%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Title: computer 8 %%Creator: PageMaker 4.01 %%CreationDate: 6-5-1992, 9:39:7 %%For: Station PS %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%Pages: 22 0 %%DocumentPrinterRequired: "" "" %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%DocumentSuppliedFonts: (atend) %%DocumentNeededFonts: (atend) %%DocumentNeededProcSets: %%DocumentSuppliedProcSets: AldusDict2 209 55 %%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter %%EndComments %%BeginFile: PatchFile userdict /AldusDict known {(A previous version PageMaker header is loaded.) = flush} if %%EndFile %%BeginProcSet: AldusDict2 209 55 % 209 55 AldusVersion/AldRevision: This record must be first!! % Copyright (C) 1987 Aldus Corporation. All rights reserved. /AldusDict2 325 dict def AldusDict2 begin /AldusVersion 209 def /AldusRev 55 def /bdef { bind def } bind def systemdict /currentpacking known {/AD_OldPacking currentpacking def true setpacking } if /AD_PrevMatrix matrix def /AD_SomethingOnPage false def /AD_OutlineWidth 30 def /AD_ShadOffset 0.06 def /AD_OLShadOffset 0.06 def /AD_OLSmearFact 0.03 def /AD_BoldSmearFact 0.03 def /AD_ObliqueAngle -0.21 def /AD_TrueSetscreen /setscreen load def /AD_NestedMirror false def /AD_TextCutout false def /BEGJOB { /AD_Invert exch def dup AD_NestedMirror xor /AD_NestedMirror exch def /AD_MirrorFlag exch def /AD_WideFlag exch def /paperwid exch def /paperht exch def /AD_Resolution 1440 def /AD_PointsToUCS AD_Resolution 72 div def AD_PrevMatrix currentmatrix pop /AD_PrevScreen [currentscreen] def /AD_PrevTransfer currenttransfer def /AD_StdScreen true def /STD_SCREEN { AD_StdScreen not { AD_PrevScreen cvx exec setscreen /AD_PrevTransfer load settransfer /AD_StdScreen true assign }if } def true _SetCoordSys version (23.) anchorsearch { pop pop /truesetgray /setgray load def /setgray { mark AD_Invert {.0 .0 .06 .1 .28 .48 .56 .68 .82 .9 .98 1.0 } {1.0 1.0 .98 .9 .82 .68 .56 .48 .28 .1 .06 .0 } ifelse counttomark dup 3 add -1 roll exch 2 sub mul dup floor cvi dup 3 1 roll sub exch dup 3 add index exch 2 add index dup 4 1 roll sub mul add counttomark 1 add 1 roll cleartomark truesetgray } def } { pop } ifelse /screenAdjust 1 0 dtransform exch atan def /mirrorScreen AD_NestedMirror {/neg load} {{}} ifelse def /setscreen {exch screenAdjust add mirrorScreen exch AD_TrueSetscreen} def } def /_SetCoordSys { /AD_OldSys exch def AD_WideFlag { AD_OldSys { 90 rotate 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale } { 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale paperht paperwid neg translate 90 rotate } ifelse } { 1 AD_PointsToUCS div dup neg scale 0 paperht neg translate } ifelse AD_MirrorFlag { paperwid 0 translate -1 1 scale } if /AD_DeviceScale 1 1 transform pop 0 0 transform pop sub abs def } bdef /SETRES { /AD_Resolution exch def /AD_PointsToUCS AD_Resolution 72 div def AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix false _SetCoordSys _DefinePatterns } bdef /SETOVERPRINT { setoverprint } bdef /SETTEXTCUTOUT { /AD_TextCutout exch def } bdef /BEGPAGE { /AD_SomethingOnPage false def } bdef /ENDPAGE { AD_SomethingOnPage { save showpage restore } if } def /MUST_PRINT_PAGE { /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /ENDJOB { AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix } bdef /S_PSCRIPT { /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /S_TEXTSEGBEG { /here save def /TX_RunDrawn false def newpath } bdef /S_TEXTSEGEND { TX_RunDrawn { here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } { here restore } ifelse } bdef /S_WORKING { /AD_WorkingMemory exch def } bdef /S_LOADFONT { AldusDict2 /AD_TopOfFonts known exch { { AD_TopOfFonts restore } if } { not { save /AD_TopOfFonts exch def } if } ifelse } bdef /SURSTR { AD_SomethingOnPage SUsv restore } bdef /SUSAVE { AldusDict2 /AD_TopOfFonts known vmstatus exch sub exch pop AD_WorkingMemory lt { dup { AD_TopOfFonts restore } if } if not { save /AD_TopOfFonts exch def } if save /SUsv exch def /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bdef /_ftName 66 string def /_AutoRecode { /recode exch def _ftName cvs dup length 7 gt { dup 0 7 getinterval (|______) eq { dup length 7 exch 7 sub getinterval recode { FTRECODE } { FTRENAME } ifelse } { pop } ifelse } { pop } ifelse } bdef /SYM_SAV { save /SYMsv exch def } bdef /SYM_RSTR { AD_SomethingOnPage SYMsv restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bdef /AD_save_xform null def /SET_TX_XFORM { /m_x exch def /r_angle exch def /ref_y exch def /ref_x exch def /AD_save_xform save def ref_x ref_y translate m_x { -1 1 scale } if r_angle neg rotate ref_x neg ref_y neg translate } bind def /CLEAR_TX_XFORM { AD_SomethingOnPage AD_save_xform restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def } bind def /SHADOWFLAG 16#1 def /OUTLINEFLAG 16#2 def /BOLDSMEAR 16#4 def /OUTLINESMEAR 16#8 def /ReENCODED 16#10 def /BOLDPSBUMP 16#20 def /ITALICOBLIQUE 16#40 def /SET { count 5 eq not{6 array astore}if /AD_textcolor exch def /AD_fontbits exch def /AD_20EMS exch def 1 index FontDirectory exch known not { 1 index ReENCODED AD_fontbits _iand _AutoRecode } if BOLDPSBUMP AD_fontbits _iand { 1 add } if dup _ActivateFont ITALICOBLIQUE AD_fontbits _iand { _ActivateObliqueFont } if /AD_width_factor_internal AD_width_factor def AD_width_factor 1 ne { currentfont [AD_width_factor 0 0 1 0 0] makefont setfont } if /AD_EmNotMatch AD_20EMS 20 div (M) _ADStringWidth pop sub abs 1 gt def false SETTEXTCUTOUT } bdef /S_SETUPRUN /SET load def /OUT { /here save def /runwidth exch def /nspaces exch def /nchars exch def /textrun exch def /letterspace exch def /wordspace exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def nchars 0 gt { AD_textcolor dup _Gray? {setgray} {aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse } ifelse /letterspace AD_EmNotMatch { runwidth textrun _ADStringWidth pop nchars dup 1 gt {1 sub} if letterspace mul add nspaces wordspace mul add sub nchars dup 1 gt {1 sub} if div } { 0 } ifelse letterspace add def SHADOWFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { _OLShadowOffset } { AD_textcolor _Gray?{_ShadowScreen}if AD_textcolor _ShadowColor _ShadowOffset } ifelse OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand not and { _ActivateSolidFont _SetTextWidth } if AD_TextCutout {1 setgray} if _ShowRun BOLDSMEAR AD_fontbits _iand { _BoldSmearOffset _ShowRun } if restore } if OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand and { _OLSmearRun } { OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save _ActivateSolidFont _SetTextWidth AD_textcolor _Gray? AD_textcolor _White? or { AD_textcolor _White? {0} {_TextFillColor} ifelse setgray } { 1 setgray }ifelse _ShowRun restore } if _ShowRun BOLDSMEAR AD_fontbits _iand { _BoldSmearOffset _ShowRun } if } ifelse } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /S_OUTPUTRUN /OUT load def /_ADStringWidth { gsave closepath clip stringwidth grestore } bdef /_OLSmearRun { gsave _OLSmearOffset translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset exch neg exch translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset neg translate _ShowRun grestore gsave _OLSmearOffset neg exch neg exch translate _ShowRun grestore gsave AD_textcolor _Gray? AD_textcolor _White? or { AD_textcolor _White? {0} { _TextFillColor} ifelse setgray } { 1 setgray }ifelse _ShowRun grestore } bdef /_TextFillColor { AD_TextCutout {1} {1 AD_textcolor sub} ifelse } bdef /_ShowRun { x1 y1 moveto wordspace 0 8#040 letterspace 0 textrun awidthshow } bdef /AD_width_factor_internal 1 def /_SetTextWidth { AD_width_factor_internal 1 ne { currentfont [AD_width_factor_internal 0 0 1 0 0] makefont setfont } if } bdef /AD_save_textwidth null def /SET_TEXT_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor_internal exch def /AD_save_textwidth save def _SetTextWidth } bdef /RESTORE_TEXT_WIDTH { AD_SomethingOnPage AD_save_textwidth restore /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def /AD_width_factor_internal 1 def } bdef /AD_width_factor 1 def /SET_TX_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor exch def } bdef /CLEAR_TX_WIDTH { /AD_width_factor 1 def } bdef /S_UNDERLINE { /here save def count 7 eq not{6 array astore}if /color exch def /pointsize exch def /width exch def /deltay exch def /baseline exch def /rightx exch def /leftx exch def currentfont /FontInfo known { currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlinePosition known { /deltay currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlinePosition get currentfont /FontMatrix get 3 get mul pointsize AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div div mul def } if currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlineThickness known { /width currentfont /FontInfo get /UnderlineThickness get currentfont /FontMatrix get 3 get abs mul pointsize AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div div mul def } if } if /underliney 0 baseline deltay add transform round exch round exch itransform exch pop def color dup _Gray? {setgray}{aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse }ifelse width setlinewidth SHADOWFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { save OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand { _OLShadowOffset } { color _Gray?{_ShadowScreen}if color _ShadowColor _ShadowOffset } ifelse leftx underliney rightx underliney _ShowUnderline restore } if leftx underliney rightx underliney _ShowUnderline OUTLINEFLAG AD_fontbits _iand OUTLINESMEAR AD_fontbits _iand not and { save color _Gray?{1 color sub setgray} {0 0 0 0 setcmykcolor }ifelse /AD_OutlineWidth AD_OutlineWidth 1000 div AD_fontscale mul def width 3 AD_OutlineWidth mul ge { width 2 AD_OutlineWidth mul sub } { width 3 div } ifelse setlinewidth leftx AD_OutlineWidth add underliney rightx AD_OutlineWidth sub underliney _ShowUnderline restore } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /_ShowUnderline { newpath moveto lineto stroke } bdef /S_STRIKETHRU { /here save def count 4 eq not{6 array astore}if /color exch def /y exch def /rightx exch def /leftx exch def /y 0 y transform round exch round exch itransform exch pop def color _Gray? {color setgray}{color aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse }ifelse _StrikeThruWidth setlinewidth newpath leftx y moveto rightx y lineto stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_TEXT { /here save def /text exch def /y exch def /x exch def Black setgray (Helvetica-Bold) FTRECODE /|______Helvetica-Bold 9 dup _ActivateFont x y moveto text show here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_BOX { /here save def /draftflag exch def /shadowflag exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def AD_PointsToUCS 2 div setlinewidth newpath x1 y1 moveto x1 y2 lineto x2 y2 lineto x2 y1 lineto closepath shadowflag { gsave STD_SCREEN 0.5 setgray fill grestore} { gsave 1.0 setgray fill grestore 0.0 setgray stroke } ifelse draftflag { x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto stroke x2 y1 moveto x1 y2 lineto stroke } if here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /DV_DRAW_LINE { /here save def /lw exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 y1 transform round exch round exch itransform /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x2 y2 transform round exch round exch itransform /y2 exch def /x2 exch def 0 lw transform round exch round exch itransform /lw exch def pop lw setlinewidth 0 setseparationgray newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } def /DV_DRAW_CIRCLE { /here save def /lw exch def /r exch def /y exch def /x exch def x y transform round exch round exch itransform /y exch def /x exch def 0 r transform round exch round exch itransform /r exch def pop 0 lw transform round exch round exch itransform /lw exch def pop lw setlinewidth Black setgray newpath x y r 0 360 arc stroke here restore /AD_SomethingOnPage true def } bdef /_ActivateFont { /AD_fontscale exch AD_PointsToUCS mul def /AD_fontscaleX exch AD_PointsToUCS mul def /AD_fontname exch def AD_fontname findfont [ AD_fontscaleX 0 0 AD_fontscale neg 0 0 ] makefont setfont } bdef /_ActivateObliqueFont { AD_fontname findfont [ AD_fontscaleX 0 0 AD_fontscale neg 0 0 ] [ 1 0 AD_ObliqueAngle 1 0 0 ] matrix concatmatrix makefont setfont } bdef /_ActivateSolidFont { AD_solidfont AD_fontscaleX AD_PointsToUCS div AD_fontscale AD_PointsToUCS div _ActivateFont } bdef /_ShadowOffset { AD_ShadOffset AD_fontscaleX mul AD_ShadOffset AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_OLShadowOffset { AD_OLShadOffset AD_fontscaleX mul AD_OLShadOffset AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_ShadowScreen { 100 AD_PrevScreen 1 get AD_PrevScreen 2 get setscreen } bdef /_ShadowColor { dup _Gray? exch dup _White? 3 -1 roll or { dup _White? {pop 1 }if 0.6 mul 0.8 exch sub setgray} {_ShadeColor }ifelse } bdef /_ShadeColor { /AldusTint .2 def aload pop {PREGISCOLOR}{PCOLOR}ifelse /AldusTint 1 def } bdef /_Gray? { dup type 0 type eq exch type 0.0 type eq or } bdef /_White? { dup type [] type eq {aload pop pop pop add add add 0 eq {true}{false }ifelse }{pop false }ifelse } bdef /PCOLOR { findcmykcustomcolor AD_NonSepPat {1 currentgray sub setcustomcolor} {AldusTint setcustomcolor}ifelse } def /ndf { 1 index where {pop pop pop}{dup xcheck {bind }if def }ifelse } bdef /setoverprint { AldusDict2 begin /AD_Overprint exch def end }ndf /currentoverprint { AldusDict2 /AD_Overprint get }ndf /setcmykcoloroverprint { 4{dup -1 eq{pop 0}if 4 1 roll}repeat setcmykcolor }ndf /findcmykcustomcolor { 5 /packedarray where {pop packedarray}{array astore readonly }ifelse }ndf /setcustomcolor { exch aload pop pop 4 {4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat setcmykcolor pop }ndf /setcmykcolor { 1 exch sub _Ccmyk _Ccmyk _Ccmyk pop setrgbcolor }ndf /customcolorimage { pop image }ndf /separationimage { image }ndf /setseparationgray { setgray }ndf /_Ccmyk { dup 5 -1 roll sub 0 _Max exch }bdef /_Max { 2 copy lt {exch }if pop } bdef /_OLSmearOffset { AD_OLSmearFact AD_fontscaleX mul AD_OLSmearFact AD_fontscale mul } bdef /_BoldSmearOffset { AD_BoldSmearFact AD_fontscaleX mul AD_BoldSmearFact AD_fontscale mul translate } bdef /_StrikeThruWidth { AD_fontscale 16 div } bdef /_iand { and 0 ne } bdef /FTRENAME { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if NewName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /FTRECODE { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if dup /Encoding MacEncoding put NewName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /AD_encode_vector_size 256 def /AD_encode_vector null def /AD_doing_recoding false def /BEG_RECODE { dup (|______) exch ftMakeName cvn /NewName local FontDirectory NewName known { pop /AD_doing_recoding false def /AD_encode_vector null def } {cvn findfont dup maxlength dict false copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName NewName put} if /AD_encode_vector AD_encode_vector_size array def dup begin Encoding AD_encode_vector copy pop end dup /Encoding AD_encode_vector put NewName exch definefont pop /AD_doing_recoding true def AD_encode_vector dup } ifelse } bdef /ENCODE_CHAR { AD_doing_recoding { put dup } { pop pop } ifelse } bdef /END_RECODE { AD_doing_recoding { pop pop } if /AD_doing_recoding false def /AD_encode_vector null def } bdef /FTOUTLINE { ReENCODED FTOLINE } bdef /FTOLINE { /AD_fontbits exch def cvn /OlineName local dup /AD_solidfont exch def AD_solidfont FontDirectory exch known not { AD_solidfont ReENCODED AD_fontbits _iand _AutoRecode } if FontDirectory OlineName known {pop} {cvn findfont dup maxlength 2 add dict true copyDict dup /FontName known {dup /FontName OlineName put} if dup /PaintType 2 put dup /StrokeWidth AD_OutlineWidth put OlineName exch definefont pop } ifelse } bdef /AD_nameString1 66 string def /ftMakeName { 1 index length /PrefixLen local dup length PrefixLen add AD_nameString1 exch 0 exch getinterval dup PrefixLen 4 -1 roll putinterval dup 0 4 -1 roll putinterval } bdef /copyDict { /NoUnique local begin { 1 index /FID ne NoUnique {2 index /UniqueID ne and} if { def } { pop pop } ifelse } forall currentdict end } bdef /MacEncoding 256 array def MacEncoding 0 /Times-Roman findfont /Encoding get 0 128 getinterval putinterval MacEncoding 16#27 /quotesingle put MacEncoding 16#60 /grave put /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute /Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis /atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis /iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve /ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex /udieresis /dagger /degree /cent /sterling /section /bullet /paragraph /germandbls /registersans /copyrightsans /trademarksans /acute /dieresis /notequal /AE /Oslash /infinity /plusminus /lessequal /greaterequal /yen /mu /partialdiff /summation /product /pi /integral /ordfeminine /ordmasculine /Omega /ae /oslash /questiondown /exclamdown /logicalnot /radical /florin /approxequal /Delta /guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /space /Agrave /Atilde /Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /divide /lozenge /ydieresis /Ydieresis /fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl /periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand /Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /apple /Ograve /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron MacEncoding 128 128 getinterval astore pop /getAnInt{2 getinterval dup 0 get 16#100 mul exch 1 get add cvi}def /CharBitStr 30 string def /BuildCharDict 16 dict def /AFONT { gsave /FName local /BMFSize local 1 add /LastChar local /FirstChar local /DefChar LastChar FirstChar sub 2 mul def 20 dict dup begin 10 1 roll /LocTableLen local /OWTableLen local /BMRowLen local /PixelHeight local /FontWidth local /MaxWidth local /MaxKern local /Descent local /Ascent local /Bits BMRowLen PixelHeight mul string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /LocTable LocTableLen string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /OWTable OWTableLen string currentfile exch readhexstring pop def /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix matrix def /FontBBox[MaxKern Descent neg MaxWidth MaxKern add Ascent]def /Encoding 256 array def Encoding 0 MacEncoding 0 256 getinterval putinterval /Mummble 257 array def 0 1 256{Mummble exch DefChar put}for FirstChar 1 LastChar{Mummble exch dup FirstChar sub 2 mul put}for /BuildChar { BuildCharDict begin /1Char local /FDict local FDict /Mummble get 1Char get /2Char local FDict /OWTable get 2Char getAnInt 16#FFFF eq {/2Char DefChar assign}if FDict /LocTable get 2Char getAnInt /BitLoc local FDict /LocTable get 2Char 2 add getAnInt BitLoc sub /BitWidth local BitLoc 8 mod /ShiftVal local 16#FF 8 ShiftVal sub dup neg /RemShift local bitshift 16#FF and /BMask local 16#FF 8 BitLoc BitWidth add 8 mod sub dup 8 ge{pop 0}if BitWidth 0 eq{pop 8}if bitshift /AMask local BitWidth ShiftVal add 7 add 8 idiv dup 0 eq{pop 1}if /ByteWidth local BitLoc 8 idiv /WhichRow local FDict /OWTable get 2Char get cvi /Offset local FDict /OWTable get 2Char 1 add get cvi /Charwidth local Charwidth 0 BMFSize divPoint FDict /MaxKern get FDict /Descent get neg BMFSize divPoint BitWidth Offset add FDict /MaxKern get add FDict /Ascent get BMFSize divPoint setcachedevice gsave ByteWidth 8 mul FDict /PixelHeight get true [FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 1 add 0 0 FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 1 add neg Offset neg 0.5 add FDict /PixelHeight get FDict /Descent get sub 0.5 add] { FDict /Bits get WhichRow ByteWidth getinterval CharBitStr copy /ThisRow local 16#100 ByteWidth 1 sub 1 neg 0 { /iV local ThisRow iV get 1 index 16#100 eq{AMask and}if dup BMask and RemShift bitshift 3 1 roll ShiftVal bitshift add 16#FF and cvi ThisRow iV 3 -1 roll put }for pop ThisRow /WhichRow WhichRow FDict /BMRowLen get add assign } imagemask grestore end }def end FontDirectory FName cvn known {pop} {FName cvn exch definefont pop} ifelse grestore }def /AldusTint 1 def /AD_Overprint false def /AD_NonSepPat false def /const /def load def /var /def load def /local[/exch load /def load]cvx def /assign /def load def /incr{dup cvx exec 1 add assign}bdef /postIncr{dup cvx exec exch incr}bdef /SpaceChar 16#20 const /cvPA{2 array astore cvx}bdef /point{cvPA def}bdef /locPoint{3 1 roll point}bdef /pointXpoint{3 -1 roll mul 3 1 roll mul exch}bdef /pointDpoint{3 -1 roll exch div 3 1 roll div exch}bdef /setPoint{load astore pop}bdef /dupPoint{2 copy}bdef /addPoint{exch 4 -1 roll add 3 1 roll add}bdef /subPoint{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}bdef /mulPoint{dup pointXpoint}bdef /divPoint{dup pointDpoint}bdef /exchPoint{4 2 roll}bdef /overPoint{3 index 3 index}bdef /anyStatD systemdict /statusdict known const /thisProduct anyStatD {statusdict /product known{statusdict /product get}{()}ifelse} {()}ifelse const /PerCentChg 1.0 -1.0 point /boxPath{/y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath}bdef /dump{4{pop}repeat}bdef /rBoxPath{/r local /y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local x1 r add y1 moveto x2 y1 x2 y2 r arcto dump x2 y2 x1 y2 r arcto dump x1 y2 x1 y1 r arcto dump x1 y1 x2 y1 r arcto dump closepath}bdef /SaveMatrix matrix var /ButtCap 0 const /SquareCap 2 const /MiterJoin 0 const /BevelJoin 2 const /Black 0 const /White 1 const /Wide 0 const /Narrow 1 const /PictPostScript false var /isHairline false var /PBEGIN{ dup not {save /PSave exch def} if /isLBO exch def /PBotRight locPoint /PTopLeft locPoint isLBO not {newpath PTopLeft PBotRight boxPath clip} if newpath isLBO {ButtCap}{SquareCap} ifelse setlinecap MiterJoin setlinejoin 3 setmiterlimit AD_PointsToUCS setlinewidth /deviceRound { dup AD_DeviceScale mul round AD_DeviceScale div dup 0 eq { pop } { exch pop } ifelse } def /HairWidth AD_PointsToUCS 4 div AD_DeviceScale mul deviceRound dup 1.5 lt { pop 0 } if const Black setgray /LineScale 1 var /LineWidth AD_PointsToUCS var /LineHeight AD_PointsToUCS var /DoingWedge false var /DoingArc false var AldusDict2 /PatternShade known not { /psb {} bdef /pse {} bdef /PatternShade Black var /DeclaredPattern <00> var /PCurPat <01> var } if }bdef /PEND{ newpath isLBO not {PSave restore} if /AD_SomethingOnPage true def }bdef /SetPattern { dup /PatternShade exch def setgray } bdef /bitison{ /ybit local /xbit local PCurPat ybit PatWidth mul xbit 8 idiv add get 1 7 xbit 8 mod AD_NestedMirror {exch pop}{sub} ifelse bitshift and 0 ne}bdef /PSHADE{ STD_SCREEN 100 div dup /PatternShade exch def /AD_NonSepPat true def setgray <01> /PCurPat local } def /BK { /AD_NonSepPat true def Black setgray } bdef /WT { /AD_NonSepPat true def White setgray } bdef /PBLACK /BK load def /PWHITE /WT load def /PREGISCOLOR { pop AD_NonSepPat { pop currentgray}{AldusTint mul 1 exch sub}ifelse setseparationgray pop pop pop } bdef /PUSETHISPATTERN { dup PCurPat eq {pop}{ PPATTERN } ifelse PatternShade /AD_NonSepPat true def setgray /VerifyUsedPattern false def } bdef /PUSEPATTERN { VerifyUsedPattern {DeclaredPattern PCurPat ne {DeclaredPattern PPATTERN} if } if PatternShade setgray /VerifyUsedPattern false def } bdef /PDECLAREPATTERN { /DeclaredPattern exch def /VerifyUsedPattern true def /AD_NonSepPat true def } bdef /PatWidth 1 const /PatSide 8 const /PFreq 300 32 div const /PPATTERN{/PCurPat local /AD_NonSepPat true def /VerifyUsedPattern false def 0 /Onbits local 0 /Offbits local AD_Invert {{1 exch sub} settransfer} {{} settransfer} ifelse PFreq PerCentChg pop dup 0.96 eq {pop}{div}ifelse 0 { 1 1 addPoint 2 divPoint PatSide mulPoint cvi exch cvi exch bitison AD_Invert xor {/Onbits incr 1} {/Offbits incr 0}ifelse } setscreen Offbits dup Onbits add div AD_Invert {1 exch sub} if SetPattern /AD_StdScreen false assign}def /vertLines{pop dup mul -2 mul 1 add}bdef /sPat { AD_Invert {{1 exch sub} settransfer} {{} settransfer} ifelse setscreen setgray }def /PALDUSSHADE { <11> /PCurPat local /AD_NonSepPat true def /AD_StdScreen false assign Wide eq { 0.774 20 45 {vertLines} sPat } { 0.643 30 45 {vertLines} sPat } ifelse } bdef /PHAIRWIDTH { HairWidth setlinewidth /isHairline true def } bdef /LW { LineScale mul deviceRound /LineHeight exch def LineScale mul deviceRound dup /LineWidth exch def setlinewidth /isHairline false def }bdef /PLNWIDTH /LW load def /PLNSCALE{div /LineScale exch def} bdef /roundCoord { 0.5 add round 0.5 sub } bdef /roundPoint { transform round exch round exch itransform } bdef /adjCoord { dup 1 AD_DeviceScale div gt { deviceRound 2 div } { pop .5 AD_DeviceScale div } ifelse } bdef /pULAdj{ roundPoint currentlinewidth adjCoord LineHeight adjCoord addPoint }bdef /pLRAdj{ roundPoint currentlinewidth adjCoord LineHeight adjCoord subPoint }bdef /QD_LINE { /qd_save save def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 x2 gt { x1 y1 x2 y2 /y1 exch def /x1 exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def } if newpath y1 y2 gt { x1 y1 moveto x2 y2 lineto x2 LineWidth add dup y2 lineto y2 LineHeight add lineto x1 LineWidth add y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 lineto } { x1 y1 moveto x1 LineWidth add y1 lineto x2 LineWidth add dup y2 lineto y2 LineHeight add lineto x2 y2 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 LineHeight add lineto x1 y1 lineto } ifelse closepath eofill qd_save restore } bdef /PLINETO { PictPostScript { moveto lineto } { /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def currentlinecap ButtCap setlinecap newpath x1 x2 eq y1 y2 eq and { LineWidth 1 le LineHeight 1 le and { x1 y1 moveto } { x1 y1 x1 LineWidth add y1 LineHeight add boxPath fill} ifelse } { y1 y2 eq { LineWidth x1 x2 lt { x2 add /x2 exch def } { x1 add /x1 exch def } ifelse LineHeight setlinewidth x1 y1 LineHeight 2 div add roundPoint moveto x2 y2 LineHeight 2 div add roundPoint lineto mayStroke } { x1 x2 eq { LineHeight y1 y2 lt { y2 add /y2 exch def } { y1 add /y1 exch def } ifelse x1 LineWidth 2 div add y1 roundPoint moveto x2 LineWidth 2 div add y2 roundPoint lineto mayStroke } { x1 y1 pULAdj moveto x2 y2 pULAdj lineto mayStroke } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse setlinecap } ifelse }bdef /HairRect { save /here exch def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def PHAIRWIDTH newpath x1 x2 sub abs y1 y2 sub abs lt { x1 x2 add 2 div dup y1 roundPoint moveto y2 roundPoint lineto stroke} { y1 y2 add 2 div dup x1 exch roundPoint moveto x2 exch roundPoint lineto stroke} ifelse here restore } bdef /PHAIRLINE { count 4 gt { newpath PHAIRWIDTH addPoint 2 divPoint roundPoint moveto addPoint 2 divPoint roundPoint lineto pop pop stroke } { HairRect } ifelse } bdef /PHANGLINE { roundPoint /yb exch def /xr exch def roundPoint /yt exch def /xl exch def deviceRound /delta exch def { {yt delta sub /yt exch def} {yb delta add /yb exch def} ifelse } { {xl delta sub /xl exch def} {xr delta add /xr exch def} ifelse } ifelse newpath 1 AD_DeviceScale div 2 div dup dupPoint xl yt addPoint exchPoint xr yb exchPoint subPoint boxPath fill } bdef /PCURVETO { curveto } bdef /PMOVETO { moveto } bdef /PRECT{newpath pLRAdj exchPoint pULAdj exchPoint boxPath}bdef /PRRECT { pLRAdj /Botts locPoint pULAdj /Tops locPoint currentlinewidth dup subPoint /Diams locPoint newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop Botts Tops subPoint /Sides locPoint Sides pop abs Diams pop ge{Diams}{Sides}ifelse pop Sides exch pop abs Diams exch pop ge{Diams}{Sides}ifelse exch pop /Diams locPoint Diams 2 div /YRad local 0 gt {Diams exch pop 0 eq {1} {Diams div} ifelse } {1}ifelse 1 /PRRscale locPoint Tops translate PRRscale scale 0 0 Sides PRRscale pointDpoint Diams 0 gt exch 0 gt and{YRad rBoxPath}{boxPath}ifelse SaveMatrix setmatrix}bdef /POVAL{newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop 0 359 false pArc closepath SaveMatrix setmatrix}bdef /PARC{ newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop /DoingArc true assign false pArc SaveMatrix setmatrix }bdef /PWEDGE{newpath SaveMatrix currentmatrix pop /DoingWedge true assign true pArc closepath SaveMatrix setmatrix }bdef /modAdj{ dup 360 gt{360 sub}if dup 0 lt{360 add}if}bdef /pArc{/Fill local /ArcAng local /BegAng local pLRAdj /PLR locPoint pULAdj /PUL locPoint 360 BegAng ArcAng add sub 90 add modAdj /StartAng local StartAng ArcAng add /EndAng local PLR PUL subPoint 2 divPoint /Rad locPoint PUL Rad addPoint translate Rad neg scale Fill{0 0 moveto}if 0 0 1 StartAng EndAng dupPoint eq {pop pop 0 359 arc closepath} {ArcAng 0 lt {arcn}{arc}ifelse } ifelse }bdef /PBEGPOLY{ newpath pULAdj moveto }bdef /PBEGSMOOTHPOLY { newpath } bdef /PPOLYPOINT { pULAdj lineto } bdef /PENDPOLY{ /Closed local Closed{closepath}if }bdef /PENDSMOOTHPOLY { PENDPOLY } bdef /PBEGRGN{mark}bdef /PREGION{PRECT cleartomark}bdef /PTXBEG {/PTSave1 save const} bdef /PROTATE { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if 3 1 roll dupPoint neg exch neg exch 5 2 roll translate rotate translate } bdef /PHFLIP { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if dupPoint neg exch neg exch 4 2 roll translate -1 1 scale translate } bdef /PVFLIP { currentdict /PRotateSave known not {save /PRotateSave exch def} if dupPoint neg exch neg exch 4 2 roll translate 1 -1 scale translate } bdef /PROTATE_END { PRotateSave restore } bdef /PSCALETEXT { AD_PointsToUCS mul div /Xscale exch def AD_PointsToUCS mul div /Yscale exch def currentfont [ Xscale 0 0 Yscale 0 0 ] makefont setfont /AD_fontscaleX AD_fontscaleX Xscale mul def /AD_fontscale AD_fontscale Yscale mul def } bdef /PSTBEG { userdict /md known not { userdict begin /md 0 def end } if PBLACK /PictPostScript true def } bdef /PSTEND { /PictPostScript false def } bdef /mayStroke{ currentlinewidth 0 gt isHairline or { gsave /s_matrix null def /stroke_xform false def DoingWedge {MiterJoin setlinejoin} if currentlinewidth 1 AD_DeviceScale div sub setlinewidth LineWidth LineHeight ne { /s_matrix matrix currentmatrix def 1 LineHeight LineWidth div scale /stroke_xform true def } if stroke stroke_xform {s_matrix setmatrix} if grestore } if /DoingWedge false assign } bdef /RESET_PAT_SEP { /AD_NonSepPat false def } bdef /PFRAME{mayStroke RESET_PAT_SEP}bdef /PPAINT { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PERASE { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PFILL { mayStroke gsave eofill grestore RESET_PAT_SEP }bdef /PTINT { 100 exch sub 100 div /AldusTint exch def } bdef /PRESETTINT { AldusTint 1 eq not {/AldusTint 1 def }if } bdef /PHORZSHADE { 0 eq {/widehorz}{/narrowhorz }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PVERTSHADE { 0 eq {/widevert}{/narrowvert }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PHATCHSHADE { 0 eq {/widehatch}{/narrowhatch }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /PDIAGSHADE { 0 eq {/widediag}{/narrowdiag }ifelse findfont _OpaquePatternfill } bdef /_SetCoords { /y2 local /x2 local /y1 local /x1 local } bdef /_DefinePattern { 7 dict begin /FontDict 9 dict def FontDict begin /cache exch def /key exch def /proc exch cvx def /mtx exch matrix invertmatrix def /height exch def /width exch def /ctm matrix currentmatrix def /ptm matrix identmatrix def /str (12345678901234567890123456789012) def end /FontBBox [ 0 0 FontDict /width get FontDict /height get ] def /FontMatrix FontDict /mtx get def /Encoding StandardEncoding def /FontType 3 def /BuildChar { pop begin FontDict begin width 0 cache { 0 0 width height setcachedevice }{ setcharwidth } ifelse 0 0 moveto width 0 lineto width height lineto 0 height lineto closepath clip newpath gsave proc grestore end end } def FontDict /key get currentdict definefont end } bind def /_Patternpath { dup type /dicttype eq { begin FontDict /ctm get setmatrix }{ exch begin FontDict /ctm get setmatrix concat } ifelse currentdict setfont FontDict begin FontMatrix concat width 0 dtransform round width div exch round width div exch 0 height dtransform round height div exch round height div exch 0 0 transform round exch round exch ptm astore setmatrix pathbbox height div ceiling height mul 4 1 roll width div ceiling width mul 4 1 roll height div floor height mul 4 1 roll width div floor width mul 4 1 roll 2 index sub height div ceiling cvi exch 3 index sub width div ceiling cvi exch 4 2 roll moveto FontMatrix ptm invertmatrix pop { gsave ptm concat dup str length idiv { str show } repeat dup str length mod str exch 0 exch getinterval show grestore 0 height rmoveto } repeat pop end end } bind def /_Patternfill { gsave clip _Patternpath grestore newpath } bind def /_OpaquePatternfill { gsave 0 0 0 0 setcmykcolor fill grestore _Patternfill } bind def /_DefinePatterns { /AD_PatternLW .009375 AD_Resolution mul def /narrowdiagunit .046666 AD_Resolution mul def narrowdiagunit narrowdiagunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 narrowdiagunit 2 div moveto narrowdiagunit 2 div 0 lineto narrowdiagunit 2 div narrowdiagunit moveto narrowdiagunit narrowdiagunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowdiag true _DefinePattern pop /widediagunit .073333 AD_Resolution mul def widediagunit widediagunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 widediagunit 2 div moveto widediagunit 2 div 0 lineto widediagunit 2 div widediagunit moveto widediagunit widediagunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widediag true _DefinePattern pop /narrowhorzunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowhorzunit narrowhorzunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 narrowhorzunit 2 div moveto narrowhorzunit narrowhorzunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowhorz true _DefinePattern pop /widehorzunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widehorzunit widehorzunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap 0 widehorzunit 2 div moveto widehorzunit widehorzunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widehorz true _DefinePattern pop /narrowvertunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowvertunit narrowvertunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap narrowvertunit 2 div 0 moveto narrowvertunit 2 div narrowvertunit lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowvert true _DefinePattern pop /widevertunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widevertunit widevertunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap widevertunit 2 div 0 moveto widevertunit 2 div widevertunit lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widevert true _DefinePattern pop /narrowhatchunit .053333 AD_Resolution mul def narrowhatchunit narrowhatchunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap narrowhatchunit 2 div 0 moveto narrowhatchunit 2 div narrowhatchunit lineto 0 narrowhatchunit 2 div moveto narrowhatchunit narrowhatchunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /narrowhatch true _DefinePattern pop /widehatchunit .106666 AD_Resolution mul def widehatchunit widehatchunit [1 0 0 1 0 0] { SquareCap setlinecap widehatchunit 2 div 0 moveto widehatchunit 2 div widehatchunit lineto 0 widehatchunit 2 div moveto widehatchunit widehatchunit 2 div lineto AD_PatternLW setlinewidth stroke } bind /widehatch true _DefinePattern pop } version (23.) anchorsearch {pop pop def}{pop bdef} ifelse systemdict /currentpacking known {AD_OldPacking setpacking} if /AldusDone AldusVersion def end %%EndProcSet %%EndProlog AldusDict2 begin %%BeginSetup letter mark { mark 1.0 1.0 .92 .76 .64 .54 .44 .36 .28 .2 .1 .0 counttomark dup 3 add -1 roll exch 2 sub mul dup floor cvi dup 3 1 roll sub exch dup 3 add index exch 2 add index dup 4 1 roll sub mul add counttomark 1 add 1 roll cleartomark } bind %%Feature: NormalizedTransfer settransfer erasepage cleartomark /#copies 1 def (Station PS; document: computer 8) statusdict /jobname 3 -1 roll put statusdict /waittimeout 300 put 13970 10795 false false false BEGJOB 1270 SETRES 45000 S_WORKING save /SUsv exch def %%EndSetup %%Page: 239 1 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse true S_LOADFONT %%IncludeFont: Palatino-Italic (Palatino-Italic) FTRECODE SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.7998 3.5273 (HUMAN RESOURCES) 15 1 1487 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7991 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (239) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5283 11853 0.0000 -0.0787 (239) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse true S_LOADFONT %%IncludeFont: Palatino-Roman (Palatino-Roman) FTRECODE SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 180 100 mul 1000 div 6000 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5318 2634 0.0000 0.0000 (8) 1 0 159 OUT 4049 3692 15.8353 7.9367 (Human Resour) 12 1 2258 OUT 6302 3692 15.8353 7.9367 (ces) 3 0 443 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse true S_LOADFONT %%IncludeFont: Palatino-Bold (Palatino-Bold) FTRECODE SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3156 6773 8.7942 4.4092 (BACCALAUREATE AND POST-BACCALAUREATE) 36 2 4483 OUT 4326 6985 8.9178 4.4092 (DEGREE PRODUCTION) 17 1 2141 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 7302 15.2842 4.4092 (Compared to other academic disciplines, academic CS&E is new) 60 8 5397 OUT 2540 7514 18.3972 4.4092 (and is growing rapidly. The electronic stored-program computer is) 66 9 5715 OUT 2540 7726 21.9713 4.4092 (some 50 years old, and around this invention has grown a thriving) 65 11 5715 OUT 2540 7937 19.8192 4.4092 (and productive intellectual discipline. In this time, over 150 Ph.D.-) 70 10 5715 OUT 2540 8149 23.6293 4.4092 (granting CS&E departments have been established, along with per-) 64 8 5715 OUT 2540 8361 24.8968 4.4092 (haps 850 other CS&E programs nationally. These institutions have) 65 9 5715 OUT 2540 8572 11.7404 4.4092 (produced thousands of Ph.D.s and hundreds of thousands of gradu-) 64 9 5715 OUT 2540 8784 35.1613 4.4092 (ates with bachelorÕs degrees. In addition, many other institutions) 67 9 5715 OUT 2540 8996 29.8362 4.4092 (have developed programs in information sciences, library sciences,) 66 7 5715 OUT 2540 9207 7.2265 4.4092 (management information systems, and so on; in many cases, degrees) 65 9 5715 OUT 2540 9419 0.0000 4.1748 (awarded by these latter institutions include at least some of the CS&E) 70 11 5715 OUT 2540 9631 16.6777 4.4092 (material that other institutions might include as part of a CS&E un-) 68 11 5715 OUT 2540 9842 3.6350 4.4092 (dergraduate degree, although they tend not to cover such material as) 68 10 5715 OUT 2540 10054 8.7341 4.4092 (broadly or as deeply.) 21 3 1760 OUT 2857 10266 6.5501 4.4092 (This diversity in computer-related degree programs makes it dif-) 64 8 5397 OUT 2540 10477 7.7081 4.4092 (ficult to obtain detailed insight into degree production. In gathering) 71 10 5715 OUT 2540 10689 1.6051 4.4092 (data sources for this report, the committee considered whether or not) 69 10 5715 OUT 2540 10901 11.8859 4.4092 (to include in its definition of CS&E degree recipients those who had) 68 11 5715 OUT 2540 11112 3.0828 4.4092 (received degrees in Òinformation sciencesÓ or Òinformation systems,Ó) 68 7 5715 OUT 2540 11324 16.1983 4.4092 (since many sources group these categories together. Because it was) 67 10 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 240 2 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (240) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 26.2031 4.4092 (most concerned with what might be considered ÒcoreÓ activities in) 65 9 5715 OUT 2539 2752 19.7440 4.4092 (CS&E, the committee chose to exclude these categories, recognizing) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 2963 17.0190 4.4092 (that in doing so it might also exclude, for example, those for whom) 67 12 5715 OUT 2539 3175 13.8461 4.4092 (CS&E database work was some part of their educational or research) 65 10 5715 OUT 2539 3387 0.0000 4.3682 (portfolios.) 11 0 846 OUT 2857 3598 0.0000 3.0799 (Partly for definitional reasons such as these, data sources for Ph.D.) 69 10 5397 OUT 2539 3810 19.7207 4.4092 (production in CS&E conflict, as illustrated in Table 8.1.) 57 8 4680 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7219 3751 0.0000 3.0874 (1) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7314 3810 19.7203 4.4093 ( However,) 10 2 940 OUT 2539 4022 38.7695 4.4092 (despite these discrepancies, it is clear that growth in CS&E Ph.D.) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 4233 14.9462 4.4092 (production has been large in percentage terms when measured over) 64 9 5715 OUT 2539 4445 8.8018 4.4092 (the last decade or so.) 22 4 1752 OUT 2857 4657 7.6740 4.4092 (In the short term, the future supply of Ph.D.s depends in part on) 65 12 5397 OUT 2539 4868 0.0000 3.9988 (the pipeline of people obtaining bachelorÕs and masterÕs degrees. The) 70 10 5715 OUT 2539 5080 38.7909 4.4092 (major source of CS&E Ph.D. students is students graduating with) 63 9 5715 OUT 2539 5292 26.9192 4.4092 (bachelorÕs degrees in CS&E. As noted in Table 8.2, the number of) 65 12 5715 OUT 2539 5503 36.9631 4.4092 (bachelorÕs degrees awarded in CS&E climbed sharply in the early) 63 9 5715 OUT 2539 5715 36.3990 4.4092 (1980s but began to drop after 1986. If this indicates an enduring) 66 12 5715 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 6315 9.5249 4.4091 (TABLE 8.1) 9 1 902 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3617 6315 9.5252 4.4093 (Discrepancies in Data Describing Ph.D. Production in) 52 6 4456 OUT 2539 6526 8.8100 4.4092 (Computer Science, 1980 to 1989) 30 4 2616 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3492 6979 7.1759 3.5273 (Number of Doctoral Degrees Awarded) 34 4 2577 OUT 2539 7155 0.0000 3.5499 (Published) 9 0 654 OUT 2539 7331 0.0000 3.6074 (Source) 6 0 440 OUT 3492 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1980) 4 0 293 OUT 3986 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1981) 4 0 293 OUT 4480 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1982) 4 0 293 OUT 4974 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1983) 4 0 293 OUT 5468 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1984) 4 0 293 OUT 5961 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1985) 4 0 293 OUT 6455 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1986) 4 0 293 OUT 6949 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1987) 4 0 293 OUT 7443 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1988) 4 0 293 OUT 7937 7331 0.0000 3.5247 (1989) 4 0 293 OUT 2539 7684 0.0000 3.5284 (NSF) 3 0 280 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2819 7637 0.0000 0.0000 (a) 1 0 55 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3492 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (218) 3 0 219 OUT 3986 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (232) 3 0 219 OUT 4480 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (220) 3 0 219 OUT 4974 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (286) 3 0 219 OUT 5468 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (295) 3 0 219 OUT 5961 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (310) 3 0 219 OUT 6455 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (399) 3 0 219 OUT 6949 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (450) 3 0 219 OUT 7443 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (515) 3 0 219 OUT 7937 7684 0.0000 3.5220 (612) 3 0 219 OUT 2539 7860 0.0000 3.5527 (NCES) 4 0 392 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2931 7813 0.0000 0.0000 (b) 1 0 57 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3492 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (240) 3 0 219 OUT 3986 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (252) 3 0 219 OUT 4480 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (251) 3 0 219 OUT 4974 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (262) 3 0 219 OUT 5468 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (251) 3 0 219 OUT 5961 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (248) 3 0 219 OUT 6455 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (344) 3 0 219 OUT 6949 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (374) 3 0 219 OUT 7443 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (428) 3 0 219 OUT 7937 7860 0.0000 3.5220 (538) 3 0 219 OUT 2539 8037 0.0000 3.5165 (OSEP) 4 0 370 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2909 7990 0.0000 0.0000 (c) 1 0 50 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3492 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (231) 3 0 219 OUT 3986 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (248) 3 0 219 OUT 4480 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (231) 3 0 219 OUT 4974 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (276) 3 0 219 OUT 5468 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (269) 3 0 219 OUT 5961 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (264) 3 0 219 OUT 6455 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (365) 3 0 219 OUT 6949 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (398) 3 0 219 OUT 7443 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (454) 3 0 219 OUT 7937 8037 0.0000 3.5220 (531) 3 0 219 OUT 2539 8213 0.0000 3.5649 (Taulbee) 7 0 521 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3060 8166 0.0000 0.0000 (d) 1 0 62 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3492 8213 0.0000 3.3818 (N/A) 3 0 319 OUT 3986 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (230) 3 0 219 OUT 4480 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (235) 3 0 219 OUT 4974 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (244) 3 0 219 OUT 5468 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (256) 3 0 219 OUT 5961 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (326) 3 0 219 OUT 6455 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (412) 3 0 219 OUT 6949 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (466) 3 0 219 OUT 7443 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (577) 3 0 219 OUT 7937 8213 0.0000 3.5220 (625) 3 0 219 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 8519 0.0000 3.0862 (a) 1 0 58 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2739 8566 17.4093 3.5274 (National Science Foundation, ) 29 3 2024 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4763 8566 17.4093 3.5273 (Science and Engineering Indicators, ) 36 4 2286 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7049 8566 17.4093 3.5273 (NSF, Washington,) 16 1 1206 OUT 2539 8742 16.9581 3.5273 (D.C., 1991, p. 247 \(Òcomputer scienceÓ not otherwise qualified; category includes in-) 85 11 5715 OUT 2539 8919 36.3329 8.8193 (formation sciences\).) 20 1 1445 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 9048 0.0000 3.0875 (b) 1 0 60 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2741 9095 20.0830 3.5274 (National Center for Education Statistics, ) 42 5 2788 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5529 9095 20.0827 3.5273 (Digest of Educational Statistics, 1991,) 39 4 2402 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7931 9095 20.0842 3.5278 ( U.S.) 5 1 324 OUT 2539 9272 0.9181 3.5273 (Department of Education, Washington, D.C., NCES 91-697, Table 256 \(category labeled) 83 10 5715 OUT 2539 9448 6.9692 3.5273 (Òcomputer and information sciencesÓ\).) 37 3 2566 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 9577 0.0000 3.0868 (c) 1 0 53 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2734 9624 19.2805 3.5273 (Data from Survey of Earned Doctorates, Office of Scientific and Engineering Per-) 80 11 5521 OUT 2539 9801 28.3341 3.5273 (sonnel, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. \(Òcomputer scienceÓ excludes) 80 8 5715 OUT 2539 9977 24.0926 3.5273 (information science and computer engineering but includes Òcomputing theory and) 79 9 5715 OUT 2539 10154 7.0940 3.5273 (practice,Ó which is often listed as a subfield of mathematics\).) 63 9 4053 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 10283 0.0000 3.0855 (d) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2746 10330 35.2194 3.5274 (Taulbee surveys; see David Gries and Dorothy Marsh, ÒThe 1990-1991 Taulbee) 74 10 5509 OUT 2539 10506 5.8153 3.5273 (Survey,Ó ) 9 1 619 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3158 10506 5.8153 3.5273 (Computing Research News,) 24 2 1678 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4837 10506 5.8156 3.5274 ( Volume 4\(1\), January 1992, pp. 8 ff. See also Orrin) 53 11 3417 OUT 2539 10683 7.6633 3.5273 (Taulbee, ÒAnnual U.S. Summaries of Ph.D. Production and Employment in Computer) 78 10 5715 OUT 2539 10859 6.3142 3.5273 (Science, 1970-1985,Ó ) 21 2 1367 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3906 10859 6.3142 3.5273 (SIGCSE Bulletin, ) 17 2 1127 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5033 10859 6.3140 3.5274 (Volume 18\(3\), September 1986, pp. 2-8, 12. Data) 48 8 3221 OUT 2539 11035 8.5670 3.5273 (through 1984 above taken from the latter paper. \(ÒComputer scienceÓ excludes infor-) 84 12 5715 OUT 2539 11212 18.5677 3.5273 (mation science and computer engineering but includes degrees awarded in both the) 80 11 5715 OUT 2539 11388 7.1905 3.5273 (United States and Canada.\)) 26 3 1813 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 7426. 8254. 7426. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 6712. 8254. 6712. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 8343. 8254. 8343. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. 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(Total Degree Production in Computer Science, 1980 to 1989) 57 8 4936 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2473 5986 7.0210 3.5273 (Total Number of Degrees Awarded) 31 4 2348 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 992 6251 7.1802 3.5273 (Degree Awarded) 14 1 1128 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2473 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1980) 4 0 293 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3214 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1981) 4 0 293 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3955 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1982) 4 0 293 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4696 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1983) 4 0 293 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5437 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1984) 4 0 293 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6178 6251 0.0000 3.5247 (1985) 4 0 293 OUT 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406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6936 6604 0.0000 3.5285 (42,195) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7677 6604 0.0000 3.5285 (39,927) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8418 6604 0.0000 3.5285 (34,896) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 9158 6604 0.0000 3.5285 (30,963) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 992 6780 0.0000 3.5217 (M.S./M.A.) 9 0 706 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2558 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 3647) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3299 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 4218) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4040 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 4935) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4781 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 5321) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5521 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 6190) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6262 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 7101) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7003 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 8070) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7744 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 8491) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8485 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 9166) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 9226 6780 7.0567 3.5273 ( 9399) 5 1 339 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 992 6956 0.0000 3.6332 (Ph.D.) 5 0 362 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2678 6956 0.0000 3.5220 (218) 3 0 219 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3281 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 232) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4022 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 220) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4763 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 286) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5504 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 295) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6245 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 310) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6985 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 399) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7726 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 450) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8467 6956 7.0546 3.5273 ( 515) 6 3 356 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 9162 6956 7.0571 3.5273 ( 612) 7 4 402 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1133 7309 0.0000 4.4067 (TOTAL) 5 0 497 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2491 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (15,078) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3232 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (19,683) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3973 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (25,586) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4713 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (30,289) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5454 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (38,920) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6195 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (46,532) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6936 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (50,664) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7677 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (48,868) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8418 7309 0.0000 3.5285 (44,577) 6 0 406 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 9113 7309 7.0509 3.5273 ( 40,974) 7 1 452 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1133 7486 0.0000 4.0571 (\(Pct.\)) 6 0 347 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1480 7439 0.0000 0.0000 (a) 1 0 55 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2613 7486 0.0000 3.4192 (\(4.1\)) 5 0 284 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3354 7486 0.0000 3.4192 (\(5.4\)) 5 0 284 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4094 7486 0.0000 3.4192 (\(6.8\)) 5 0 284 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4835 7486 0.0000 3.4192 (\(7.9\)) 5 0 284 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5576 7486 0.0000 3.4192 (\(9.9\)) 5 0 284 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6243 7486 0.0000 3.4413 (\(11.6\)) 6 0 358 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6984 7486 0.0000 3.4413 (\(12.5\)) 6 0 358 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7724 7486 0.0000 3.4413 (\(12.2\)) 6 0 358 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8465 7486 0.0000 3.4413 (\(11.3\)) 6 0 358 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 9206 7486 0.0000 3.4413 (\(10.4\)) 6 0 358 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1133 7791 0.0000 3.0870 (a) 1 0 58 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1191 7838 7.0311 3.5273 (Degrees awarded in computer fields as a percentage of all science and engineering degrees awarded.) 98 14 6722 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1133 8191 9.2778 3.5274 (SOURCE: National Science Foundation, ) 38 5 2731 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3864 8191 9.2778 3.5273 (Science and Engineering Indicators: 1991,) 42 5 2636 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6500 8191 9.2780 3.5273 ( NSF, Washington, D.C., 1991, Tables 2-7, 2-14, and) 51 8 3425 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5459 6954 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 992 8368 7.0970 3.5273 (2-16 \(category listed as Òcomputer scienceÓ includes information sciences\).) 75 8 4957 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 4279. 2399. 4275. 11421. 4279. 11422. 4283. 2400. 4279. 2399. 0. 0. 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LW 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHAIRLINE 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PPAINT PRESETTINT PEND ENDPAGE %%Page: 242 4 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (242) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 7.6823 4.4092 (trend, it could portend difficulties for the supply of quality graduate) 71 10 5715 OUT 2539 2752 9.4244 4.4092 (students in CS&E) 16 2 1460 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3999 2693 0.0000 3.0856 (2) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4094 2752 9.4240 4.4093 ( unless the attrition in supply is limited strictly to) 54 9 4160 OUT 2539 2963 23.2782 4.4092 (undergraduate students of lower quality. \(Representatives from the) 66 7 5715 OUT 2539 3175 34.3704 4.4092 (computer industry who briefed the committee noted their concern) 63 8 5715 OUT 2539 3387 13.5861 4.4092 (about dropping degree production as well, since they are major em-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 3598 8.7859 4.4092 (ployers of persons with bachelorÕs degrees in CS&E.\)) 52 7 4412 OUT 2857 3810 19.6819 4.4092 (The downturn in bachelorÕs degrees awarded has been a matter) 60 9 5397 OUT 2539 4022 22.9859 4.4092 (of some speculation in the academic community. Some believe the) 64 10 5715 OUT 2539 4233 2.5862 4.4092 (downturn is temporary, and indeed some institutions \(such as Berke-) 67 9 5715 OUT 2539 4445 14.1259 4.4092 (ley and MIT\) have reported an upturn in 1991 in undergraduate en-) 65 11 5715 OUT 2539 4657 8.8598 4.4092 (rollments. Others have reported no such turnaround.) 52 7 4473 OUT 2857 4868 32.4105 4.4092 (There is also no consensus concerning possible reasons for the) 62 9 5397 OUT 2539 5080 4.5871 4.4092 (downturn. Some note that the peak occurred roughly five years \(i.e.,) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 5292 27.0403 4.4092 (about the average time it takes to obtain a bachelorÕs degree\) after) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 5503 1.8329 4.4092 (the introduction of the personal computer; perhaps personal comput-) 67 8 5715 OUT 2539 5715 13.4441 4.4092 (ers have demystified the field, reduced the need for students to ma-) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 5927 16.6362 4.4092 (jor in CS&E to obtain access to computers, or otherwise changed its) 67 11 5715 OUT 2539 6138 1.4143 4.4092 (image and allure. Others have argued that an increase in the number) 68 12 5715 OUT 2539 6350 9.8141 4.4092 (of students taking programming in high school has led to the down-) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 6562 0.0000 4.3958 (turn.) 5 0 398 OUT 2857 6773 11.8305 4.4092 (Although Ph.D. production in CS&E has risen rapidly in the last) 63 10 5397 OUT 2539 6985 14.9912 4.4092 (decade, it is still small compared to that of other fields, as Table 8.3) 72 13 5715 OUT 2539 7197 24.9764 4.4092 (indicates. Note in particular that the number of CS&E Ph.D.s pro-) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 7408 29.3642 4.4092 (duced in 1989 is less than two-thirds that of its parent disciplines,) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 7620 33.3198 4.4092 (electrical engineering and mathematics, and about one-half that of) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 7832 14.3599 4.4092 (physics. Production of Ph.D.s in CS&E is also time consuming: the) 67 12 5715 OUT 2539 8043 12.1656 4.4092 (total time to degree \(i.e., the interval between receipt of a bachelorÕs) 72 11 5715 OUT 2539 8255 3.3609 4.4092 (degree and receipt of the Ph.D. degree\) is somewhat longer for CS&E) 67 11 5715 OUT 2539 8467 26.8433 4.4092 (than for other major science fields, and the change in total time to) 68 12 5715 OUT 2539 8678 10.0929 4.4092 (degree has been largest for CS&E and biological sciences \(Table 8.4\).) 69 10 5715 OUT 2539 8890 20.3663 4.4092 (Given the employability of individuals with strong computer skills,) 67 8 5715 OUT 2539 9102 1.6953 4.4092 (it is likely that the reason for the greater total time to degree of CS&E) 73 14 5715 OUT 2539 9313 28.8080 4.4092 (Ph.D.s is that many with bachelorÕs and masterÕs degrees in CS&E) 64 10 5715 OUT 2539 9525 24.7517 4.4092 (enter the work force prior to resuming Ph.D. study in CS&E. This) 65 12 5715 OUT 2539 9737 13.2190 4.4092 (possibility is consistent with the approximate comparability of Òreg-) 69 8 5715 OUT 2539 9948 11.3809 4.4092 (isteredÓ time to degree for CS&E Ph.D. recipients and those in other) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 10160 0.0000 4.4759 (fields.) 7 0 499 OUT 2857 10372 31.5913 4.4092 (The primary source of support for Ph.D. recipients in CS&E is) 61 10 5397 OUT 2539 10583 37.9235 4.4092 (research assistantships, although the percentage of recipients with) 67 7 5715 OUT 2539 10795 9.4259 4.4092 (this source of support has dropped slightly over the last decade \(Ta-) 69 11 5715 OUT 2539 11007 17.5144 4.4092 (ble 8.5\). Of interest is the substantial fraction of recipients who are) 72 12 5715 OUT 2539 11218 19.7279 4.4092 (supported by ÒotherÓ sources \(which include industry, family, non-) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 11430 8.8398 4.4092 (U.S. government support for foreign students, savings, and self\).) 65 8 5390 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 243 5 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.7998 3.5273 (HUMAN RESOURCES) 15 1 1487 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7991 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (243) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 5187 8.8457 4.4094 (TABLE 8.3) 9 1 901 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2176 5187 8.8461 4.4092 ( Relative Ph.D. Production, CS&E vs. Other Fields, 1979 to 1989) 65 12 5407 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2651 5586 6.9383 2.3991 (Number of Doctorates Awarded) 28 3 2109 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 5762 0.0000 2.3487 (Doctoral) 8 0 556 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8577 5762 7.2447 2.3991 (Total Ph.D.) 11 1 735 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 5939 0.0000 2.3514 (Field) 5 0 324 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2651 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1979) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3127 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1980) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3603 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1981) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4079 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1982) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4556 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1983) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5032 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1984) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5508 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1985) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5984 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1986) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6461 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1987) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6937 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1988) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7413 5939 0.0000 2.3491 (1989) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7889 5939 0.0000 2.4430 (Growth) 6 0 501 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} 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OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6532 6644 0.0000 4.4086 (62) 2 0 146 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6937 6644 0.0000 2.2043 (100) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7413 6644 0.0000 2.2043 (117) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7889 6644 0.0000 2.3518 (1.50) 4 0 254 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8754 6644 0.0000 4.8470 (833) 3 0 221 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 6821 7.1961 2.3991 (Electrical engr.) 16 1 972 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2651 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (533) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3127 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (478) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3603 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (478) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4079 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (544) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4556 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (517) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5032 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (593) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5508 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (631) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5984 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (706) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6461 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (691) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6937 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (886) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7413 6821 0.0000 2.2043 (995) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7889 6821 0.0000 2.3518 (1.87) 4 0 254 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8648 6821 0.0000 2.4235 (7,052) 5 0 327 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 6997 0.0000 2.3882 (Mathematics) 11 0 828 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2651 6997 0.0000 2.2043 (744) 3 0 216 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3127 6997 0.0000 2.2043 (731) 3 0 216 OUT 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CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6884 7350 0.0000 2.3491 (1302) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7360 7350 0.0000 2.3491 (1274) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7907 7350 0.0000 3.2313 (1.15) 4 0 257 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8560 7350 0.0000 2.4704 (12,323) 6 0 400 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 7526 0.0000 2.4030 (Biological) 10 0 638 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1416 7703 0.0000 2.7131 (sciences) 8 0 522 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 2598 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3646) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3074 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3803) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 3550 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3804) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4026 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3893) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4503 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3741) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 4979 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3880) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5455 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3793) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 5931 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3807) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6408 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (3840) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 6884 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (4112) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7360 7703 0.0000 2.3491 (4115) 4 0 289 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 7907 7703 0.0000 3.2313 (1.13) 4 0 257 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 8560 7703 0.0000 2.4704 (42,434) 6 0 400 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1416 8008 0.0000 3.0847 (a) 1 0 58 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1474 8055 7.0697 3.5274 (ÓGrowthÓ refers to the ratio of 1989 production to 1979 production.) 67 10 4488 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1416 8185 0.0000 3.0890 (b) 1 0 60 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1476 8232 7.0911 3.5273 (ÓComputer scienceÓ includes Òcomputing theory and practice,Ó often classified as a subfield of mathematics.) 107 13 7227 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1416 8585 5.1983 3.5273 (SOURCE: Data from Survey of Earned Doctorates, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, National Research Coun-) 119 16 8211 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 5451 6933 90 false SET_TX_XFORM 1275 8761 6.9084 3.5273 (cil, Washington, D.C.) 21 2 1410 OUT CLEAR_TX_XFORM 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. 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2539 2752 0.0000 4.4097 (1989) 4 0 366 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 3116 0.0000 3.4559 (Field) 5 0 328 OUT 3915 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1980) 4 0 293 OUT 4356 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1981) 4 0 293 OUT 4797 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1982) 4 0 293 OUT 5238 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1983) 4 0 293 OUT 5679 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1984) 4 0 293 OUT 6120 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1985) 4 0 293 OUT 6561 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1986) 4 0 293 OUT 7002 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1987) 4 0 293 OUT 7443 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1988) 4 0 293 OUT 7884 3116 0.0000 3.5247 (1989) 4 0 293 OUT 4438 3468 7.0919 3.5274 (TOTAL TIME,) 11 1 950 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5388 3421 0.0000 3.0860 (a) 1 0 58 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5446 3468 7.0919 3.5274 ( B.A. to Ph.D.) 14 3 910 OUT 2539 3733 6.9130 3.5273 (Computer science) 16 1 1179 OUT 3915 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.3) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.7) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.6) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (9.0) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 3733 0.0000 3.5261 (8.5) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 3909 6.7893 3.5273 (Computer engr.) 14 1 1048 OUT 3915 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (7.6) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.2) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.3) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.1) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.9) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.8) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.4) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 3909 0.0000 3.5261 (8.0) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 4086 7.0156 3.5273 (Electrical engr.) 16 1 989 OUT 3915 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.5) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.8) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (8.0) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.9) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.9) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.8) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 4086 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 4262 0.0000 3.5354 (Mathematics) 11 0 840 OUT 3915 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (6.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.0) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.8) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.8) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (8.0) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (8.1) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 4262 0.0000 3.5261 (7.7) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 4439 7.4006 3.5273 (Physics and) 11 1 786 OUT 2680 4615 0.0000 3.9596 (astronomy) 9 0 703 OUT 3915 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.2) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.2) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.2) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.4) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 4615 0.0000 3.5261 (7.2) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 4791 0.0000 3.5322 (Chemistry) 9 0 684 OUT 3915 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.2) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 4791 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 4968 7.1102 3.5273 (Biological sciences) 19 1 1225 OUT 3915 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.2) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.8) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (7.9) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (8.1) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (8.1) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (8.2) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 4968 0.0000 3.5261 (8.3) 3 0 183 OUT 4232 5320 7.2182 3.5274 (REGISTERED TIME,) 16 1 1360 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5592 5273 0.0000 3.0857 (b) 1 0 60 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5652 5320 7.2182 3.5274 ( B.A. to Ph.D.) 14 3 910 OUT 2539 5585 6.9130 3.5273 (Computer science) 16 1 1179 OUT 3915 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.2) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.1) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.6) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 5585 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 5761 6.7893 3.5273 (Computer engr.) 14 1 1048 OUT 3915 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (5.8) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 5761 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 5938 7.0156 3.5273 (Electrical engr.) 16 1 989 OUT 3915 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.8) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.7) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.8) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 5938 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 6114 0.0000 3.5354 (Mathematics) 11 0 840 OUT 3915 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.1) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.1) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 6114 0.0000 3.5261 (6.1) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 6291 7.4006 3.5273 (Physics and) 11 1 786 OUT 2680 6467 10.5032 3.5273 ( astronomy) 10 1 749 OUT 3915 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.2) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.2) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.3) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 6467 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 6643 0.0000 3.5322 (Chemistry) 9 0 684 OUT 3915 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.2) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.2) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.2) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.4) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.4) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.5) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 6643 0.0000 3.5261 (5.5) 3 0 183 OUT 2539 6820 7.1102 3.5273 (Biological sciences) 19 1 1225 OUT 3915 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4356 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (5.9) 3 0 183 OUT 4797 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.0) 3 0 183 OUT 5238 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.1) 3 0 183 OUT 5679 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 6120 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 6561 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.4) 3 0 183 OUT 7002 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7443 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT 7884 6820 0.0000 3.5261 (6.5) 3 0 183 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 7126 0.0000 3.0847 (a) 1 0 58 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2739 7173 10.0339 3.5274 (Total time refers to the elapsed calendar time between the award of the bachelorÕs) 82 13 5516 OUT 2539 7349 7.1094 3.5273 (degree and award of the doctorate.) 34 5 2334 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 7478 0.0000 3.0881 (b) 1 0 60 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2741 7525 4.2052 3.5273 (Registered time refers to the time actually spent in pursuit of the Ph.D. after award) 85 14 5514 OUT 2539 7702 7.1933 3.5273 (of the bachelorÕs degree.) 25 3 1624 OUT 2681 8055 1.8853 3.5273 (SOURCE: Data from Survey of Earned Doctorates, Office of Scientific and Engineer-) 82 12 5574 OUT 2539 8231 7.1040 3.5273 (ing Personnel, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.) 58 6 4015 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 2884. 8254. 2884. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 3228. 8254. 3228. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2539. 6950. 8254. 6950. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 8890 15.0327 4.4092 (As Table 8.6 indicates, a substantial fraction of new CS&E Ph.D.) 64 10 5397 OUT 2539 9102 1.6503 4.4092 (holders plan to go directly into faculty positions rather than the post-) 72 11 5715 OUT 2539 9313 18.4040 4.4092 (doctoral positions that characterize other fields. Industry absorbs a) 70 9 5715 OUT 2539 9525 8.7609 4.4092 (substantial portion of CS&E Ph.D.s as well.) 43 6 3599 OUT 2857 9737 4.1515 4.4092 (Increasing Ph.D. production in CS&E to 1000 per year is one stat-) 65 11 5397 OUT 2539 9948 24.4718 4.4092 (ed objective of the HPCC program. Given the lack of a systematic) 65 12 5715 OUT 2539 10160 0.0000 2.6615 (study of recent academic opportunities,) 39 4 3193 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5732 10101 0.0000 1.8626 (3) 1 0 64 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5826 10160 0.0000 2.6616 ( the appropriate level of Ph.D.) 31 5 2428 OUT 2539 10372 9.5174 4.4092 (production for the CS&E field is a matter of some controversy in the) 68 12 5715 OUT 2539 10583 0.0000 4.4575 (community.) 10 0 986 OUT 2857 10795 1.9065 4.4092 (On the one hand, many new CS&E Ph.D.s \(and their faculty men-) 61 11 5397 OUT 2539 11007 38.7135 4.4092 (tors\) report a recent tightness in the academic market, suggesting) 66 9 5715 OUT 2539 11218 23.5028 4.4092 (that even current levels of Ph.D. production are high given the de-) 67 11 5715 OUT 2539 11430 26.9040 4.4092 (mand for new faculty. On the other hand, other observers believe) 65 11 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 245 7 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.7998 3.5273 (HUMAN RESOURCES) 15 1 1487 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7991 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (245) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2866 2540 8.8589 4.4094 (TABLE 8.5) 9 1 901 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3767 2540 8.8586 4.4092 ( Percentage of CS&E Ph.D. Recipients Receiving) 48 8 4113 OUT 2866 2752 8.8369 4.4092 (Primary Support from Various Sources) 36 4 3236 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2866 3151 7.0487 2.3991 (Source of Support) 17 2 1176 OUT 4771 3151 0.0000 2.3491 (1981) 4 0 289 OUT 5406 3151 0.0000 2.3491 (1983) 4 0 289 OUT 6041 3151 0.0000 2.3491 (1985) 4 0 289 OUT 6676 3151 0.0000 2.3491 (1987) 4 0 289 OUT 7311 3151 0.0000 2.3491 (1989) 4 0 289 OUT 2866 3504 6.7677 2.3991 (Teaching assistantship) 22 1 1467 OUT 4771 3504 0.0000 2.6419 (16) 2 0 144 OUT 5406 3504 0.0000 2.6419 (21) 2 0 144 OUT 6041 3504 0.0000 2.6419 (18) 2 0 144 OUT 6676 3504 0.0000 2.6419 (17) 2 0 144 OUT 7311 3504 0.0000 2.6419 (22) 2 0 144 OUT 2866 3680 6.9011 2.3991 (Research assistantship) 22 1 1456 OUT 4771 3680 0.0000 2.6419 (41) 2 0 144 OUT 5406 3680 0.0000 2.6419 (38) 2 0 144 OUT 6041 3680 0.0000 2.6419 (43) 2 0 144 OUT 6676 3680 0.0000 2.6419 (41) 2 0 144 OUT 7311 3680 0.0000 2.6419 (39) 2 0 144 OUT 2866 3856 0.0000 2.3589 (Fellowship) 10 0 712 OUT 4771 3856 0.0000 2.6419 (10) 2 0 144 OUT 5477 3856 0.0000 -1.1282 (9) 1 0 71 OUT 6112 3856 0.0000 -1.1282 (9) 1 0 71 OUT 6747 3856 0.0000 -1.1282 (7) 1 0 71 OUT 7382 3856 0.0000 -1.1282 (8) 1 0 71 OUT 2866 4033 0.0000 2.4802 (Other) 5 0 372 OUT 4771 4033 0.0000 2.6419 (32) 2 0 144 OUT 5406 4033 0.0000 2.6419 (33) 2 0 144 OUT 6041 4033 0.0000 2.6419 (30) 2 0 144 OUT 6676 4033 0.0000 2.6419 (35) 2 0 144 OUT 7311 4033 0.0000 2.6419 (32) 2 0 144 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3007 4386 9.4297 3.5273 (NOTE: Percentages of Ph.D.s with each type of support are based on the) 71 13 4912 OUT 2866 4562 7.0494 3.5273 (number with known sources of support.) 37 5 2676 OUT 3007 4915 3.5764 3.5273 (SOURCE: Data from Survey of Earned Doctorates, Office of Scientific and) 72 11 4912 OUT 2866 5091 7.1425 3.5273 (Engineering Personnel, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.) 66 6 4605 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2866. 3246. 7919. 3246. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2866. 4136. 7919. 4136. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 6068 9.3624 4.4094 (TABLE 8.6) 9 1 902 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3618 6068 9.3624 4.4092 (Breakdown \(by Percentage\) of Work Plans of New) 46 7 4193 OUT 2540 6279 8.7954 4.4092 (Ph.D.s in Various Disciplines, 1989) 35 4 2897 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4286 6643 7.1162 3.5273 (Percentage Choosing Category of Work Indicated) 46 5 3291 OUT 3704 6820 0.0000 3.5141 (Total) 5 0 335 OUT 3704 6996 0.0000 3.5399 (New) 3 0 310 OUT 4286 6996 0.0000 3.5108 (Postdoc) 7 0 518 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4804 6949 0.0000 0.0000 (a) 1 0 55 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 4974 6996 0.0000 3.5930 (Academic) 8 0 654 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5628 6949 0.0000 0.0000 (b) 1 0 57 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5767 6996 0.0000 3.4967 (Industry) 8 0 565 OUT 6455 6996 0.0000 3.5358 (Govt.) 5 0 363 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6818 6949 0.0000 0.0000 (d) 1 0 62 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6985 6996 0.0000 3.4919 (Other) 5 0 380 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7365 6949 0.0000 0.0000 (e) 1 0 48 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7514 6996 0.0000 3.5240 (Unknown) 7 0 654 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 8168 6949 0.0000 0.0000 (f) 1 0 41 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 7173 0.0000 3.5691 (Discipline) 10 0 662 OUT 3704 7173 0.0000 3.4678 (Ph.D.s) 6 0 424 OUT 5767 7173 7.2077 3.5273 (or Self) 7 1 430 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6197 7126 0.0000 0.0000 (c) 1 0 50 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 7525 0.0000 3.6393 (CS&E) 4 0 381 OUT 3775 7525 0.0000 5.2871 (648) 3 0 222 OUT 4286 7525 0.0000 3.5140 (11) 2 0 145 OUT 4974 7525 0.0000 3.5140 (43) 2 0 145 OUT 5767 7525 0.0000 3.5140 (29) 2 0 145 OUT 6455 7525 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 7525 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 7514 7525 0.0000 3.5140 (10) 2 0 145 OUT 2540 7702 0.0000 3.4817 (Biological) 10 0 647 OUT 2681 7878 0.0000 3.9728 (sciences) 8 0 531 OUT 3704 7878 0.0000 3.5247 (4115) 4 0 293 OUT 4286 7878 0.0000 3.5140 (68) 2 0 145 OUT 4974 7878 0.0000 3.5140 (12) 2 0 145 OUT 5838 7878 0.0000 0.0000 (6) 1 0 71 OUT 6455 7878 7.0485 3.5274 ( 4) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 7878 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 7585 7878 0.0000 0.0000 (7) 1 0 71 OUT 2540 8055 0.0000 3.5322 (Chemistry) 9 0 684 OUT 3704 8055 0.0000 3.5247 (1970) 4 0 293 OUT 4286 8055 0.0000 3.5140 (50) 2 0 145 OUT 5045 8055 0.0000 0.0000 (6) 1 0 71 OUT 5767 8055 0.0000 3.5140 (31) 2 0 145 OUT 6455 8055 7.0485 3.5274 ( 2) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 8055 7.0485 3.5274 ( 2) 2 1 116 OUT 7585 8055 0.0000 0.0000 (9) 1 0 71 OUT 2540 8231 7.0156 3.5273 (Electrical engr.) 16 1 989 OUT 3775 8231 0.0000 5.2871 (995) 3 0 222 OUT 4286 8231 0.0000 3.5140 (14) 2 0 145 OUT 4974 8231 0.0000 3.5140 (26) 2 0 145 OUT 5767 8231 0.0000 3.5140 (37) 2 0 145 OUT 6455 8231 7.0485 3.5274 ( 6) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 8231 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 7514 8231 0.0000 3.5140 (14) 2 0 145 OUT 2540 8407 0.0000 3.5354 (Mathematics) 11 0 840 OUT 3775 8407 0.0000 5.2871 (847) 3 0 222 OUT 4286 8407 0.0000 3.5140 (23) 2 0 145 OUT 4974 8407 0.0000 3.5140 (49) 2 0 145 OUT 5838 8407 0.0000 0.0000 (7) 1 0 71 OUT 6455 8407 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 8407 7.0485 3.5274 ( 3) 2 1 116 OUT 7514 8407 0.0000 3.5140 (13) 2 0 145 OUT 2540 8584 7.4006 3.5273 (Physics and) 11 1 786 OUT 2681 8760 0.0000 3.9596 (astronomy) 9 0 703 OUT 3704 8760 0.0000 3.5247 (1274) 4 0 293 OUT 4286 8760 0.0000 3.5140 (58) 2 0 145 OUT 5045 8760 0.0000 0.0000 (8) 1 0 71 OUT 5767 8760 0.0000 3.5140 (14) 2 0 145 OUT 6455 8760 7.0485 3.5274 ( 5) 2 1 116 OUT 6985 8760 7.0485 3.5274 ( 2) 2 1 116 OUT 7514 8760 0.0000 3.5140 (12) 2 0 145 OUT 2681 9113 13.1744 3.5273 (NOTE: Percentages include Ph.D.s with definite plans, negotiating, and seeking in) 82 11 5592 OUT 2540 9289 7.0417 3.5273 (each category at the time of the survey.) 40 7 2626 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 9595 0.0000 3.0859 (a) 1 0 58 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2739 9642 7.0799 3.5274 (Temporary position in any sector.) 33 4 2250 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 9771 0.0000 3.0874 (b) 1 0 60 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2741 9818 7.0850 3.5273 (Permanent position in academia \(U.S. or foreign\); may or may not be faculty.) 76 12 5141 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 9948 0.0000 3.0849 (c) 1 0 53 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2734 9995 25.2663 3.5274 (Permanent position in industry \(may or may not be computer industry\), or self-) 78 12 5538 OUT 2540 10171 0.0000 3.5139 (employed.) 9 0 691 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 10301 0.0000 3.0880 (d) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2746 10348 7.0579 3.5273 (Permanent position in government \(federal, state, local, or foreign\).) 69 8 4487 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2681 10477 0.0000 3.0862 (e) 1 0 51 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2732 10524 17.4344 3.5273 (Includes nonprofit organizations, elementary and secondary schools, international) 81 7 5540 OUT 2540 10700 0.0000 3.5292 (organizations.) 14 0 933 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 56 100 mul 1000 div 1860 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2751 10830 0.0000 5.6303 (f) 1 0 33 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2784 10877 6.9868 2.3991 (Plans unknown at time of response to survey.) 44 7 3001 OUT 2751 11230 5.0907 2.3991 (SOURCE: Data from Survey of Earned Doctorates, Office of Scientific and Engineer-) 82 12 5521 OUT 2540 11406 7.0899 2.3991 (ing Personnel, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.) 58 6 3951 OUT 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2540. 7285. 8255. 7285. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2540. 8881. 8255. 8881. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 4277. 6756. 8255. 6756. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2866. 2893. 7919. 2893. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND 0. 0. 10795. 13970. true PBEGIN 0. 0. LW false true 4. 2540. 6403. 8255. 6403. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) PCOLOR PHANGLINE PEND ENDPAGE %%Page: 246 8 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2557 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (246) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 6396 2134 6.9510 3.5273 (COMPUTING THE FUTURE) 20 2 1876 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2539 2540 1.1547 4.4092 (that the reported tightness refers to faculty positions in the top tier of) 74 12 5715 OUT 2539 2752 4.5281 4.4092 (major research institutions, and that demand for new CS&E Ph.D.s is) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 2963 28.5668 4.4092 (higher in other sectors, such as mathematics and computer science) 65 9 5715 OUT 2539 3175 19.7132 4.4092 (departments in four-year colleges. \(The filling of such positions by) 69 10 5715 OUT 2539 3387 25.7118 4.4092 (CS&E Ph.D.s might well have a substantial and positive impact on) 64 10 5715 OUT 2539 3598 4.8855 4.4092 (the level and quality of CS&E instruction at such institutions, as sug-) 71 11 5715 OUT 2539 3810 6.3456 4.4092 (gested in Chapter 4, ÒEducation in CS&E.Ó\) Since CS&E Ph.D.s have) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 4022 10.5355 4.4092 (major roles to play in the computer industry and throughout society) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 4233 13.3618 4.4092 (as well, some even suggest that 1000 Ph.D.s per year will ultimately) 68 11 5715 OUT 2539 4445 26.8488 4.4092 (prove inadequate \(especially if their skill sets are broadened to ac-) 69 10 5715 OUT 2539 4657 44.0969 4.4713 (commodate responsibilities other than traditional CS&E research\).) 65 6 5715 OUT 2539 4868 0.0000 3.6393 (Achieving this dispersion may entail a shift in job expectations among) 70 10 5715 OUT 2539 5080 30.0930 4.4092 (new CS&E Ph.D.s, as discussed in the Chapter 4 section ÒEmploy-) 63 10 5715 OUT 2539 5292 43.2178 4.4092 (ment Expectations for Holders of CS&E Degrees.Ó Even with an) 61 10 5715 OUT 2539 5503 41.4489 4.4092 (expansion in the number and size of Ph.D.-granting departments,) 63 8 5715 OUT 2539 5715 39.7354 4.4092 (positions in these departments will be only a portion of the total) 66 11 5715 OUT 2539 5927 8.8640 4.4092 (employment base for CS&E Ph.D.s.) 32 4 2925 OUT 2857 6138 30.8783 4.4092 (Information on the demand for holders of bachelorÕs and mas-) 60 9 5397 OUT 2539 6350 7.4093 4.4092 (terÕs degrees is even less certain than that for holders of Ph.D.s. It is) 74 14 5715 OUT 2539 6562 27.2458 4.4092 (known that a very large fraction of bachelorÕs and masterÕs degree) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 6773 5.7976 4.4092 (holders go to industry and commerce upon graduation, and it makes) 65 10 5715 OUT 2539 6985 32.1033 4.4092 (sense to assume that a significant fraction of them take computer-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2539 7197 10.1293 4.4092 (related jobs \(e.g., programming\).) 33 3 2729 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5268 7138 0.0000 0.0000 (4) 1 0 62 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 7408 20.2559 4.4092 (Most current or proposed definitions of Òcomputing profession-) 62 7 5397 OUT 2539 7620 10.6331 4.4092 (alÓ or Òcomputer specialistÓ inevitably reflect a narrow characteriza-) 70 8 5715 OUT 2539 7832 20.3217 4.4092 (tion of the position as one in which a substantial portion of the job) 69 13 5715 OUT 2539 8043 1.3906 4.4092 (responsibilities require nonroutine interaction with a computer. Fed-) 70 8 5715 OUT 2539 8255 17.5582 4.4092 (eral statistics experts recognize that a finer degree of differentiation) 72 9 5715 OUT 2539 8467 12.3958 4.4092 (of computing professional is needed, and a proposed revision to the) 67 10 5715 OUT 2539 8678 24.5095 4.4093 (master list of occupations, the ) 32 5 2629 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 5168 8678 24.5091 4.4092 (Dictionary of Occupational Titles,) 34 3 2663 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7830 8678 24.5102 4.4086 ( may) 4 1 424 OUT 2539 8890 31.3496 4.4092 (add perhaps 30 computer-related occupations. A finer differentia-) 66 8 5715 OUT 2539 9102 36.1232 4.4092 (tion is made possible by both growth in the number of people in) 63 12 5715 OUT 2539 9313 0.0000 4.2534 (computer specialist jobs \(supporting accurate statistics on subgroups\)) 70 7 5715 OUT 2539 9525 6.7979 4.4092 (and recognition of the diversity of computer-related jobs. Moreover,) 69 9 5715 OUT 2539 9737 12.1518 4.4092 (narrow characterizations of the employment opportunities for CS&E) 65 7 5715 OUT 2539 9948 8.8106 4.4092 (graduates may become increasingly less appropriate \(Chapter 4\).) 63 7 5399 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3696 10477 8.7337 4.4092 (COMPOSITION OF ACADEMIC CS&E) 28 3 3403 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Bold 100 100 mul 1000 div 3520 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 3623 10901 8.8635 4.4092 (Representation of Women and Minorities) 38 4 3549 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2857 11218 22.2670 4.4092 (Total numbers and trends tell only part of the story. Prospects) 64 11 5397 OUT 2539 11430 25.9114 4.4092 (for the CS&E talent pool depend also on its makeup. Women and) 62 12 5715 OUT ENDPAGE %%Page: 247 9 BEGPAGE AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 80 100 mul 1000 div 2660 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2134 6.7998 3.5273 (HUMAN RESOURCES) 15 1 1487 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Italic 100 100 mul 1000 div 3320 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 7991 2134 0.0000 -0.0787 (247) 3 0 264 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2540 2540 10.7761 4.4092 (non-Asian minorities continue to be underrepresented in CS&E rela-) 66 8 5715 OUT 2540 2752 41.4065 4.4092 (tive to their numbers in the population at all levels in the CS&E) 65 12 5715 OUT 2540 2963 34.0854 4.4092 (educational pipeline. As shown in Figures 8.1 and 8.2, CS&E has) 64 11 5715 OUT 2540 3175 3.6530 4.4092 (shown no demonstrable improvement over time in the rates at which) 65 10 5715 OUT 2540 3387 16.8639 4.4092 (Ph.D.s have been awarded to women and non-Asian minorities. At) 63 10 5715 OUT 2540 3598 14.4816 4.4092 (present, CS&E attracts women and non-Asian minorities at approxi-) 65 8 5715 OUT 2540 3810 36.0122 4.4092 (mately the same rates as for the physical sciences at all levels, as) 68 12 5715 OUT 2540 4022 23.2064 4.4092 (noted in Table 8.7; however, for both fields, women and minorities) 66 10 5715 OUT 2540 4233 12.6753 4.4092 (are increasingly underrepresented at higher levels of educational at-) 69 8 5715 OUT 2540 4445 0.0000 4.4574 (tainment.) 9 0 780 OUT 2857 4657 0.7225 4.4092 (The representation of women and non-Asian minorities in faculty) 63 8 5397 OUT 2540 4868 32.5459 4.4092 (ranks is somewhat lower than their representation as recipients of) 66 9 5715 OUT 2540 5080 16.6349 4.4092 (doctoral degrees in CS&E. According to the 1990-1991 Taulbee sur-) 66 10 5715 OUT 2540 5292 0.0000 4.4096 (vey,) 4 0 344 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 70 100 mul 1000 div 2340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2884 5233 0.0000 3.0863 (5) 1 0 65 OUT AldusDict2 /SUsv known {SURSTR} {AD_SomethingOnPage} ifelse SUSAVE /|______Palatino-Roman 100 100 mul 1000 div 3340 16 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 (Black) false SET 2980 5292 4.3122 4.4092 ( women and non-Asian minorities account for about 7.5 percent) 61 9 5275 OUT 2540 5503 14.8106 4.4092 (and 2.2 percent, respectively, of all tenure-track and tenured faculty) 70 9 5715 OUT 2540 5715 26.6257 4.4092 (in Ph.D.-granting CS&E departments. About 4.4 percent of all full) 66 10 5715 OUT AD_SomethingOnPage SUsv restore true S_LOADFONT true S_LOADFONT %%IncludeFont: Helvetica-Compressed save /SUsv exch def /AD_SomethingOnPage exch def userdict /PMSAVE save put AD_PrevMatrix setmatrix %%BeginDocument: /showpage {} def 0.0025 dup scale 100 100 div dup scale 100 100 div 1440 mul 1270 div 20 mul dup 2540 mul exch 3303 mul translate 20 20 scale 7 6480 mul 323 div neg 256 4755 mul 237 div neg translate 6480 323 div 4755 237 div scale 7 256 moveto 7 493 lineto 330 493 lineto 330 256 lineto closepath clip newpath %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0 %%Creator: Adobe Illustrator(TM) 3.2 %%For: (Station LC) (National Academy Press) %%Title: (Fig. 8-1) %%CreationDate: (5/5/92) (9:20 AM) -144.000000 -33.000000 translate %%BoundingBox: 144 33 584 526 %%DocumentProcessColors: Black %%PageFonts: Helvetica %%+ Helvetica-Compressed %%+ Helvetica-Oblique %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cmykcolor 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%+ procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%+ procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.0 1 %%+ procset Adobe_IllustratorA_AI3 1.0 1 %AI3_ColorUsage: Black&White %AI3_TemplateBox: 306 396 306 396 %AI3_TileBox: 30 31 582 761 %AI3_DocumentPreview: Macintosh_Pic %%EndComments %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_packedarray 2.0 0 %%Title: (Packed Array Operators) %%Version: 2.0 %%CreationDate: (8/2/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) userdict /Adobe_packedarray 5 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /packedarray where { pop } { Adobe_packedarray begin Adobe_packedarray { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { } def /packedarray % arguments count packedarray array { array astore readonly } def /setpacking % boolean setpacking - { pop } def /currentpacking % - setpacking boolean { false } def currentdict readonly pop end %%EndResource Adobe_packedarray /initialize get exec %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cmykcolor 1.1 0 %%Title: (CMYK Color Operators) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor 4 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /setcmykcolor where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cmykcolor_vars 2 dict dup begin put /_setrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def /_currentrgbcolor /currentrgbcolor load def Adobe_cmykcolor begin Adobe_cmykcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end end Adobe_cmykcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_cmykcolor eq { end } if } def /setcmykcolor % cyan magenta yellow black setcmykcolor - { 1 sub 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index add neg dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if 3 1 roll } repeat Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_setrgbcolor get exec pop } def /currentcmykcolor % - currentcmykcolor cyan magenta yellow black { Adobe_cmykcolor_vars /_currentrgbcolor get exec 3 { 1 sub neg 3 1 roll } repeat 0 } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_cshow 1.1 0 %%Title: (cshow Operator) %%Version: 1.1 %%CreationDate: (1/23/89) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_cshow 3 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /cshow where { pop } { userdict /Adobe_cshow_vars 1 dict dup begin put /_cshow % - _cshow proc {} def Adobe_cshow begin Adobe_cshow { dup xcheck { bind } if userdict 3 1 roll put } forall end end } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { } def /cshow % proc string cshow - { exch Adobe_cshow_vars exch /_cshow exch put { 0 0 Adobe_cshow_vars /_cshow get exec } forall } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_customcolor 1.0 0 %%Title: (Custom Color Operators) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate: (5/9/88) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_customcolor 5 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /setcustomcolor where { pop } { Adobe_customcolor begin Adobe_customcolor { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_customcolor begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_customcolor eq { end } if } def /findcmykcustomcolor % cyan magenta yellow black name findcmykcustomcolor object { 5 packedarray } def /setcustomcolor % object tint setcustomcolor - { exch aload pop pop 4 { 4 index mul 4 1 roll } repeat 5 -1 roll pop setcmykcolor } def /setoverprint % boolean setoverprint - { pop } def currentdict readonly pop end setpacking %%EndResource %%BeginResource: procset Adobe_typography_AI3 1.1 0 %%Title: (Typography Operators) %%Version: 1.0 %%CreationDate:(5/31/90) () %%Copyright: ((C) 1987-1990 Adobe Systems Incorporated All Rights Reserved) currentpacking true setpacking userdict /Adobe_typography_AI3 47 dict dup begin put /initialize % - initialize - { /TZ where { pop } { Adobe_typography_AI3 begin Adobe_typography_AI3 { dup xcheck { bind } if pop pop } forall end Adobe_typography_AI3 begin } ifelse } def /terminate % - terminate - { currentdict Adobe_typography_AI3 eq { end } if } def % [ number value stream [ array for encoding modification ] modifyEncoding ==> [ modified array ] /modifyEncoding { /_tempEncode exch ddef % pointer for sequential encodings /_pntr 0 ddef { % get bottom object counttomark -1 roll % is it a mark ? dup type dup /marktype eq { % exit pop pop exit } { % ... object ... type .... % insert if a nametype /nametype eq { % insert the name at _pntr and increment pointer _tempEncode /_pntr dup load dup 3 1 roll 1 add ddef 3 -1 roll put } { % reset _pntr if it's a number /_pntr exch ddef } ifelse } ifelse } loop % return the modified encoding _tempEncode } def /TE % Set std platform encoding % (encoding pairs) TE - { StandardEncoding 256 array copy modifyEncoding /_nativeEncoding exch def } def % re-define font % expected arguments % for 'normal fonts : % [ /_Helvetica-Bold/Helvetica-Bold direction fontScript defaultEncoding TZ % % for cartographic, pictographic, and expert fonts : % [ ... number value stream ... /_Symbol/Symbol % direction fontScript defaultEncoding TZ % for blended fonts w/ default encoding : % [ /_AdobeSans_20ULig1XCond-Bold/AdobeSans % direction fontScript defaultEncoding [ w0 w1 ... wn ] TZ % for blended fonts w/ special encoding : % [ ... number value stream ... /_AdobeSans_20ULig1XCond/AdobeSans % direction fontScript defaultEncoding [ w0 w1 ... wn ] TZ /TZ { % set weight vector (if present) dup type /arraytype eq {/_wv exch def} {/_wv 0 def} ifelse % platform dependent coding flag /_useNativeEncoding exch def % pop fontScript & direction pop pop % create a new dictionary with length % equal to original dictionary length + 2 % copy all the key/value pairs except FID % call makeblended font with the weight values if _wv is an array findfont _wv type /arraytype eq {_wv makeblendedfont} if dup length 2 add dict begin % copy all the values but the FID % into the new dictionary mark exch { 1 index /FID ne { def } if cleartomark mark } forall % discard last mark pop % define FontName /FontName exch def % if no re-encoding stream is present % then if the base encoding vector of the font % is the same as StandardEncoding % and the use platform encoding flag is true % then install AI platform encoding % else leave the base encoding in effect counttomark 0 eq { 1 _useNativeEncoding eq { /Encoding _nativeEncoding def } if % clean up cleartomark } { % custom encoding to be done % start off with a copy of the font's standard encoding /Encoding load 256 array copy modifyEncoding /Encoding exch def } ifelse FontName currentdict end % register the new font definefont pop } def % text painting operators /tr % string tr ax ay string { _ax _ay 3 2 roll } def /trj % string trj cx cy fillchar ax ay string { _cx _cy _sp _ax _ay 6 5 roll } def /a0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /a1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave dup currentpoint 3 2 roll tr _psf newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave dup currentpoint 3 2 roll trj _pjsf newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def /e0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr _psf } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj _pjsf } ddef } def /e1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave tr _psf grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave trj _pjsf grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def /i0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj jsp } ddef } def /i1 { W N } def /o0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr sw rmoveto } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj swj rmoveto } ddef } def /r0 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { tr _ctm _pss } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { trj _ctm _pjss } ddef } def /r1 { /Tx % text % textString Tx - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll currentpoint gsave newpath moveto tr _ctm _pss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef /Tj % justified text % textString Tj - { dup currentpoint 4 2 roll currentpoint gsave newpath moveto trj _ctm _pjss grestore 3 1 roll moveto tr sp } ddef } def % font operators % Binding /To % begin text % bindType To - { pop _ctm currentmatrix pop } def /TO % end