 4 1 roll width div floor width mul 4 1 roll 2 index sub height div ceiling cvi exch 3 index sub width div ceiling cvi exch 4 2 roll moveto FontMatrix ptm invertmatrix pop { gsave ptm concat dup str length idiv { str show } repeat dup str length mod str exch 0 exch getinterval show grestore 0 height rmoveto } repeat pop end end } bind def /_Patternfill { gsave clip _Patternpath grestore newpath } bind def /_OpaquePatternfill { gsave 0 0 0 0 setcmykcolor fill grestore _Patternfill } bind def /_DefinePatterns { /AD_PatternLW .009375 AD_Resolution mul def /narrowdiagunit .046666 AD_Resolution mul def narrowdiagunit narrowdiagunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 narrowdiagunit 2 div moveto narrowdiagunit 2 div 0 lineto narrowdiagunit 2 div narrowdiagunit moveto narrowdiagunit narrowdiagunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowdiag true _DefinePattern pop /widediagunit .073333 AD_Resolution mul def widediagunit widediagunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 widediagunit 2 div moveto widediagunit 2 div 0 lineto widediagunit 2 div widediagunit moveto widediagunit widediagunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widediag true _DefinePattern pop /narrowhorzunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowhorzunit narrowhorzunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 narrowhorzunit 2 div moveto narrowhorzunit narrowhorzunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowhorz true _DefinePattern pop /widehorzunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widehorzunit widehorzunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 widehorzunit 2 div moveto widehorzunit widehorzunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widehorz true _DefinePattern pop /narrowvertunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowvertunit narrowvertunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap narrowvertunit 2 div 0 moveto narrowvertunit 2 div narrowvertunit lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowvert true _DefinePattern pop /widevertunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widevertunit widevertunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap widevertunit 2 div 0 moveto widevertunit 2 div widevertunit lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widevert true _DefinePattern pop /narrowhatchunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowhatchunit narrowhatchunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap narrowhatchunit 2 div 0 moveto narrowhatchunit 2 div narrowhatchunit lineto 0 narrowhatchunit 2 div moveto narrowhatchunit narrowhatchunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowhatch true _DefinePattern pop /widehatchunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widehatchunit widehatchunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap widehatchunit 2 div 0 moveto widehatchunit 2 div widehatchunit lineto 0 widehatchunit 2 div moveto widehatchunit widehatchunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widehatch true _DefinePattern pop } version (23.) anchorsearch {pop pop def}{pop bdef} ifelse systemdict /currentpacking known {AD_OldPacking setpacking} if /AldusDone AldusVersion def end %%EndProcSet %%EndProlog AldusDict2 begin %%BeginSetup letter mark { mark 1.0 1.0 .92 .76 .64 .54 .44 .36 .28 .2 .1 .0 counttomark dup 3 add -1 roll exch 2 sub mul dup floor cvi dup 3 1 roll sub exch dup 3 add index exch 2 add index dup 4 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Antilock brakes) 71 10 5080 OUT 2857 5986 37.0655 4.4101 (depend on modern computer technology; modern automobiles are) 60 7 5080 OUT 2857 6180 8.7655 4.4101 (made lighter and safer through knowledge gained by computer simu-) 65 9 5080 OUT 2857 6374 12.7579 4.4101 (lations. Airlines all over the world depend on computers to manage) 67 11 5080 OUT 2857 6568 16.0891 4.4101 (reservations. Computing is increasingly important to the design and) 68 9 5080 OUT 2857 6762 9.3023 4.4101 (manufacture of today�s passenger planes. 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The) 65 8 5080 OUT 2857 7044 11.5059 4.4101 (training of computer-literate biologists will be essential. 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Com-) 66 12 5080 OUT 2857 8544 4.7886 4.4101 (puters are also widely employed by theorists to carry out calculations) 70 10 5080 OUT 2857 8738 15.6145 4.4101 (far exceeding human capability, thus achieving new orders of preci-) 67 9 5080 OUT 2857 8932 12.4647 4.4101 (sion. . . . Large computers are being increasingly used as numerical) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 9126 2.8633 4.4101 (laboratories in which complex physical systems can be simulated and) 67 9 5080 OUT 2857 9320 30.7788 4.4101 (studied in ways not possible by experiment. Time-dependent pro-) 64 9 5080 OUT 2857 9514 18.2977 4.4101 (cesses . . . can be visualized, providing a powerful guide to theory.) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 9708 17.5589 4.4101 (The transition from order to chaos�one of the most profound prob-) 65 10 5080 OUT 2857 9902 19.0353 4.4101 (lems in contemporary physics�can be observed and studied in sys-) 64 9 5080 OUT 2857 10096 27.6364 4.4101 (tems ranging from a few particles to the turbulence around an air-) 66 11 5080 OUT 2857 10290 8.3023 4.4101 (craft. In such applications, computers are providing a new approach) 68 10 5080 OUT 2857 10484 12.0309 4.4101 (to understanding nature called simulation physics. Neither precisely) 69 8 5080 OUT 2857 10678 3.7814 4.4101 (theoretical nor experimental, this style of physics possesses enormous) 70 8 5080 OUT 2857 10872 40.5819 4.4101 (potential, and it is growing rapidly.� National Research Council,) 66 9 5080 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 11066 17.0631 4.4101 (Physics Through the 1990s: an Overview,) 40 6 3172 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6029 11066 17.0628 4.4102 ( National Academy Press,) 24 3 1908 OUT 2857 11260 8.8377 4.4101 (Washington, D.C., 1986, p. 72.) 30 4 2316 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 16 6 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (16) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. 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Information and communica-) 68 11 5080 OUT 2857 5704 0.0000 3.2650 (tions technologies $including software, microelectronics and opto-elec-) 71 6 5080 OUT 2857 5898 8.6732 4.4101 (tronics, high-performance computing and networking, high-definition) 67 5 5080 OUT 2857 6092 39.0590 4.4101 (imaging and displays, data storage and peripherals, and computer) 64 8 5080 OUT 2857 6286 20.6354 4.4101 (simulation and modeling$ . . . will play a substantial role in deter-) 70 13 5080 OUT 2857 6480 30.8357 4.4101 (mining the rate of progress in other critical technology areas. . . .) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 6674 28.5859 4.4101 (Sensors, software, simulation and modeling, and computing are in-) 65 8 5080 OUT 2857 6868 2.4246 4.4101 (creasingly becoming the critical underpinnings of advanced manufac-) 67 7 5080 OUT 2857 7062 20.3847 4.4101 (turing processes. . . . Information technologies also enable or limit) 70 11 5080 OUT 2857 7256 1.9116 4.4101 (advances in the performance of next generation weapon systems, mil-) 67 9 5080 OUT 2857 7450 12.1506 4.4101 (itary training, and the planning and execution of military operations.) 70 9 5080 OUT 2857 7644 7.7737 4.4101 (. . . Maintaining state-of-the-art capabilities in information technolo-) 73 9 5080 OUT 2857 7838 19.2076 4.4101 (gies will, without question, determine the economic performance of) 66 8 5080 OUT 2857 8032 25.4398 4.4101 (increasing numbers of segments of the U.S. manufacturing and ser-) 65 9 5080 OUT 2857 8226 5.7288 4.4101 (vice sectors.� Department of Commerce, ) 40 6 3077 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5934 8226 5.7287 4.4101 (Report of the National Crit-) 28 4 2003 OUT 2857 8420 8.8925 4.4101 (ical Technologies Panel,) 24 2 1791 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4648 8420 8.8925 4.4102 ( March 1991, pp. 1, 52, 53.) 27 6 2065 OUT 3016 8808 29.8747 4.4101 (�Information technologies [including software, computers, human) 63 5 4921 OUT 2857 9002 19.7153 4.4101 (interface and visualization technologies, database systems, networks) 68 6 5080 OUT 2857 9196 13.1726 4.4101 (and communications] are increasingly critical to the competitiveness) 68 7 5080 OUT 2857 9390 22.4659 4.4101 (of all nine industries that the Council examined [aerospace, chemi-) 67 9 5080 OUT 2857 9584 23.2361 4.4101 (cals, computers and software, construction, drugs and pharmaceuti-) 66 7 5080 OUT 2857 9778 38.9515 4.4101 (cals, electronic components and equipment, machine tools, motor) 63 7 5080 OUT 2857 9973 5.3840 4.4101 (vehicles, and telecommunications], with applications in the design of) 69 8 5080 OUT 2857 10167 21.3280 4.4101 (products, management of production processes and improvement in) 63 7 5080 OUT 2857 10361 21.2971 4.4101 (the performance of products.� Council on Competitiveness, ) 58 7 4507 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7364 10361 0.0000 4.4101 (Gaining) 7 0 573 OUT 2857 10555 18.6834 4.4101 (New Ground: Technology Priorities for America�s Future,) 56 7 4329 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7186 10555 18.6834 4.4101 ( Washing-) 9 1 751 OUT 2857 10749 8.8461 4.4101 (ton, D.C., 1991, pp. 27-28.) 27 4 2021 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 17 7 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.9575 3.5273 (COMPUTING�SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 3780 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8079 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (17) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 2540 0.0000 3.9329 (Why should computing be so important�even essential�in these) 60 7 5397 OUT 2540 2752 27.2697 4.4092 (and so many other areas of human endeavor? Fundamentally, the) 62 10 5715 OUT 2540 2963 29.2731 4.4092 (answer is that computing can be usefully applied to any endeavor) 64 10 5715 OUT 2540 3175 1.2056 4.4092 (that uses or can be made to use information in large quantities $infor-) 71 12 5715 OUT 2540 3387 37.5334 4.4092 (mation-plenty$ or information that has been highly processed and) 64 8 5715 OUT 2540 3598 9.2067 4.4092 (manipulated $information-rich$.) 31 1 2637 OUT 2857 3810 11.2243 4.4092 (Information-rich and information-plenty endeavors primarily in-) 63 5 5397 OUT 2540 4022 16.1517 4.4092 (volve products of the human mind�numbers, pictures, ideas. As a) 64 10 5715 OUT 2540 4233 33.6942 4.4092 (device that excels in the storage and manipulation of information,) 66 9 5715 OUT 2540 4445 17.1560 4.4092 (the computer serves primarily as an amplifier of human intellectual) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 4657 2.5997 4.4092 (capabilities. 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In its first few) 74 12 5715 OUT 2540 9102 23.6473 4.4092 (decades of existence, the computer industry made its money in the) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 9313 28.8494 4.4092 (manufacture of computers. Today, the software sector is the most) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 9525 20.9227 4.4092 (rapidly growing and profitable sector of the industry, as illustrated) 69 9 5715 OUT 2540 9737 39.1423 4.4092 (by its 19 percent growth rate in 1990 over 1989 levels versus a 9) 65 13 5715 OUT 2540 9948 6.8011 4.4092 (percent growth rate in the industry overall.) 44 6 3605 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6145 9889 0.0000 3.0856 (4) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6240 9948 6.8011 4.4091 ( Yet software itself con-) 26 5 2015 OUT 2540 10160 7.2275 4.4092 (sumes no material, weighs nothing, and requires essentially no pow-) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 10372 0.0000 4.4096 (er.) 3 0 211 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2751 10313 0.0000 3.0856 (5) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2847 10372 8.6568 4.4092 ( Software is information crystallized in a particular form, and in) 67 11 5408 OUT 2540 10583 0.0000 2.5570 (this form it is valued at over $20 billion per year by the United States�) 73 14 5715 OUT 2540 10795 0.2618 4.4093 (and this estimate ) 18 3 1451 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3991 10795 0.0000 4.4092 (excludes) 8 0 636 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4627 10795 0.2618 4.4092 ( the substantial amounts of custom software) 43 6 3628 OUT 2540 11007 39.6332 4.4092 (developed �in house� by computer users. Other examples of the) 62 10 5715 OUT 2540 11218 29.3994 4.4092 (increasing importance of information include the entertainment in-) 66 7 5715 OUT 2540 11430 15.2629 4.4092 (dustry \(over $12 billion in sales in 1990 by five major entertainment) 69 11 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 18 8 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (18) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 0.0000 3.8584 (companies) 9 0 872 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3411 2481 0.0000 2.7004 (6) 1 0 64 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3507 2540 0.0000 3.8585 ( and videogame manufacturers) 28 3 2545 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6052 2481 0.0000 2.7004 (7) 1 0 64 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6147 2540 0.0000 3.8584 (\) and telecommunications) 24 2 2107 OUT 2539 2752 7.3010 4.4092 ($$107 billion in sales of services by the telephone companies listed in) 71 11 5715 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2963 16.7951 4.4093 (The Business Week 1000) 22 3 1906 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4445 2904 0.0000 3.0882 (8) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4541 2963 16.7948 4.4093 ($, both industries that trade mostly in ideas,) 46 7 3713 OUT 2539 3175 0.0000 2.1394 (information, and imagination. Information technology $including com-) 69 7 5715 OUT 2539 3387 36.4000 4.4092 (puter and communications hardware, plus computer software and) 61 7 5715 OUT 2539 3598 27.0747 4.4092 (services$ directly accounts for around 5 percent of the GNP,) 60 9 5159 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7698 3539 0.0000 3.0863 (9) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7794 3598 27.0765 4.4096 ( even) 5 1 460 OUT 2539 3810 8.8437 4.4092 (disregarding its enabling role in other sectors of the economy.) 63 9 5170 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3551 4339 8.8298 4.4092 (SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT) 32 5 3693 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 4657 5.9334 4.4092 (As a key force driving the development of ever more sophisticat-) 64 10 5397 OUT 2539 4868 3.2288 4.4092 (ed computing and as the supplier of a large proportion of the trained) 69 12 5715 OUT 2539 5080 44.0382 4.4092 (computing personnel in industry, academic computer science and) 62 7 5715 OUT 2539 5292 39.1705 4.4092 (engineering $CS&E$ has had a substantial impact on the nation.) 62 9 5558 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8097 5233 0.0000 3.0879 (10) 2 0 127 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 5503 0.0000 4.4065 (But today, both the intellectual focus of academic CS&E and the envi-) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 5715 23.9059 4.4092 (ronment in which academic CS&E is embedded are in the midst of) 62 11 5715 OUT 2539 5927 34.8668 4.4092 (significant change. The intellectual boundaries of academic CS&E) 65 8 5715 OUT 2539 6138 3.0979 4.4092 (are blurring with the rise of in-depth programs and activities in com-) 70 11 5715 OUT 2539 6350 37.6395 4.4092 (putational science�the application of computational techniques to) 65 6 5715 OUT 2539 6562 14.4753 4.4092 (advance such disciplines as physics, chemistry, biology, and materi-) 68 8 5715 OUT 2539 6773 33.0001 4.4092 (als science. Universities themselves are retrenching; the computer) 67 8 5715 OUT 2539 6985 21.9543 4.4092 (industry is undergoing substantial and rapid restructuring; and the) 67 8 5715 OUT 2539 7197 10.1799 4.4092 (increasingly apparent utility of computing in all aspects of society is) 71 10 5715 OUT 2539 7408 29.7249 4.4092 (creating demands for computing technology that is more powerful) 63 8 5715 OUT 2539 7620 8.7223 4.4092 (and easier to use.) 18 3 1448 OUT 2857 7832 8.3967 4.4092 (In light of these changes, the Committee to Assess the Scope and) 64 11 5397 OUT 2539 8043 11.0179 4.4092 (Direction of Computer Science and Technology was convened to de-) 64 9 5715 OUT 2539 8255 3.8213 4.4092 (termine how best to organize the conduct of research and teaching in) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 8467 29.1556 4.4092 (CS&E for the future. The result of its two-year study is an action) 67 13 5715 OUT 2539 8678 30.3852 4.4092 (plan that calls both for sustaining traditional core activities within) 70 9 5715 OUT 2539 8890 6.0973 4.4092 (CS&E and broadening the scope of CS&E�s intellectual agenda as the) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 9102 8.7830 4.4092 (field evolves into the 21st century.) 36 5 2865 OUT 2857 9313 18.3502 4.4092 (This report is divided into two parts. Part I addresses in broad) 65 12 5397 OUT 2539 9525 0.0000 2.9353 (strokes the fundamental challenges facing the field and discusses what) 70 9 5715 OUT 2539 9737 13.6851 4.4092 (the committee believes is an appropriate response to these challeng-) 68 9 5715 OUT 2539 9948 21.6065 4.4092 (es. Chapter 1 briefly discusses the intellectual nature of CS&E and) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 10160 13.8557 4.4092 (then elaborates on the nature of the impending challenges. Chapter) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 10372 0.0000 2.4528 (2 provides the philosophical underpinning for an appropriate response) 69 8 5715 OUT 2539 10583 36.7662 4.4092 (by the academic CS&E community. Chapter 3 outlines a core re-) 62 11 5715 OUT 2539 10795 2.1737 4.4092 (search agenda to carry CS&E into the future. Chapter 4 discusses the) 69 12 5715 OUT 2539 11007 20.7345 4.4092 (state of CS&E education at all levels. Chapter 5 articulates a set of) 70 13 5715 OUT 2539 11218 6.4084 4.4092 (judgments and priorities for the field and presents recommendations) 67 8 5715 OUT 2539 11430 0.0000 3.0012 (informed by those judgments and priorities. Part II explains in greater) 72 11 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 19 9 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.9575 3.5273 (COMPUTING�SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 3780 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8079 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (19) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2540 2.1703 4.4092 (detail three aspects of the field: CS&E as an intellectual discipline, in) 74 12 5715 OUT 2540 2752 0.0000 1.4570 (Chapter 6; the institutional infrastructure of academic CS&E, in Chapter) 72 9 5715 OUT 2540 2963 8.7869 4.4092 (7; and the demographics of the field, in Chapter 8.) 51 9 4202 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3452 3492 8.7928 4.4092 (COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING) 32 3 3890 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 3810 39.4606 4.4092 (Computational power�however measured�has increased dra-) 55 4 5397 OUT 2540 4022 20.5059 4.4092 (matically in the last several decades. What is the source of this in-) 70 13 5715 OUT 2540 4233 0.0000 4.4422 (crease?) 7 0 585 OUT 2857 4445 0.4077 4.4092 (The contributions of solid-state physicists and materials scientists) 68 7 5397 OUT 2540 4657 13.0702 4.4092 (to the increase of computer power are undeniable; their efforts have) 68 10 5715 OUT 2540 4868 20.7990 4.4092 (made successive generations of electronic components ever smaller,) 66 7 5715 OUT 2540 5080 8.1818 4.4092 (faster, lighter, and cheaper. But the ability to organize these compo-) 71 11 5715 OUT 2540 5292 36.2804 4.4092 (nents into useful computer hardware $e.g., processors, storage de-) 66 8 5715 OUT 2540 5503 0.0000 4.1160 (vices, displays$ and to write the software required $e.g., spreadsheets,) 72 9 5715 OUT 2540 5715 7.7865 4.4092 (electronic mail packages, databases$ to exploit this hardware are pri-) 70 9 5715 OUT 2540 5927 7.5044 4.4092 (marily the fruits of CS&E. Further advances in computer power and) 66 11 5715 OUT 2540 6138 6.0106 4.4092 (usability will also depend in large part on pushing back the frontiers) 70 11 5715 OUT 2540 6350 8.5947 4.4092 (of CS&E.) 8 1 745 OUT 2857 6562 26.3845 4.4092 (Intellectually, the �science� in �computer science and engineer-) 64 7 5397 OUT 2540 6773 0.4707 4.4092 (ing� connotes understanding of computing activities, through mathe-) 67 7 5715 OUT 2540 6985 33.9917 4.4092 (matical and engineering models and based on theory and abstrac-) 63 9 5715 OUT 2540 7197 4.4762 4.4092 (tion. The term �engineering� in �computer science and engineering�) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 7408 0.1445 4.4092 (refers to the practical application, based on abstraction and design, of) 72 10 5715 OUT 2540 7620 23.0922 4.4092 (the scientific principles and methodologies to the development and) 66 8 5715 OUT 2540 7832 22.7919 4.4092 (maintenance of computer systems�be they composed of hardware,) 61 7 5715 OUT 2540 8043 13.0752 4.4093 (software, or both.) 18 2 1478 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4018 7984 0.0000 3.0869 (11) 2 0 130 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4179 8043 13.0747 4.4092 ( Thus both science and engineering characterize) 48 7 4076 OUT 2540 8255 8.8731 4.4092 (the approach of CS&E professionals to their object of study.) 60 9 4981 OUT 2857 8467 4.1681 4.4092 (What is the object of study? For the physicist, the object of study) 68 13 5397 OUT 2540 8678 29.7834 4.4092 (may be an atom or a star. For the biologist, it may be a cell or a) 67 17 5715 OUT 2540 8890 22.9074 4.4092 (plant. But computer scientists and engineers focus on information,) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 9102 14.4516 4.4092 (on the ways of representing and processing information, and on the) 66 10 5715 OUT 2540 9313 8.8555 4.4092 (machines and systems that perform these tasks.) 46 6 3960 OUT 2857 9525 0.7964 4.4092 (The key intellectual themes in CS&E are algorithmic thinking, the) 65 9 5397 OUT 2540 9737 42.8592 4.4092 (representation of information, and computer programs. An algo-) 63 8 5715 OUT 2540 9948 21.1694 4.4092 (rithm is an unambiguous sequence of steps for processing informa-) 65 9 5715 OUT 2540 10160 42.5350 4.4092 (tion, and computer scientists and engineers tend to believe in an) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 10372 20.9257 4.4092 (algorithmic approach to solving problems. In the words of Donald) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 10583 8.8639 4.4092 (Knuth, one of the leaders of CS&E:) 34 6 2910 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 90 100 mul 1000 div 3000 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3016 10872 12.9162 3.9683 (CS&E is a field that attracts a different kind of thinker. I believe) 69 13 4921 OUT 2857 11066 13.2454 3.9683 (that one who is a natural computer scientist thinks algorithmically.) 68 9 5080 OUT 2857 11260 31.6231 3.9683 (Such people are especially good at dealing with situations where) 64 9 5080 OUT 2857 11454 2.0231 3.9683 (different rules apply in different cases; they are individuals who can) 70 10 5080 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 20 10 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (20) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 90 100 mul 1000 div 3000 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 2529 30.1729 3.9683 (rapidly change levels of abstraction, simultaneously seeing things) 66 7 5080 OUT 2857 2723 8.5141 3.9683 (�in the large� and �in the small.�) 34 6 2499 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 63 100 mul 1000 div 2100 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5356 2670 0.0000 2.7777 (12) 2 0 114 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 3034 12.0330 4.4092 (The second key theme is the selection of appropriate representa-) 64 9 5397 OUT 2539 3245 29.6521 4.4092 (tions of information; indeed, designing data structures is often the) 68 9 5715 OUT 2539 3457 25.9003 4.4092 (first step in designing an algorithm. Much as with physics, where) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 3669 26.4259 4.4092 (picking the right frame of reference and right coordinate system is) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 3880 32.4789 4.4092 (critical to a simple solution, picking one data structure or another) 68 10 5715 OUT 2539 4092 8.7853 4.4092 (can make a problem easy or hard, its solution slow or fast.) 59 11 4884 OUT 2857 4304 10.5170 4.4092 (The issues are twofold: $1$ how should the abstraction be repre-) 65 11 5397 OUT 2539 4515 3.1777 4.4092 (sented, and $2$ how should the representation be properly structured) 68 9 5715 OUT 2539 4727 17.9122 4.4092 (to allow efficient access for common operations? A classic example) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 4939 7.6383 4.4092 (is the problem of representing parts, suppliers, and customers. Each) 69 10 5715 OUT 2539 5150 2.2923 4.4092 (of these entities is represented by its attributes $e.g., a customer has a) 74 12 5715 OUT 2539 5362 9.6532 4.4092 (name, an address, a billing number, and so on$. Each supplier has a) 68 13 5715 OUT 2539 5574 13.6860 4.4092 (price list, and each customer has a set of outstanding orders to each) 69 12 5715 OUT 2539 5785 8.5067 4.4092 (supplier. Thus there are five record types: parts, suppliers, custom-) 71 11 5715 OUT 2539 5997 10.7687 4.4092 (ers, price, and orders. The problem is to organize the data so that it) 71 14 5715 OUT 2539 6209 3.4678 4.4092 (is easy to answer questions like: Which supplier has the lowest price) 70 12 5715 OUT 2539 6420 5.3489 4.4092 (on part P?, or, Who is the largest customer of supplier S? By cluster-) 71 14 5715 OUT 2539 6632 31.5344 4.4092 (ing related data together, and by constructing auxiliary indices on) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 6844 10.3228 4.4092 (the data, it becomes possible to answer such questions quickly with-) 68 10 5715 OUT 2539 7055 8.8488 4.4092 (out having to search the entire database.) 41 6 3373 OUT 2857 7267 10.5037 4.4092 (The two examples below also illustrate the importance of proper) 63 9 5397 OUT 2539 7479 8.8789 4.4092 (representation of information:) 30 2 2492 OUT 2857 7849 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 107 OUT 3069 7849 0.0000 -2.2950 (A �white pages� telephone directory is arranged by name: knowing) 65 10 5186 OUT 2539 8061 8.6445 4.4092 (the name, it is possible to look up a telephone number. But a �criss-) 70 14 5715 OUT 2539 8273 24.3407 4.4092 (cross� directory that is arranged by number is necessary when one) 65 10 5715 OUT 2539 8484 30.4337 4.4092 (needs to identify the caller associated with a given number. Each) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 8696 2.3488 4.4092 (directory contains the same information, but the different structuring) 70 8 5715 OUT 2539 8908 8.7913 4.4092 (of the information makes each directory useful in its own way.) 62 10 5238 OUT 2857 9119 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 107 OUT 3069 9119 0.0000 4.0574 (A circle can be represented by an equation or by a set of points.) 65 13 5186 OUT 2539 9331 17.0326 4.4092 (A circle to be drawn on a display screen may be more conveniently) 65 12 5715 OUT 2539 9543 18.6016 4.4092 (represented as a set of points, whereas an equation may be a better) 67 12 5715 OUT 2539 9754 8.1270 4.4092 (representation if a problem calls for determining if a given point lies) 71 11 5715 OUT 2539 9966 8.8001 4.4092 (inside or outside the circle.) 29 4 2253 OUT 2857 10336 20.7012 4.4092 (A computer program expresses algorithms and structures infor-) 61 7 5397 OUT 2539 10548 27.6537 4.4092 (mation using a programming language. Such languages provide a) 62 9 5715 OUT 2539 10760 22.9140 4.4092 (way to represent an algorithm precisely enough that a �high-level�) 66 9 5715 OUT 2539 10971 37.8695 4.4092 (description $i.e., one that is easily understood by humans$ can be) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 11183 13.2397 4.4092 (mechanically translated $�compiled�$ into a �low-level� version that) 68 7 5715 OUT 2539 11395 20.7949 4.4092 (the computer can carry out $�execute�$; the execution of a program) 66 10 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 21 11 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.9575 3.5273 (COMPUTING�SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 3780 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8079 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (21) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2540 0.8445 4.4092 (by a computer is what allows the algorithm to come alive, instructing) 69 11 5715 OUT 2540 2752 20.4797 4.4092 (the computer to perform the tasks the person has requested. Com-) 65 11 5715 OUT 2540 2963 20.1734 4.4092 (puter programs are thus the essential link between intellectual con-) 68 9 5715 OUT 2540 3175 26.3381 4.4092 (structs such as algorithms and information representations and the) 66 8 5715 OUT 2540 3387 8.8930 4.4092 (computers that enable the information revolution.) 49 5 4154 OUT 2857 3598 21.9524 4.4092 (Computer programs enable the computer scientist and engineer) 60 7 5397 OUT 2540 3810 38.0246 4.4092 (to feel the excitement of seeing something spring to life from the) 66 11 5715 OUT 2540 4022 16.6804 4.4092 (�mind�s eye� and of creating information artifacts that have consid-) 68 9 5715 OUT 2540 4233 2.4837 4.4092 (erable practical utility for people in all walks of life. Fred Brooks has) 74 13 5715 OUT 2540 4445 8.7203 4.4092 (captured the excitement of programming:) 39 4 3459 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 90 100 mul 1000 div 3000 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3016 4734 5.0071 3.9683 (The programmer, like the poet, works only slightly removed from) 63 9 4921 OUT 2857 4928 38.9072 3.9683 (pure thought-stuff. He builds castles in the air, creating by the) 66 11 5080 OUT 2857 5122 15.9208 3.9683 (exertion of the imagination. . . . Yet the program construct, unlike) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 5316 13.8416 3.9683 (the poet�s words, is real in the sense that it moves and works, pro-) 68 13 5080 OUT 2857 5510 23.0586 3.9683 (ducing visible outputs separate from the construct itself. . . . The) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 5704 4.1458 3.9683 (magic of myth and legend has come true in our time. One types the) 66 14 5080 OUT 2857 5898 30.8250 3.9683 (correct incantation on a keyboard, and a display screen comes to) 64 10 5080 OUT 2857 6092 8.3997 3.9683 (life, showing things that never were nor could be.) 50 8 3748 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 63 100 mul 1000 div 2100 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6605 6039 0.0000 2.7783 (13) 2 0 114 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 6403 38.2697 4.4092 (Programmers are in equal portions playwright and puppeteer,) 59 7 5397 OUT 2540 6614 8.4925 4.4092 (working as a novelist would if he could make his characters come to) 67 12 5715 OUT 2540 6826 19.3502 4.4092 (life simply by touching the keys of his typewriter. As Ivan Suther-) 68 12 5715 OUT 2540 7038 8.8009 4.4092 (land, the father of computer graphics, has said,) 48 7 3931 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 90 100 mul 1000 div 3000 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3016 7327 3.8669 3.9683 (Through computer displays I have landed an airplane on the deck) 63 10 4921 OUT 2857 7521 9.0057 3.9683 (of a moving carrier, observed a nuclear particle hit a potential well,) 70 11 5080 OUT 2857 7715 17.9254 3.9683 (flown in a rocket at nearly the speed of light, and watched a com-) 66 13 5080 OUT 2857 7909 8.8200 3.9683 (puter reveal its innermost workings.) 36 4 2733 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 63 100 mul 1000 div 2100 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5590 7856 0.0000 2.7778 (14) 2 0 114 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 8220 19.4160 4.4092 (Programming is an enormously challenging intellectual activity.) 63 6 5397 OUT 2540 8431 19.1158 4.4092 (Apart from deciding on appropriate algorithms and representations) 65 7 5715 OUT 2540 8643 33.0225 4.4092 (of information, perhaps the most fundamental issue in developing) 64 8 5715 OUT 2540 8855 35.5593 4.4092 (computer programs arises from the fact that the computer $unlike) 64 9 5715 OUT 2540 9066 10.4025 4.4092 (other similar devices such as non-programmable calculators$ has the) 67 8 5715 OUT 2540 9278 31.5557 4.4092 (ability to take different courses of action based on the outcome of) 67 11 5715 OUT 2540 9490 36.0867 4.4092 (various decisions. Here are three examples of decisions that pro-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2540 9701 8.7219 4.4092 (grammers convey to a computer:) 30 4 2735 OUT 2857 10019 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 107 OUT 3069 10019 7.4665 4.4092 (Find a particular name in a list and dial the telephone number) 62 11 5186 OUT 2540 10230 9.0121 4.4092 (associated with it.) 19 2 1498 OUT 2857 10442 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 107 OUT 3069 10442 3.6834 4.4092 (If this point lies within this circle then color it black; otherwise) 68 11 5186 OUT 2540 10654 8.8982 4.4092 (color it white.) 15 2 1155 OUT 2857 10865 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 107 OUT 3069 10865 0.2421 4.4092 (While the input data are greater than zero, display them on the) 63 11 5186 OUT 2540 11077 0.0000 4.3582 (screen.) 7 0 564 OUT 2857 11395 25.9888 4.4092 (When a program does not involve such decisions, the exact se-) 61 10 5397 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 22 12 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (22) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 5.8363 4.4092 (quence of steps $i.e., the �execution path�$ is known in advance. But) 70 12 5715 OUT 2539 2752 42.3488 4.4092 (in a program that involves many such decisions, the sequence of) 63 10 5715 OUT 2539 2963 16.7597 4.4092 (steps cannot be known in advance. Thus the programmer must an-) 63 11 5715 OUT 2539 3175 4.5503 4.4092 (ticipate all possible execution paths. The problem is that the number) 70 11 5715 OUT 2539 3387 2.3101 4.4092 (of possible paths grows very rapidly with the number of decisions: a) 69 12 5715 OUT 2539 3598 0.0000 4.4095 (program) 7 0 714 OUT 3253 3598 1.4811 1.0583 ( with only 10 �yes� or �no� decisions can have over 1000 possi-) 63 12 5001 OUT 2539 3810 8.8658 1.0584 (ble paths, and one with ) 24 5 1937 OUT 4476 3810 8.8656 4.4092 (20 such decisions can have over 1 million.) 42 7 3497 OUT 2857 4022 18.8929 4.4092 (Algorithmic thinking, information representation, and computer) 62 5 5397 OUT 2539 4233 16.9846 4.4092 (programs are themes central to all subfields of CS&E research. Box) 67 11 5715 OUT 2539 4445 32.0655 4.4092 (1.4 illustrates a typical taxonomy of these subfields. Consider the) 68 10 5715 OUT 2539 4657 14.9779 4.4092 (subarea of computer architecture. Computer engineers must have a) 65 9 5715 OUT 2539 4868 27.2544 4.4092 (basic understanding of the algorithms that will be executed on the) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 5080 6.2506 4.4092 (computers they design, as illustrated by today�s designers of parallel) 70 9 5715 OUT 2539 5292 39.3711 4.4092 (and concurrent computers. Indeed, computer engineers are faced) 63 8 5715 OUT 2539 5503 23.9361 4.4092 (with many decisions that involve the selection of appropriate algo-) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 5715 34.9915 4.4092 (rithms, since any programmable algorithm can be implemented in) 62 8 5715 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW 90. PTINT 2548. 6324. 8245. 11474. PRECT 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PPAINT PRESETTINT 9. 9. LW 2539. 6315. 8254. 11483. PRECT 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PFRAME PRESETTINT PEND AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3486 6780 8.8319 4.4101 (BOX 1.4) 7 1 631 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Bold 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4117 6780 8.8319 4.4089 ( ) 1 1 57 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4174 6780 8.8314 4.4101 ( A TAXONOMY OF SUBFIELDS IN CS&E) 34 8 3135 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3016 7115 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 7115 8.7541 4.4101 (Algorithms and data structures) 30 3 2227 OUT 3016 7309 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 7309 8.8451 4.4101 (Programming languages) 21 1 1737 OUT 3016 7503 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 7503 8.7869 4.4101 (Computer architecture) 21 1 1632 OUT 3016 7697 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 7697 8.7144 4.4101 (Numeric and symbolic computation) 32 3 2633 OUT 3016 7891 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 7891 8.9093 4.4101 (Operating systems) 17 1 1332 OUT 3016 8085 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 8085 8.7012 4.4101 (Software engineering) 20 1 1530 OUT 3016 8279 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 8279 8.7613 4.4101 (Databases and information retrieval) 35 3 2611 OUT 3016 8473 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 8473 8.6736 4.4101 (Artificial intelligence and robotics) 36 3 2491 OUT 3016 8667 0.0000 0.0000 (�) 1 0 96 OUT 3174 8667 8.7503 4.4101 (Human-computer interaction) 26 1 2112 OUT 3016 9002 27.3647 4.4101 (Each of these areas involves elements of theory, abstraction, and) 65 9 4921 OUT 2857 9196 10.9633 4.4101 (design. Theory is based on mathematics and follows the mathemati-) 66 10 5080 OUT 2857 9390 18.2296 4.4101 (cian�s methodology $defining objects, proving theorems$; abstraction) 68 6 5080 OUT 2857 9584 6.7255 4.4101 (is based on the investigative approach of the scientist $hypothesizing,) 71 9 5080 OUT 2857 9778 14.1082 4.4101 (making predictions, collecting data$; design is based on the method-) 68 9 5080 OUT 2857 9973 21.4140 4.4101 (ology of the engineer $defining requirements and specifications, im-) 68 8 5080 OUT 2857 10167 8.7902 4.4101 (plementing a system, testing a system$.) 39 5 2849 OUT 2857 10555 22.9868 4.4101 (SOURCE: Peter Denning, Douglas E. Comer, David Gries, Michael) 62 9 5080 OUT 2857 10749 7.4092 4.4101 (C. Mulder, Allen Tucker, Joe Turner, and Paul R. Young, �Computing) 66 10 5080 OUT 2857 10943 1.3681 4.4100 (as a Discipline,� ) 18 3 1248 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4105 10943 1.3681 4.4101 (Communications of the ACM,) 26 3 2157 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6261 10943 1.3681 4.4101 ( Volume 32$1$, January) 22 3 1676 OUT 2857 11137 9.0198 4.4101 (1989, pp. 9-23.) 15 2 1147 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 23 13 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.9575 3.5273 (COMPUTING�SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 3780 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8079 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (23) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2540 12.9206 4.4092 (hardware. Through a better understanding of algorithms, computer) 65 8 5715 OUT 2540 2752 6.8657 4.4092 (engineers can better optimize the match between their hardware and) 66 9 5715 OUT 2540 2963 8.7765 4.4092 (the programs that will run on them.) 35 6 2999 OUT 2857 3175 1.5184 4.4092 (Those who design computer languages $item two in Box 1.4$ with) 62 10 5397 OUT 2540 3387 0.0000 2.8404 (which people write programs also concern themselves with algorithms) 67 8 5715 OUT 2540 3598 4.8619 4.4092 (and information representation. Computer languages often differ in) 68 9 5715 OUT 2540 3810 34.3933 4.4092 (the ease with which various types of algorithms can be expressed) 64 10 5715 OUT 2540 4022 21.4899 4.4092 (and in their ability to represent different types of information. For) 70 11 5715 OUT 2540 4233 10.4285 4.4092 (example, a computer language such as Fortran is particularly conve-) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 4445 41.9185 4.4092 (nient for implementing iterative algorithms for numerical calcula-) 66 7 5715 OUT 2540 4657 2.3568 4.4092 (tion, whereas Cobol may be much more convenient for problems that) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 4868 10.9205 4.4092 (call for the manipulation and the input and output of large amounts) 67 11 5715 OUT 2540 5080 21.0091 4.4092 (of textual data. The language Lisp is useful for manipulating sym-) 67 11 5715 OUT 2540 5292 33.8850 4.4092 (bolic relations, while Ada is specifically designed for �embedded�) 66 8 5715 OUT 2540 5503 8.8778 4.4092 (computing problems $e.g., real-time flight control$.) 52 5 4226 OUT 2857 5715 0.7150 4.4092 (The themes of algorithms, programs, and information representa-) 63 7 5397 OUT 2540 5927 3.1262 4.4092 (tion also provide material for intellectual study in and of themselves,) 71 10 5715 OUT 2540 6138 3.8556 4.4092 (often with important practical results. The study of algorithms with-) 70 10 5715 OUT 2540 6350 4.0635 4.4092 (in CS&E is as challenging as any area of mathematics; it has practical) 70 12 5715 OUT 2540 6562 30.1050 4.4092 (importance as well, since improperly chosen algorithms may solve) 64 8 5715 OUT 2540 6773 18.6417 4.4092 (problems in a highly inefficient manner, and problems can have in-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2540 6985 10.4217 4.4092 (trinsic limits on how many steps are needed to solve them $Box 1.5$.) 68 12 5715 OUT 2540 7197 14.2701 4.4092 (The study of programs is a broad area, ranging from the highly for-) 67 12 5715 OUT 2540 7408 11.8324 4.4092 (mal study of mathematically proving programs correct to very prac-) 66 9 5715 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW 90. PTINT 2549. 8105. 8246. 11474. PRECT 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PPAINT PRESETTINT 9. 9. LW 2540. 8096. 8255. 11483. PRECT 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PFRAME PRESETTINT PEND AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3512 8508 8.8163 4.4102 (BOX 1.5) 7 1 631 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Bold 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4143 8508 8.8163 4.4091 ( ) 1 1 57 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4200 8508 8.8160 4.4102 ( ABOUT THE STUDY OF ALGORITHMS) 32 7 3082 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3016 8844 36.4404 4.4101 (How many steps are necessary to solve a given problem? This) 60 11 4921 OUT 2857 9038 9.1455 4.4101 (question led to the development of the area known as computational) 66 10 5080 OUT 2857 9232 5.1355 4.4101 (complexity. Consider alphabetizing a list of 1000 names. A straight-) 70 11 5080 OUT 2857 9426 30.4094 4.4101 (forward algorithm $�insertion sort�$ takes on the order of a million) 68 10 5080 OUT 2857 9620 32.2482 4.4102 ($i.e., 1000 ) 12 2 859 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse false S_LOADFONT (Symbol) FTRENAME SUSAVE /|______Symbol 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3716 9620 0.0000 3.9703 (�) 1 0 91 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3807 9620 32.2488 4.4102 ( 1000$ one-to-one comparisons of names in the worst) 51 8 4130 OUT 2857 9814 39.6273 4.4101 (case, but a clever algorithm $�heap sort�$ would take just 10,000) 65 10 5080 OUT 2857 10008 8.9790 2.5061 (comparisons in the worst case \(1000 ) 36 6 2685 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Symbol 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5542 10008 0.0000 2.0653 (�) 1 0 89 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5631 10008 8.9787 2.5061 ( log) 4 1 275 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 63 100 mul 1000 div 1980 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5906 10061 0.0000 1.7550 (2) 1 0 64 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5969 10008 8.9791 2.5061 ( 1000 or about 1000 ) 20 5 1551 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Symbol 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7520 10008 0.0000 2.0653 (�) 1 0 89 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7609 10008 8.9787 2.5061 ( 10\).) 5 1 328 OUT 2857 10202 31.5269 4.4101 (Further, this is the best possible result, for it has been shown that) 69 12 5080 OUT 2857 10396 3.7929 4.4100 (sorting a list of ) 18 4 1135 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3992 10396 0.0000 4.4103 (n) 1 0 93 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4085 10396 3.7930 4.4100 ( items requires ) 16 3 1123 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5208 10396 0.0000 4.4103 (n) 1 0 93 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5300 10396 3.7927 4.4103 ( log) 4 1 277 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 63 100 mul 1000 div 1980 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5578 10449 0.0000 3.0877 (2) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5642 10396 3.7927 4.4103 ( ) 1 1 52 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima-Oblique 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5695 10396 0.0000 4.4103 (n) 1 0 93 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Optima 90 100 mul 1000 div 2820 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5787 10396 3.7929 4.4102 ( pair-wise comparisons in the) 29 4 2150 OUT 2857 10590 33.4688 4.4101 (worst case, no matter what algorithm is used. Theoreticians have) 65 10 5080 OUT 2857 10784 11.3827 4.4101 (found arguments that apply to whole classes of algorithms and prob-) 67 10 5080 OUT 2857 10978 43.4721 4.4101 (lems, opening questions about computing that have not yet been) 62 9 5080 OUT 2857 11172 0.0000 4.3860 (solved.) 7 0 512 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 24 14 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (24) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 12.3417 4.4092 (tical considerations regarding tools with which to specify, write, de-) 70 9 5715 OUT 2539 2752 32.9741 4.4092 (bug, maintain, and modify very large software systems $otherwise) 64 8 5715 OUT 2539 2963 16.2442 4.4092 (called software engineering$. Information representation is the cen-) 69 8 5715 OUT 2539 3175 11.5769 4.4092 (tral theme underlying the study of data structures $how information) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 3387 26.7539 4.4092 (can best be represented for computer processing$ and much of hu-) 64 10 5715 OUT 2539 3598 14.1820 4.4092 (man-computer interaction $how information can best be represented) 65 7 5715 OUT 2539 3810 8.7822 4.4092 (to maximize its utility for human beings$.) 42 6 3466 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2836 4339 8.8942 4.4092 (CONTRIBUTIONS OF CS&E TO COMPUTING PRACTICE) 43 5 5123 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 4657 26.7680 4.4092 (CS&E research has made enormous contributions to computing) 58 7 5397 OUT 2539 4868 21.4193 4.4092 (practice. Insights from CS&E research inform the approach of pro-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 5080 14.7368 4.4092 (grammers and machine designers at all levels, from those designing) 66 9 5715 OUT 2539 5292 21.3589 4.4092 (a still-faster supercomputer to those programming a small personal) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 5503 21.0811 4.4092 (computer. Techniques and architectural themes developed or codi-) 65 8 5715 OUT 2539 5715 35.1385 4.4092 (fied under the banner of CS&E are familiar to every developer of) 64 11 5715 OUT 2539 5927 8.9552 4.4092 (software and hardware.) 22 2 1976 OUT 2857 6138 26.2974 4.4092 (Consider modern word-processing systems, familiar to millions) 61 6 5397 OUT 2539 6350 0.0000 4.0319 (of office workers with no technical training. Many features that make) 70 11 5715 OUT 2539 6562 6.1452 4.4092 (these systems so popular $e.g., full-screen �what you see is what you) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 6773 33.6424 4.4092 (get� \(WYSIWYG$ editing, automatic line-wrapping at the end of a) 63 9 5715 OUT 2539 6985 42.9767 4.4092 (line, automatic pagination, mouse pointing\) first appeared in text) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 7197 18.4833 4.4092 (editors developed by computer scientists and engineers. As impor-) 66 9 5715 OUT 2539 7408 1.5431 4.4092 (tantly, the internals of modern word-processing systems depend on a) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 7620 20.7140 4.4092 (host of algorithms and data structures investigated in the course of) 68 10 5715 OUT 2539 7832 11.9204 4.4092 (CS&E research: automata theory, dynamic programming, constraint) 64 7 5715 OUT 2539 8043 8.5074 4.4092 (satisfaction, incremental updating, partial-match retrieval, data com-) 70 6 5715 OUT 2539 8255 3.6772 4.4092 (pression. Spreadsheets, though not first conceptualized by computer) 68 8 5715 OUT 2539 8467 11.8842 4.4092 (scientists, also depend on many of these algorithms, data structures,) 69 9 5715 OUT 2539 8678 0.0000 0.6448 (and concepts for efficient implementation on personal computers. These) 71 9 5715 OUT 2539 8890 16.5989 4.4092 (ideas�the result of CS&E research and disseminated by CS&E edu-) 63 9 5715 OUT 2539 9102 15.3246 4.4092 (cation�are second nature in programming, just as Kirchhoff�s laws,) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 9313 27.2017 4.4092 (amplifiers, and flip-flops are elemental ideas in electrical engineer-) 70 8 5715 OUT 2539 9525 26.0378 4.4092 (ing. From only the most rudimentary idea of a word processor or) 64 12 5715 OUT 2539 9737 8.5754 4.4092 (spreadsheet, good programmers can quickly determine how to make) 63 8 5715 OUT 2539 9948 8.8611 4.4092 (one and can explain the plan concisely.) 39 6 3263 OUT 2857 10160 9.4542 4.4092 (Modern database management systems, for mainframes and per-) 59 7 5397 OUT 2539 10372 12.9071 4.4092 (sonal computers alike, rely on computer science and engineering re-) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 10583 9.8120 4.4092 (search from top to bottom. For example, computer science research-) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 10795 2.5477 4.4092 (ers in the late 1960s and early 1970s created the relational data model) 71 12 5715 OUT 2539 11007 0.0000 1.0071 (to represent data in a simple way. Computer engineers worked through) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 11218 13.7681 4.4092 (the 1970s on techniques to implement this model. By the mid-1980s) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 11430 16.4213 4.4092 (these ideas were understood well enough to be standardized by the) 65 10 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 25 15 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.9575 3.5273 (COMPUTING�SIGNIFICANCE, STATUS, CHALLENGES) 42 2 3780 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8079 2134 0.0000 -0.1574 (25) 2 0 176 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2540 9.8499 4.4092 (International Organization for Standardization $ISO$ in the language) 68 7 5715 OUT 2540 2752 31.2001 4.4092 (SQL. SQL has become the lingua franca of the database business.) 64 11 5715 OUT 2540 2963 0.0000 -1.1409 (The committee estimates that today about 100,000 computer programmers) 69 8 5715 OUT 2540 3175 13.2554 4.4092 (in the United States use a database system as their main tool; hiring) 69 12 5715 OUT 2540 3387 6.4557 4.4092 (these programmers costs about $10 billion per year. Improving their) 68 10 5715 OUT 2540 3598 28.7431 4.4092 (productivity by even a small amount has a huge payoff, and most) 63 11 5715 OUT 2540 3810 8.7817 4.4092 (studies indicate that the relational database model and its associated) 70 9 5715 OUT 2540 4022 8.8033 4.4092 (tools more than double programmer productivity.) 47 5 4161 OUT 2857 4233 30.6907 4.4092 (CS&E has been profoundly helpful to much of modern science) 58 9 5397 OUT 2540 4445 3.9231 4.4092 (and engineering. For example, the speed with which certain types of) 68 11 5715 OUT 2540 4657 2.9314 4.4092 (partial differential equations may be solved has improved by a factor) 69 10 5715 OUT 2540 4868 7.0409 4.4092 (of around 10) 12 2 1057 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3597 4809 0.0000 3.0858 (11) 2 0 130 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3727 4868 7.0407 4.4093 ( since 1945 $Figure 1.1$, due in about equal measure to) 55 10 4528 OUT 2540 5080 30.8801 4.4092 (faster machines developed by computer engineers and better algo-) 64 8 5715 OUT 2540 5292 4.2811 4.4092 (rithms developed by mathematicians and theoretical computer scien-) 66 7 5715 OUT 2540 5503 26.1735 4.4092 (tists. Just as importantly, computer scientists have developed pro-) 68 9 5715 OUT 2540 5715 37.7239 4.4092 (gramming languages that enable scientists to use computers more) 63 8 5715 OUT 2540 5927 34.1932 4.4092 (effectively and computer-based techniques for interactive scientific) 68 6 5715 OUT AD_SomethingOnPage SUsv restore true S_LOADFONT true S_LOADFONT %%IncludeFont: Helvetica-Compressed save /SUsv exch def /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def userdict /PMSAVE save put AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix %%BeginDocument: /showpage {} def 0.0025 dup scale 100 100 div dup scale 100 100 div 1440 mul 1270 div 20 mul dup 2540 mul exch 3828 mul translate 20 20 scale 0 6488 mul 327 div neg 291 4206 mul 212 div neg translate 6488 327 div 4206 212 div scale 0 291 moveto 0 503 lineto 327 503 lineto 327 291 lineto closepath clip newpath %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%Creator: Adobe Illustrator(TM) 3.2 %%For: (Station LC) (National Academy Press) %%Title: (Fig. 11-1) %%CreationDate: (5/5/92) (8:49 AM) -166.000000 -34.000000 translate %%BoundingBox: 166 34 584 537 %%DocumentProcessColors: Black %%PageFonts: Helvetica %%+ Helvetica-Compressed %%+ Helvetica-Oblique %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cmykcolor 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.0 1 %%+ procset Adobe_IllustratorA_AI3 1.0 1 %AI3_ColorUsage: Black&White %AI3_TemplateBox: 306 396 306 396 %AI3_TileBox: 30 31 582 761 %AI3_DocumentPreview: Macintosh_Pic %%EndComments %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%Title: (Packed Array Operators) %%Version: 2.0 %%CreationDate: (8/2/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) userdict /Adobe_packedarray 5 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /packedarray where { pop } { Adobe_packedarray begin Adobe_packedarray { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { } def /packedarray % arguments count packedarray array { array astore readonly } def /setpacking % boolean setpacking - { pop } def /currentpacking % - setpacking boolean { false } def currentdict readonly pop end %%EndResource Adobe_packedarray /initialize get exec %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cmykcolor 1.1 0 %%Title: (CMYK Color Operators) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor 4 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /setcmykcolor where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor_vars 2 dict dup begin put /_setrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def /_currentrgbcolor /currentrgbcolor load def Adobe_cmykcolor begin Adobe_cmykcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end end Adobe_cmykcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_cmykcolor eq { end } if } def /setcmykcolor % cyan magenta yellow black setcmykcolor - { 1 sub 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index add neg dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if 3 1 roll } repeat Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_setrgbcolor get exec pop } def /currentcmykcolor % - currentcmykcolor cyan magenta yellow black { Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_currentrgbcolor get exec 3 { 1 sub neg 3 1 roll } repeat 0 } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%Title: (cshow Operator) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cshow 3 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /cshow where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cshow_vars 1 dict dup begin put /_cshow % - _cshow proc {} def Adobe_cshow begin Adobe_cshow { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end end } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { } def /cshow % proc string cshow - { exch Adobe_cshow_vars exch /_cshow exch put { 0 0 Adobe_cshow_vars /_cshow get exec } forall } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%Title: (Custom Color Operators) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate: (5/9/88) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_customcolor 5 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /setcustomcolor where { pop } { Adobe_customcolor begin Adobe_customcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_customcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_customcolor eq { end } if } def /findcmykcustomcolor % cyan magenta yellow black name findcmykcustomcolor object { 5 packedarray } def /setcustomcolor % object tint setcustomcolor - { exch aload pop pop 4 { 4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat 5 -1 roll pop setcmykcolor } def /setoverprint % boolean setoverprint - { pop } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.1 0 %%Title: (Typography Operators) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate:(5/31/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_typography_AI3 47 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /TZ where { pop } { Adobe_typography_AI3 begin Adobe_typography_AI3 { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_typography_AI3 begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_typography_AI3 eq { end } if } def % [ number value stream [ array for encoding modification ] modifyEncoding ==> [ modified array ] /modifyEncoding { /_tempEncode exch ddef % pointer for sequential encodings /_pntr 0 ddef { % get bottom object counttomark -1 roll % is it a mark ? dup type dup /marktype eq { % exit pop pop exit } { % ... object ... type .... % insert if a nametype /nametype eq { % insert the name at _pntr and increment pointer _tempEncode /_pntr dup load dup 3 1 roll 1 add ddef 3 -1 roll put } { % reset _pntr if it's a number /_pntr exch ddef } ifelse } ifelse } loop % return the modified encoding _tempEncode } def /TE % Set std platform encoding % (encoding pairs) TE - { StandardEncoding 256 array copy modifyEncoding /_nativeEncoding exch def } def % re-define font % expected arguments % for 'normal fonts : % [ /_Helvetica-Bold/Helvetica-Bold direction fontScript defaultEncoding TZ % % for cartographic, pictographic, and expert fonts : % [ ... number value stream ... /_Symbol/Symbol % direction fontScript defaultEncoding TZ % for blended fonts w/ default encoding : % [ /_AdobeSans_20ULig1XCond-Bold/AdobeSans % direction fontScript defaultEncoding [ w0 w1 ... wn ] TZ % for blended fonts w/ special encoding : % [ ... number value stream ... /_AdobeSans_20ULig1XCond/AdobeSans % direction fontScript defaultEncoding [ w0 w1 ... wn ] TZ /TZ { % set weight vector (if present) dup type /arraytype eq {/_wv exch def} {/_wv 0 def} ifelse % platform dependent coding flag /_useNativeEncoding exch def % pop fontScript & direction pop pop % create a new dictionary with length % equal to original dictionary length + 2 % copy all the key/value pairs except FID % call makeblended font with the weight values if _wv is an array findfont _wv type /arraytype eq {_wv makeblendedfont} if dup length 2 add dict begin % copy all the values but the FID % into the new dictionary mark exch { 1 index /FID ne { def } if cleartomark mark } forall % discard last mark pop % define FontName /FontName exch def % if no re-encoding stream is present % then if the base encoding vector of the font % is the same as StandardEncoding % and the use platform encoding flag is true % then install AI platform encoding % else leave the base encoding in effect counttomark 0 eq { 1 _useNativeEncoding eq { /Encoding _nativeEncoding def } if % clean up cleartomark } { % custom encoding to be done % start off with a copy of the font's standard encoding /Encoding load 256 array copy modifyEncoding /Encoding exch def } ifelse FontName currentdict end % register the new font definefont pop } def % text painting operators /tr % string tr ax ay string { _ax _ay 3 2 roll } def /trj % string trj cx cy fillchar ax ay string { _cx _cy _sp _ax _ay 6 5 roll } def /a0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /a1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def /e0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr _psf } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj _pjsf } ddef } def /e1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave tr _psf grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave trj _pjsf grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def /i0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj jsp } ddef } def /i1 { W N } def /o0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr sw rmoveto } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj swj rmoveto } ddef } def /r0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /r1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll currentpoint gsave newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll currentpoint gsave newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def % font operators % Binding /To % begin text % bindType To - { pop _ctm currentmatrix pop } def /TO % end text % TO - { Te _ctm setmatrix newpath } def % Text paths /Tp % begin text path % a b c d tx ty startPt Tp - { pop _tm astore pop _ctm setmatrix _tDict begin /W {} def /h {} def } def /TP % end text path % TP - { end iTm 0 0 moveto } def % Render mode & matrix operators /Tr % begin render % render Tr - { _render 3 le {currentpoint newpath moveto} if dup 8 eq {pop 0} {dup 9 eq {pop 1} if} ifelse dup /_render exch ddef _renderStart exch get load exec } def /iTm % internal set text matrix % - iTm - (uses _tm as implicit argument) { _ctm setmatrix _tm concat 0 _rise translate _hs 1 scale } def /Tm % set text matrix % a b c d tx ty Tm - { _tm astore pop iTm 0 0 moveto } def /Td % translate text matrix % tx ty Td - { _mtx translate _tm _tm concatmatrix pop iTm 0 0 moveto } def /Te % end render % - Te - { _render -1 eq {} {_renderEnd _render get dup null ne {