How People Learn:
Bridging Research and Practice
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of
this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research
Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the
report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
The National Academy of
Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use
for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to
it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it
to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of
Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding
engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection
of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the
responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf
is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of
Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public.
The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the
federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research
Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined
by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of
both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.
Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
The study was supported
by Grant No. R215U980027 between the National Academy of Sciences and
the U.S. Department of Education. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations
or agencies that provided support for this project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06536-4
Additional copies of this report are available from:
Call 800-624-6242 or 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area).
This report is also available online at http://www.nap.edu
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights
reserved.
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John D. Bransford, and
James W. Pellegrino, editors
and Educational Practice
and Social Sciences and Education
