Index

A

Access. See Public access; Research community access

Access control.
      in bounded communities, 158-159
      enforcing in open communities, 159-164

Adversaries, in defeating technical protection solutions, 13, 313-318

Advertising-based business models, 81-82, 179-181

All-rights language, 36-37, 64

American Society for Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), 67, 93

American Society of Media Photographers, 68

Anchoring content, to single machine or user, 85, 88, 160-161, 164, 295-302

Anticircumvention regulations, 171-175, 221, 312
      exceptions to, 222, 313-318

Archiving
      large-scale, 119, 207
      the public record, libraries' interest in, 69

Archiving digital information, 9-10, 113-122, 206-209
      fundamental intellectual and technical problems with, 116-119
      intellectual property and, 119-121
      lack of progress in, 207-208
      technical protection services, 121-122

ASCAP. See American Society for Composers, Authors and Publishers

Attention, as a commodity, 40, 196

Attribution, rights of, see Moral Rights

Author-operated models for rights management, 68

Authors. See Creators of intellectual property

Auxiliary markets, 82-83, 181-182

B

Balance
      upsetting the existing, 24-25

Berne Copyright Convention, 56, 59

BMI. See Broadcast Music, Inc.

Bounded communities, access control in, 158-159

Broad contracts, increasing use of, 64

Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), 67

Business models, 14-15, 65-68, 79-83, 176-186, 224, 237
      bringing technical protection services in line with, 176
      dealing with intellectual property, 183-186
      for the music market, 79-83
      impact of the digital environment on, 177-179
      interaction with technical protection services, law, and public policy, 225
      less traditional, and their implications for intellectual property, 181-183
      using digital content to promote the traditional product, 81-82
      role in the protection of intellectual property, 80-83, 176-186
      traditional, and their implications for intellectual property, 179-181

C

CCI. See Copy control information

Certifying authorities, 292

China
      copyright tradition in, 57
      piracy in, 55

Circumvention of intellectual property protection. See Anticircumvention regulations

Circumvention of technical protection, 14, 174, 175, 221-223, 311-329

Clearinghouse operations, 65, 67-68

Commercial copying
      of federal government information, 10, 112, 211
      illegal, 17-18, 186-192, 226-227

Commission on New Technological Uses of Information (CONTU), 39

Communications policy, 19, 230-231

Communities. See Bounded communities; Open communities; Research community

Compensating creators of intellectual property, 61-65, 273-277
      bundling information products, 94, 276
      grants, 275
      royalties, 274-275

Compression
      algorithms for, 30
      using MP3 format, 84

Computers. See also Networks
      difference made by programmable, 43-45
      installed base of, 169, 219
      installing software on more than one, 48
      open architecture, 88, 162-163
      proliferation of personal, 24, 46
      relatively short life of, 89

Constraints, on technical protection, 87-89, 153-154

Content
      anchoring to single machine or user, 85, 88, 160-161, 164, 295-302
      defined, 26
      liberated from medium, 32-33
      unbundling, 94

Content scrambling system (CSS), 172

Contract law, 19, 34-37, 62, 64, 100-104, 230-231, 237

Control of copying, 38-39, 140-144
      correctness as a mechanism in the digital age, 141-144

CONTU. See Commission on New Technological Uses of Information

Copy control information (CCI), 163

Copying, 4. See also Private use copying of digital information
      access by, 6-8, 28, 31, 142
      appropriateness as a fundamental concept, 18, 140-145, 230-232
      defined, 26
      detection in open communities, 164-167, 295-300
      economics of, 3-4, 31-32, 38
      ephemeral (temporary), 43-144, 229
      illegal commercial, 17-18, 186-188, 191-192, 226-227
      for private use, 135-136
      speed of, 41

Copyright, 277. See also Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998; Economics of copyright
      defined, 26
      deposit, 96, 115-116
      exclusive rights in, 146
      and individual behavior, 11-12, 123-151
      and licensing, 8-9, 100-104, 202-204
      and the new information environment, 18-19, 106-109
      history, 24-25
      public access an important goal of, 7, 97-113, 201
      and public compliance with the law, 21-22, 72, 123-128, 212-214
      tradition in China, 57

Copyright Act of 1976, 125-128, 132

Copyright education, 16-17, 136, 216-217, 304-310
      audience for, 306-308
      cautions regarding, 309-310
      content of, 305-306
      funding for, 306, 308-309
      need for, 304-305

Copyright registration, 96

Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, 99, 127

Counterfeit, defined, 26

Creators of intellectual property, 5, 61-62, 65, 73-75, 272. See also Rights holders
      challenges faced by, 12, 64, 122
      compensating, 61-65, 273-277
      defined, 26
      and the digital environment, 5, 232-233
      rights of, 56-57, 146-148, 236

Cryptographic envelopes, 301-302

Cryptography. See Encryption technologies

CSS. See Content scrambling system

Cultural heritage, archiving and preservation of, 69, 114-115

Cybergold, 195-197

Cyber law, research on, 227-230

Cyberspace, new world of, 49-51

D

DAT. See Digital audiotape player

Data, call for improved, 225-233

Data Encryption Standard, 284-286

Databases, noncopyrightable, 109-111

Decompilation, 135

Decryption. See also Encryption technologies
      on the fly, 162
      just-in-time, 161-162
      on-site, 161-162

Derivative work rights, 229

Derivative works, 33, 137
      boundaries of, 66

Digital audiotape (DAT) player, 43-44

Digital copying. See Copying

Digital distribution, avoiding altogether, 221

Digital divide, 74

Digital information, 3-4. See also Information infrastructure; Intellectual property protection; Private use copying of digital information
      becoming more a service than a product, 8
      capturing and compressing, 29-30
      explosive growth in, 23, 28
      flexibility of, 37
      importance of, 28-38

Digital infrastructure. See Information infrastructure

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998, 14, 105, 221-223, 318-328
      and circumvention of technological protection measures, 311-329
      and developing technical protection mechanisms, 174-175
      and testing technical protection services, 171-173
      fair use provisions of, 137-139, 174
      permitting digitization, 118
      problems with language of, 318-321
      Section 103 of, 322-329

Digital networks. See Networks

Digital signatures, 289-291, 294
      potential of, 291

Digital Signature Standard (DSS), 294-295

Digital time stamping, 165, 299-300

Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) standard, 162-163

Digital video disks (DVDs), 15, 169, 172, 220-221

Digital watermarking, 84, 155, 166-167, 295-299

Disintermediation, 40, 90

Distant access, 35, 37-38

Distribution. See also Mass-market distribution; Superdistribution
      of information, 38-43, 272-273

Distributors, 39, 65-68
      challenges faced by, 67
      private, 205

Divx, 168

DMCA. See Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998

Dongles, 171

Download times, 81

DSS. See Digital Signature Standard

DTCP. See Digital Transmission Content Protection standard

DVDs. See Digital video disks

E

Economic efficiency, 53-54, 274-277

Economics of copying, 3-4, 31-32, 38. See also Information economics

Economics of copyright
      intertwined with technology, law, psychology, sociology, and public policy, 53-54
      research on, 17-18, 227-230

Efficiency. See Economic efficiency

Electronic deposit, chartering task force on, 10, 208

Encryption keys, management of, 293-295

Encryption technologies, 13, 44, 84, 155, 283-289
      key exchange problem, 287
      persistent, 85, 155, 161
      public-key, 89, 157, 287-289, 291-293
      research into, 326-328
      symmetric-key, 156-157, 284-287
      for technical protection service components, 156-158

End-to-end protection services, 155, 219

Enforcement, 191, 279-281
      of access and use control in open communities, 159-164
      by network servers, 59

Ephemeral copies, 143-144, 228-229

European Union (E.U.) Directive on Databases, 110-111

F

Fair use and other copyright exceptions, 5-6, 278-279. See also Private use copying of digital information
      arguments that private use copying is fair use, 133-135
      arguments that private use copying is not fair use, 132-133
      as defense, 5, 133
      as affirmative rights, 5, 133
      boundaries of, 66
      consumers' understanding of, 48
      defined, 26
      future of, 11-12, 136-139
      and individual behavior, 123-151, 213-215
      libraries' interest in, 69
      promoting public access, 99
      schools' interest in, 68-69

Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), 111-112

Federal government information
      information infrastructure changing access to, 111-113
      public access to, 10, 211-212

Fee-based business model, 179, 182

Fingerprinting, 295, 297

First Amendment concerns, 19, 75, 230-231

First North American serial rights, 62

First-sale rights, 51, 98, 106

Framing, 34

Free distribution business model, 180-182

Freedom of Information Act, 113

G

General public, 71-73
      complying with intellectual property law, 21-22
      need for quality information, 71
      understanding copyright in the digital environment, 124-125, 127

Global problems, with differing views, laws, and enforcement, 5-6, 54-55, 58

Government Printing Office, Access system, 111, 211

H

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 39

I

Identity certificates, 292

IETF. See Internet Engineering Task Force

IFPI. See International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

IIPA. See International Intellectual Property Association

IITF white paper, 27, 130, 136, 139

Illegal commercial copying, 186-192, 226-227
      estimating the cost of, 17-18, 187-190, 226-227

Individual behavior
      copyright education and, 216-217
      fair use and private use copying, 11-12, 129-136, 213-215
      implications of digital dilemma for, 212-217
      need for research on, 20, 212-213
      perceptions and, 212-213

Individual use. See Private use copying

Information. See also Digital information; Federal government information
      bundling with ancillary products, 276
      creation, distribution, and consumption of, 272-273
      integrity of, 73
      leveraging, 278
      new kinds and uses of, 33-34
      ultimate delivery of, 164, 169

Information appliances, 45

Information economics, 41, 271-281
      subtlety of, 6
      and technical protection solutions, 14

Information environment. See New information environment

Information infrastructure
      defined, 2
      facilitating infringement of intellectual property rights, 21
      transaction support from, 89

Information Infrastructure Task Force and Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, 27, 105, 130, 136, 138-139, 200, 306, 309

Information innovations, impact of granting patents for, 192-198

Information overload, 90

Innovations. See Information innovations, Technological innovations

Integrity
      rights of, 146-147
      verifying, 295

Intellectual property (IP)
      defined, 26
      implications of less traditional business models, 182-183
      implications of traditional business models, 180-181
      maximizing value of, 224
      new models for, 140-145, 230-232
      role of, 277-279
      surviving the digital age, 239

Intellectual property law, 2, 24, 230, 237
      and common sense, 126
      complexity of, 47-49
      European, 54-55
      history of, 36, 96-98
      need for flexibility in, 238
      public compliance with, 21-22, 47, 235

Intellectual property protection, 83-89, 152-198. See also Business models; Technical protection
      mechanisms for, 12-17
      renewable, 87
      requirement for ease of use, 87
      role of business models in, 176-186
      traditional, 7
      varying need for, 21

International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), 91

International Intellectual Property Association (IIPA), 186-188

Internet
      compared to telephone network, 263-266
      concealing authorship, 50
      enforcing national laws on, 58
      history of, 266-267
      linking Web sites, 19
      pricing and quality of service on, 268-269
      private distribution on, 4-5
      workings of, 263-270

Internet Archive, 117

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 268-269

Internet service providers (ISPs), 265

ISPs. See Internet service providers

J

Java, 315

Journalists, 75, 137

Journals, online availability of scholarly, 39

K

Key exchange problem, 163, 287

L

Labeling, 165-166, 295, 299-300

Lanham Act, 56

Law. See also Copyright; Cyber law; individual laws
      global problems with differing views and enforcement, 5-6, 54-55, 58
      interaction with technical protection services and business models, 225
      interpreting, 5-6, 123-128
      intertwined with technology, economics, psychology, sociology, and public policy, 53-54
      network servers enforcing, 59
      process of formulating, 20-22, 233-239
      software substituting for, 234

Legislation, 111. See also Law, DMCA
      on archiving, 10, 208-210
      cautions about, 239
      how to formulate, 233-238

Liability, libraries' interest in, 69, 207

Libraries, 1-2, 68-69, 98-99, 101-102
      history of, 78-79
      problems faced by, 113-115, 119-120, 121
      Web one of the world's largest, 23

Library of Congress, 96, 105, 115-116
      THOMAS system, 111, 211

Licensing, 8-9. See also Contract Law, UCITA
      consequences for public access, 103-104, 202-206
      defined, 26
      increasing use of, 34-35, 178
      mass market, 205-206
      offering both promise and peril, 51, 100-104
      point-and-click, 212
      serial-transaction, 179
      single-transaction, 179
      site, 179

M

Markets. See Auxiliary markets; Mass-market distribution; Music market

Marking bits, 83-84. See also Watermarking techniques
      for copy detection in open communities, 164-167

Mass-market distribution, 14, 102, 182, 185
      licensing, 205-206

Media Photographers Copyright Agency (MPCA), 68

MIDI. See Musical Instrument Digital Interface

Monitoring
      for copy detection in open communities, 164-167
      Web, 300

Moral rights, of creators of intellectual property, 56-57, 62, 232

MP3 format, 3, 77-78, 80, 89-94, 124
      compression using, 84

MPCA. See Media Photographers Copyright Agency

Music market, 76-95
      broader lessons, 94-95
      future of, 78-79
      industry consequences of the new technology, 89-94
      rationale behind, 77-78
      a scenario, 86-87

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 30

Music industry. See Music market

N

National Archives and Records Administration, 113

National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), 74, 321

National Writers Union, 68

Networks. See also Internet; World Wide Web
      alternatives to, 15-16, 221
      economics and speed of distribution on, 4, 38-39
      how the Internet works, 263-270
      ownership within, 178
      servers as law enforcers, 59

New information environment
      blurring the distinction between public and private, 107-109, 205
      challenging some access rules, 106-107

Niches, protection technologies for, 12-13, 171

Noncopyrightable databases, access challenges presented by, 109-111

O

Obsolescence, technological, 210

Obstacles to progress, 51-60. See also Solutions
      diversity of stakeholders' interests, 51-52
      global problems, 54-55, 58
      the many intertwined threads, 53-54
      variety of forces at work, 52

One-time pad, 284-286

Open communities
      copy detection in, 164-167
      enforcement of access and use control in, 159-164

Origins of the digital dilemma, 3-4, 28-51

P

Patents, 277
      defined, 26
      impact of granting for information innovations, 19, 192-198
      research on, 227-230

Perceptions and individual behavior, 123-127, 212-213
      need for research on, 20

Pharmaceutical research, 280

Photocopying, 38, 130, 177

Piracy
      defined, 26
      of digital movies, 94-95
      estimating losses from, 187-190, 226-227
      of music, 79

Point-and-click licenses, 212

PRC. See Publication Rights Clearinghouse

Preservation
      of the cultural heritage, 69
      of digital information, 9-10, 209-210
      of the public record, 69

Priceline.com, 195-197

Principles for the formulation of law and public policy, 235-239

Privacy issues, 19, 71-72, 230-231

Private distribution
      on the Internet, 4-5
      publication and, 205

Private use copying of digital information, 11-12, 129-139
      arguments that it is fair use, 133-135
      arguments that it is not fair use, 132-133
      individual behavior and, 123-151, 213-215
      wide range of, 130-132

Programmable computers, difference made by, 43-45

Progress, obstacles to, 51-60

Protecting intellectual property. See Intellectual property protection

Proxy caching, 19

Psychology, intertwined with technology, law, economics, sociology, and public policy, 53-54

PTO. See U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Public access, 6-10. See also Access control; General public
      an important goal of copyright, 97-113, 201
      and archiving and preserving digital information, see Archiving digital information
      and blurring of the distinction between public and private, 107-109, 205
      changing, for federal government information, 111-113, 211
      consequences of licensing and technical protection services, 100-106, 202-206
      value of, 201-202

Public-key encryption, 89, 157, 287-289, 291-293

Public-key infrastructure, 291-293

Public policy
      interaction with technical protection services and business models, 225
      intertwined with technology, law, economics, psychology, and sociology, 53-54
      process of formulating, 20-22, 215, 233-239
      and technical protection mechanism development, 174-175

Public record, archiving and preservation of, 69

Publication
      changing nature of, 7-9, 39-43, 202-206
      determining status of, 108, 116, 133, 205
      irrevocable, 202-203
      and private distribution, 205

Publication Rights Clearinghouse (PRC), 68

Publishers. See also Disintermediation; Music market; Rights holders
      challenges faced by, 12, 40, 67
      scholarly, 51

Q

Quality, issues, 71, 80, 165, 269

R

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 47, 91-92

Reformatting, periodic, 118

Remote access, 35, 37-38

Reproduction. See Copying

Research
      call for, 225-233
      on the economics of copyright, use of patents, and cyber law, 227-230
      educational use of, 69
      into encryption technologies, 326-328
      pharmaceutical, 280

Research community, 70-71
      access, need for information, 14, 131
      need for leading-edge cryptographers, 14, 220

RIAA. See Recording Industry Association of America

Rights. See also Clearinghouse operations; First-sale rights; Work rights
      exclusive, 146, 236
      granting, 36-37, 64
      managing, 67, 69

Rights holders, 14. See also Creators of intellectual property; Publishers
      defined, 26
      incentives for, 143, 208-209

Rights management languages, 155, 159, 302

S

Sales
      difference from licensing, 34-35, 100-102
      traditional models of, 14, 179

Sampling, 34

Scholarly publishing, 51

Schools, and access to information, 68-69, 99

SCMS. See Serial copy management system

Security and Exchange Commission, EDGAR system, 111-112, 211

Security systems. See also Technical protection solutions
      need for leading-edge researchers in, 14, 220
      objectives of, 283-284

Security testing, 328-329

Self-destruct mechanism, 122

Self-publishing, 63. See also Private distribution

Serial copy management system (SCMS), 84

Serial-transaction licensing, 179

Shrink-wrap licenses, 100, 212

SightSound.com, 194

Signatures, digital, 289-291

Site licensing, 100, 179

Sociology, intertwined with technology, law, economics, psychology, and public policy, 53-54

Software
      installing on more than one computer, 48
      making backup copies of, 102
      sharing, 53, 130
      substituting for law, 234

Software-only protection, 154

Solutions. See also Business models; Technical protection
      evaluating potential, 58-60
      in the music market, 79-86

Sony case, 46, 98-99, 129, 138

Sound waves, digitizing, 29-30

"Space-shifting" (of music), 45, 91

Special-purpose devices, protection technologies for, 171

Spiders, 298

Stakeholders
      concerns, 61-75
      creators of intellectual property, 12, 61-62, 65
      distributors, 65-68
      diversity of, 4-5, 51-52
      general public, 71-73
      governmental organizations, 73-74
      journalists, 75
      libraries, 68-69
      need for discussion among, 9, 199
      other consumers and producers of intellectual property, 73-75
      private sector organizations, 74-75
      publishers, 12
      research community, 70-71
      schools, 68-69
      standards organizations, 75

Standards organizations, controlling intellectual property, 75

Stock photo archives, 65

Street price, 189

Subscription purchases, 179

Superdistribution, 302-303

Symmetric-key encryption, 156-157, 284-287

System renewability, 163

T

Task Force on Electronic Deposit, 10, 208-209

Task Force on the Status of the Author, 12, 232-233

TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol

Technical protection, 12, 148-149, 153-176, 282-303
      access control in bounded communities, 158-159
      and archiving digital information, 121-122
      bringing in line with a business model, 176
      circumvention of, 13-14, 311-329
      consequences for public access, 202-206
      constraints on, 87-89
      copy detection in open communities, marking and monitoring, 164-167
      effect on fair use, 106-107
      encryption, an underpinning technology for, 156-158
      end-to-end, 155, 219
      enforcement of access and use control in open communities, 159-164
      for niches and special-purpose devices, 171
      interaction with business models, law, and public policy, 225
      levels of, 13-14, 224
      limitations of, 153-154, 218
      music market and, 83-86
      public access and, 104-106
      self-destruct mechanism, 122
      success of, 173, 176
      testing, and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 171-173
      trusted systems, 167-170

Technical protection services (TPSs), 8-9, 217-221, 237. See also Technical protection; and specific techniques (e.g., Watermarking)

Technological innovations, 28-43
      computer networks, 38-39
      digital information, 28-38
      music industry consequences of, 89-94
      problems in archiving digital information, 116-119
      World Wide Web, 39-43

Technology
      intertwined with law, economics, psychology, sociology, and public policy, 53-54
      rapid evolution in, 20-21
      running headlong into intellectual property, 45-46

Telecommunications industry, trends in, 266

Telephone network, Internet compared to, 263-266

Temporary copies. See Ephemeral copies

Time stamping technology, 165, 299-300

Trade associations, 17, 186-187, 226

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, 139

Trade secrets, 277

Trademarks, 277
      defined, 26
      protection of, 66-67

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 264

Trusted Computing Platform Alliance, 170

Trusted systems, 167-170

24-hour rule, 125

U

UCITA. See Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act

Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA), 35, 103

Universal Copyright Convention, 59

U.S. Constitution, 18, 97, 236

U.S. Copyright Law, 64, 124
      complexity of, 127
      Sections 106, 107, and 109 of, 145-151

U.S. Copyright Office, 27, 99, 191, 321

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), 193-196

U.S. Supreme Court, 97-98, 107, 109, 129-130, 133-135, 192-195, 310

V

Vanderbilt University Television News Archive, 121

Video and Library Privacy Protection Act of 1988, 72

Visual Artists Rights Act, 56

W

Watermarking techniques, 84, 155, 166-167, 296-299

Web crawlers, 167

WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organization

Work-for-hire agreements, 64

Work rights, derivative, 229

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 59, 110, 173, 311, 321

World Trade Organization, 139

World Wide Web
      free copies predominating on, 178
      impact of, 4, 39-43
      linking sites on, 19, 46, 70
      monitoring, 300
      posting to, 108-109, 124
      viewing pages on, 31
      world's largest copying machine, 23
      a worldwide publishing medium, 39-42, 126