Index
Adhesion promoters for multilayer substrates, 211–212
Adsorbates
surface studies of, 288, 297–298, 302–304
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), establishment of IDLs, 35, 37
Aggregates
iron-carbon, 73
nanoscale examination of, 73
osmium-copper, 193–197
ruthenium-copper, 191, 193–194, 198
Aharanov-Bohm effect, 141
Aircraft, polymer composites in, 271
Allied Corporation, solid-state extrusion of polymers, 253
Alloys
aluminum base, 11–12, 56, 62, 78–79, 125, 138, 231
amorphous, 92–95
brittle fracture in, 121–122
ceramic-stiffened, 231–233
copper-cobalt, 96
corrosion-resistant, 59–61, 90
ductile fracture in, 120–121
ductile ordered, 78–84
face-centered (fcc) cubic systems, 96–97
flow properties of, 79–80, 118–120
germanium-silicon, 293
hardening of, 123, 126, 157–158
homogeneous glassy, 77–78
to increase ductility of ceramic solids, 225
ion implantation in, 62–66
iron-nickel, 102
magnetic, 91–95
metal, as catalysts, 189–191
multicomponent, self-reinforced ceramic, 242
nickel base, 11, 74–75, 97, 189–191
polycrystalline, 78–79
polymer, 271–273
problem areas in, 123
refinement of second-phase precipitates in, 61
shear instability in, 120–121
single-crystal processing of, 67–68
strengthening of, 68–69, 78–83
supermodulus effect in, 74–75
superplasticity in, 69–71
titanium, stress corrosion cracking of, 125
toughness/toughening of, 68–69, 103, 120, 122, 126, 231
see also specific alloys
vapor-deposited compositionally modulated, 74–75
XD, 232–233
yttria-zirconia, 361
see also Aggregates; Bimetallic catalysts; Steels
Alumina
dislocation barriers in, 114
impurities in, 212
incorporation of zirconium oxide into, 235
microelectronics applications, 211
porous, biomedical applications, 239
Aluminosilicates as catalysts, 199–200
Aluminum oxide reinforced with SiC whiskers, 236–238
Aluminum, modulus of, 255–256
American Ceramic Society, 225
American Chemical Society, 20, 166
American Physical Society, 278
Angle-dependent inverse photoemission, 301
Angle-resolved photoemission, 283–284, 289, 298–299
Aperiodic tilings, 155–156
Artificial intelligence, 367
AT&T Holmdel Laboratories, 18
Atom scattering, theoretical effort required to study, 285
Atomic and molecular state changes, advances in, 18–19
Atomic Energy Commission, role in establishing MRLs, 27–29, 36
Auger electron microscopy, applications, 123, 189
Automobiles
ceramic-metal composites in, 212, 351–352
high-strength low-alloy steels in, 54, 56
polymer composites in, 275, 351
Automotive industry
computer-aided and computer-integrated manufacturing in, 353
electronic and information materials applications in, 350–351
near net-shape fabrication processing in, 352
BBainite formation theory, 104–105
Ball milling to produce SiC fibers, 236
Band-gap engineering, 168–169, 292
Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas theory, 280
Bimetallic catalysts
aggregates of immiscible components as, 191–193
characterization of, 193
complication in studying, 189
highly dispersed clusters, 193–199
osmium-copper supported on silica, 193–197
platinum-iridium dispersed on alumina, 197–199
platinum-rhenium, 199
ruthenium-copper, 191, 193–194, 198
Bioglass, 239
Biology, role in future of materials science, 220–222
Biomaterials, examples of, 221
Biomedical materials
applications of, 216–217
see also Prosthetics, materials used in
Block copolymers
applications, 273
processing and properties of, 45, 271–273
Bock, H., 12
Boron, effect on ductility and strength of polycrystalline alloys, 78–79
Brillouin spectroscopy, 303–304
Brillouin zone, 75, 302–303, 309
Brittle fracture
in alloys, 121–122
hydrogen role in, 124
problems in studying, 125
Brookhaven National Laboratories
management of concurrent research at, 337–338
operating costs for experiments at, 338
synchrotron radiation equipment, 336
Brooks, Harvey, 28
Bulk materials
methods for studying order in, 138
new phenomena in, 162–166
CCalcium phosphates, biomedical applications, 239
California Institute of Technology, 47
Carbon fiber
applications, 15–17
production, 207–208
Carnegie Mellon University, 5, 45
Case Western Reserve University, 45
Cast iron, modulus of, 256
Catalysis
in ceramics processing, 205
heterogeneous, 177–178
homogeneous, 177
materials applications of, 215
materials research in, 177–201
outlook for, 201
in petroleum production, 181, 191, 199–200
progress in, 177
at surface of a solid, 177–178
Catalysts
bismuth molybdate systems, 200
cobalt molybdate systems, 200
definition, 177
industrial use, 177
redox, 215
surface study applications in, 293
types of materials used as, 178, 180, 191, 193, 200–201
zeolites, 200
see also Aluminosilicates as catalysts; Bimetallic catalysts; Metal catalysts; Transition metals
Catalytic processes
dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene, 191–194
economical, 217
Houdry cracking, 200
hydrogenolysis of ethane to methane, 178–179, 191–194
oxidation of ethylene, 178
selective inhibition of Group VIII metal, 191–192
steps in, 177
Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 165
Ceramic particles, vapor-phase reactions to produce, 230–231
Ceramics
advances in, 225–227
alloys to increase ductility of, 225
applications in chemistry, 227
automotive applications, 237–239, 351–352
chemical syntheses in, 227–231
cost-effectiveness, 231
electronics applications, 240
fibers incorporated in, 236
mechanical engineering role in, 234–239
medical applications, 239, 242
metallurgical applications, 231–233
in microelectronic devices, 211–213
notch brittleness in, 225, 234
oxide-based, 228
polymeric precursors to, 210, 214, 266–267
single-crystal form, 240
transformation toughening of, 117, 122, 234–239
whiskers incorporated in, 236–237
Ceramics processing
opportunities for chemists in, 204–205
for oxide-based ceramics, 229
Cerevital, 239
Chalcogenides, layered transition-metal, 137
Charge-density waves, discovery, 163
Chemical fuels production, 215
Chemical industry
contributions to materials science, 203, 215
environmentally acceptable processing methods, 217
Chemical processes, molecular control of, 217
Chemical vapor deposition
understanding of, 217
Chemicals, high purity in, 217
Chemisorption measurements
of metal dispersion in catalysts, 182, 185
see also Hydrogen chemisorption
Chemistry
areas in which new synthetic materials will emerge, 219
areas of high activity in, 216–218
ceramics applications in, 227–228
contributions in materials processing, 217
in fabricating microelectronic devices, 212–213
in materials science, 203–222
opportunities in, 211
organosilicon, 208–210
strengths of, 205–206
vectorial, 222
Coatings
antireflective, 312–317
antistatic, 229
biomedical, 239
ceramic, 237
Collapse transition, 277–278
Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT), report on materials research concept, 4, 6, 38–39
Composites
in aircraft, 274–275
carbon-fiber-reinforced, 207–208
ceramic-metal for automobile engines, 212
failure mode of, 208
fiber-reinforced, 86–87, 209, 351
in situ precipitated, 233
multiphase ceramic, 211–212
optimum size of, 126
piezoelectric, 241
polymer-matrix, 16, 45, 86, 274–277
problems with, 275–276
self-assembling, 217–219, 251, 272
silicon carbide-silicon nitride fibers, 267
submicron, 46
tailoring high-performance multilayer structures, 212, 240–241
see also Alloys
Computer simulations
to describe atom interactions, 114
of dislocation motions, 119
of freezing of a liquid, 156
of molecular dynamics of gas-surface interactions
of scattering processes, 296
see also Models/modeling
Condensed-matter physics, connections with materials research, 131–147
Condon, E.U., 26
Conduction electrons, mass in heavy-electron compounds, 132
Conductors
superionic, 138
Conference on the Mechanical Properties of Engineering Ceramics, 225
Coordinating Committee on Materials Research and Development (CCMRD), role in establishing IDLs, 29, 35–36
Core-hole decay, study of dynamics of, 300
Core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, 284, 299–300
Cornell University, 44–46, 336
Corning Glass Works, biomedical applications of ceramics, 239
Coupling agents, failure of, 211–212
Crack nucleation, 122
Crack propagation
of brittle cracks, 121
in Nicalon fiber, 267
problems in understanding, 118, 125
process, 120–121
resistance of materials to, 117
Crack tip screening
by surrounding dislocations, 117
toughening of ceramic by, 122
Crack tips, hydrogen enhancement of bond breaking at, 124
Cracks/cracking
brittle cleavage, 117
causes, 226
configurations, 117
J integral for, 117
nonpropagating, 122
problems in studying, 118
retardants, 235
solvability of problems with, 125
strain energy release rate, 117
Crystallization of liquids, rate-limiting factor in, 157
Crystallography
on electron microscope, 158–159
x-ray, contribution to polymer studies, 266
x-ray diffraction scattering in, 153
Crystals
acousto-optical, 358
calculation of equilibrium shape of, 153
ceramic, 114
commercial demand for, 358
composite (twins or multiple twins), 153
deviations from periodicity, 153–154
different forms of, 153
distorted icosahedra in, 156
identification of, 153
interfaces with disordered materials, 292
internal structure of, 153
lead, 283
modulated structures, 154–155
nonlinear optical, 45
organic, 45
plastic, 138
urea, 45
vibrational spectroscopy of surfaces of, 301–304
see also Liquid crystals; Quasi-periodic crystals; Single-crystal processing
DDammel, R., 12
Delamination of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy circuit boards, 211
Dendrites, 138
Dienes, G.J., 29
Dip coating, application, 229
Disclinations, 126
Dislocation arrays
in fcc metals, 114
Dislocations
barriers to motions of, 114
crack tip screening by, 117, 123
double-kink nucleation and growth, 114
elastic field calculations for, 114
elastic theory of, 112
elimination of in semiconductor devices, 126
flips, origin of, 113
glide plane and bow-out of, 119–120
interphase interfaces, 114
lattice theory of, 112–114
loop approximation, circular, 117
loops encircling particles, 120
multiple, calculations of, 114–116
nonlinear elastic theory applied to, 116
partial, 114
pileups, 225–226
pileup theory, 118
problems in studying, 114–117
reduction of in metallic and semimetallic surfaces, 10
solutes interacting with, 119
solvability of problems of, 125
techniques for studying, 114
vector field theory for, 112
see also Grain boundary dislocations
Disordered electron systems
metal-insulator transitions in, 139
quantum interference effects in, 139–147
Dispirations, 126
Distribution transformers, use of amorphous alloy cores in, 92
Doping
modulation of semiconductors, 169
of polymers, 265
Dow Corning, polymeric precursor development by, 267
Downer, M., 19
Ductile tensile fracture, 120–121, 124
Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), 121–123
Duwez, Pol, 157
EElectric power industry, materials needs in, 359
Electrical conduction
finite-size effects of, 139
in ultrasmall structures, 139–147
Electrical energy storage, polymer applications in, 214
Electrical resistances of superconductors, 134–135
Electrical/electronics industry, materials for, 354–360
Electron charge-density wave structures, 137
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy, 302–303
Electron microscope/microscopy
crystallography on, 158–159
dark-field, 158
direct lattice resolution, 114
dislocation interactions studied with, 114
facility, 336
of metal dispersion in platinum-alumina catalyst, 183
in polymer science, 255
weak-beam technique, 114
see also Scanning tunneling microscope
Electron spectroscopy
for chemical analysis, 299
see also Synchrotron radiation sources
Electron-beam lithography, fabrication of superconducting line, 142
Electronics
automotive applications, 350–351
multilayer substrates for, 211–212
sensors in power systems, 356–358
Embrittlement
of alloys, 57
of amorphous polymers, 263
of ionic solids, 225
problems in studying, 125
role of impurities in, 123
Energy conversion
in biological systems, 222
chemistry contributions to, 214–215
Engineering
contributions to materials science, 205–206
see also Band-gap engineering; Materials science and engineering
Engineering Research Centers
economic potential of, 8
Epitaxy
strained-layer, 168
see also Heteroepitaxy, definition and applications; Homoepitaxy, definition and applications; Molecular beam epitaxy
Epremian, Edward, 28
Etch processes, applications in microelectronics, 212
Europe, synthesis of solid-state compounds in, 164, 172
Excitation processes on surfaces, 284, 289, 300–301
Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), 184–187, 193–198, 284, 300
Ff-Electron materials, properties of, 133
Federal Council for Science and Technology
role in establishing IDLs, 36
Federov, E.S., 156
Fermi degeneracy temperatures of heavy-electron compounds, 132
Fermions, heavy, discovery of, 163
Field-ion microscopy, applications, 158, 292, 294
Films
barium titanate, 229
Langmuir-Blodgett-like self-assembling monolayer, 217
metallic, 87
passive, 358
quarter-wave interference, 316
see also Ultrathin films
Fluorescence spectroscopy, 304–305
Fork, R., 19
Fractional quantized Hall effect
discovery of, 169
occurrence, 136
plateaus in Hall resistance, 136–137
Fracture of matter, cost of efforts to contain, 11
France, materials research status in, 164–165
Frank, F.C., 155
Frauenfelder, Hans, 18
Funding
for basic science, 327–328
block, feasibility on campuses, 39, 48
for IDL program (FY 1969), 38
for large-scale facilities, 336, 338–339, 342
for materials research equipment, 345–346
for MBE research, 170
of MRL thrust groups, 42–43
needs for solid-state syntheses, 166
small-science trends in, 322–326
sources for university and national laboratory materials research, 338, 339
for U.S. metal-matrix program, 84
GGeballe, Theodore H., 4
Gels, tungstate and vanadium pentoxide, 229
Geodesic domes, 156
Germany, materials research status in, 164
Gibbs, J.W., 153
Glass fibers, modulus of, 255–256
Glass transition in polymers, 257, 259–260, 262–263
Glass-ceramic materials, processing, properties, and uses, 310–314
Glasses
biomedical, 239
borosilicate, 228
lead borosilicate, 240
lithium aluminosilicate, 236–237
Graham, Thomas, 228
Grain boundary dislocations
elastic field calculations for, 114
nonuniform spacings of, 114
role of, 114
in type 304 stainless steel, 115
Ground state, periodicity of, 156–157
HHall resistance, definition, 136
Hall-Petch relation, 55, 73, 118
Heavy-electron compounds, properties, 132–135
Hebb, M.E., 29
Helium-beam spectroscopy, 301–303
Herring, William Conyers, 5
Heteroepitaxy, definition and applications, 168
High-magnetic-field facility, 336
Homoepitaxy, definition and applications, 168
Howe, J.P., 29
Hyaluronic acid, 221
Hydrogen chemisorption
on Group VIII metals, 182
on nickel-copper alloy catalysts, 189–190
on platinum-on-alumina catalysts, 182–183
on ruthenium-copper aggregates, 191
Hydrogen embrittlement, 66, 124–125
Hydrogen storage interstitials, discovery, 163
IIBM Corp., ceramics applications by, 240–241
Icosahedral molecules and packing units, 155
Icosahedral quasicrystals
decagonal and dodecagonal point groups, 159
diffraction patterns, 151–152
growth of, 159
tools for studying, 158–159
see also Quasi-periodic crystals
IDL program
budget (FY 1971), 41
degrees awarded through, 38
effectiveness in increasing graduate education in materials research, 39
faculty/student participation in, 38, 41
funding for (FY 1969), 38
papers published, 38
research project subject areas, 38
transfer to NSF, 40–42
see also Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs); MRL program; Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs)
Incommensurate structures, 137, 292
Inelastic atom scattering, 285
Inelastic electron scattering, 285, 301
Inelastic helium scattering, 289
Information storage
need for advances in, 366
organic materials applied to, 216
Infrared spectroscopy
surface studies via, 303
to study organic polymers, 247
Integral quantized Hall effect, 136–137
Integrated circuits
interconnect failure in, 88–89
thin-film metallurgy of, 88–91
see also Very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) devices
Intercalation compounds
discovery, 163
incommensurate structures in, 137
interdisciplinary research on, 44–45
Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs)
purpose of, 37–38
quality of education at universities where established, 39
scope of interdisciplinary activities at, 39
universities operating, 36
years of operation of, 36
see also IDL program; Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs); MRL program
Interfaces
chemical modification of, 216
crystal, with disordered materials, 292
energies, 288
equipment and techniques for studying, 45
fiber-matrix, 87
incommensurate, 292
martensitic, 100–102
semiconductor-metal, 291
semiconductor-semiconductor, 136, 291–292
solid-solid, 291
Intergranular fracture, role of impurities in, 123, 124
Inverse photoemission, surface studies via, 284, 300–301
Ion fragmentation, study of, 300
Ion implantation, metallurgical applications, 62–66, 89–90
Ion scattering
advantages in surface studies, 294, 295–298
measurement of angular distribution of backscattered flux, 296
Ionization, core-hole, 299–300
Iowa State University, equipment-sharing program, 346
JJapan
automotive applications of ceramics, 351
solid-state materials synthesis in, 165–166, 170
Johnson, Roy, 29
Josephson coupling energy, 145
KKepler, J., 156
Kevlar 49,
Keyworth, George A., II, 8
Kincaid, John F., 29
Knight shift, 188
Kondo effect in heavy-electron compounds, 135
Kyocera Corporation, single-crystal sapphire applications, 239
LLandau theory, use to predict crystallization of a liquid, 156
Lasers
role in surface processing, 63–66, 306
surface studies with, 285, 303–306
Lattice mismatch, effect on epitaxial growth, 168
Lattice-trapping barrier, 117
Levine, D., 12
Light-scattering spectroscopy, 303–304
Liquid crystals
areas needing study, 126
formation, 260
induced order in, 138
MRL research on, 44
smectic, hexatic phase of, 138
Lithium niobate, 45
Local-density functional theory, applications, 286–289, 291
Loose aggregate structures, 138
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), 294, 295, 297–298
Lower-dimensionality materials, research accomplishments in, 44
MMagnetic ordering in heavy-electron compounds, 133
Magneto-optical recording of information, 94
Magnetoresistance
of drawn platinum wire, 141–142
of evaporated aluminum film, 139–141
on one-dimensional ring, 142–143
Magnets
applications, 94
large coercive force, 163
permanent, development of alloys for, 93–94, 352
Martin Marietta Laboratories, alloy development, 231–232
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 5, 45–46, 230–231, 336
Materials research
automotive industry applications, 350
condensed-matter physics and, 131–147
ensuring scientific contributions to, 321–323
equipment costs, 340–341, 344–345
facility types and corresponding equipment, 340–341
financial incentives for, 364
industrial collaboration in, 364–365
instrumentation requirements, 321–323, 329, 343–346
large-scale facilities for, 335–338, 340–341
national commitment to, 19, 338–343
national policy on, 349
new federal funding patterns in, 47, 324, 342–343
priorities in, 9
role of chemistry in, 204–207
small-group, 322–327
social factors in, 341
synthesis loop in, 164
Materials Research Groups, 47–48, 324, 340
Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs)
accomplishments of, 38–39, 43–46, 347–348
block funding in, 40
character of research at, 44
contributions on university campuses, 365
contributions to industrial research programs, 362–363
establishment of, 35
interactions with industry, 348–353, 364–365
new-materials synthesis at, 165
NSF budget for, 43
quality of research at, 44
time-sharing of equipment, 43, 337, 346
universities operating, 36, 43
years of operation of, 36
see also IDL program; Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs); MRL program; Thrust groups
Materials Research Society, role of, 19
Materials science and engineering
arrangements and opportunities for advancing, 13–18, 330
deficiencies in, 342
domains of, 329–330
importance of chemistry to, 203, 219
interconnections of physical and life sciences relative to, 7
products and processes attributable to, 6–7, 10
relations to global resources and uses of matter, 6
Materials synthesis and processing, new techniques for, 307–317
Melt crystallization of organic polymers, 247, 249, 255, 261–262
Metal catalysts
carbides, nitrides, and borides of transition metals as, 201
chemisorption measurements of metal dispersion, 182–184
composition of, 180
in gasoline production, 181, 191
most commonly used, 178
NMR characterization of, 187–189
platinum-on-alumina, 182
rate of reaction, 181
ratio of surface atoms to total atoms, 181–184
refractory material used with, 180
silver, 178
supported, 180–184
typical application of, 181
x-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization of, 184–187
see also Bimetallic catalysts
Metal insulator transitions, discovery, 162–163
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs)
diagram of, 88–89
electrical resistance in, 139–140
electron micrograph of, 146
fractional quantization experiments on, 136
Metallurgical processing
ion implantation and laser-beam processing, 62–66
at nanostructural level, 71–74
single-crystal processing, 67–68
steel refining, 53–54
Metallurgy
applications in ceramics, 231–233
costly gaps in knowledge, 52
microstructural refinements in, 68–78, 87
research opportunities in, 73, 75, 78, 84, 88–89, 95, 103–105
special metallic systems for structural purposes, 78–88
thin-film, of integrated circuits, 87–91
Metals
amorphous, 126
barriers to dislocation motions in, 114
biomedical applications, 269–270
evaporation-condensation processing of, 71–74
future prospects with, 125–126
hydrogen embrittlement of, 124
impurities in, 123–124
microstructure and mechanical properties of, 71, 73–74, 111–127
nanocrystalline, 71–74
nonstructural applications, 88–95
stress corrosion cracking of, 124–125
usefulness, 52–53
see also Alloys; Bimetallic catalysts; Metal catalysts; Organic metals, accomplishments in; specific metals
Metastable phases
creation through rapid solidification, 56, 61, 66, 157–158
transformation to improve toughness of alloys, 75, 120–122
Michigan Molecular Institute, 277
Michigan State University, 277
Michigan Technological University, 277
Microbiology, advances in, 220–222
Microelectronic devices/components
ceramics for, 211
packaging problems, 211–212
problems in fabricating, 211, 213, 217
role of chemistry in, 212
sensors in power systems, 356–358
Microwave resonators, high-dielectric-constant, 163
Mission agencies, basic research supported by, 327–329
Mixed-valence compounds, discovery, 163
Models/modeling
of bulk dislocations, 114
of coherent surface nucleation, 262
of crack propagation, 122
of mixed-mode cracking, 118
pair-potential, 290
of superplasticity, 70–71
three-dimensional, of dislocations, 123
Modulated structures, properties and processing of, 74–78, 87, 91
Modulus enhancement for fine metallic-layer structures, 75, 126
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
discovery, 167
equipment requirements, 170
future of, 169–172
gas-source, 167
structures produced by, 168, 292
Molecular control of chemical processes, 217–219
Molecular genetics, practical applications, 220
Molecular science, new materials, processes, and strategies from, 215–218
Molecular-beam laser-probed experiments, 290
Mössbauer spectroscopy, 71
MRL program
budget, 41–43
current status of, 43
deficiencies in, 39
degrees awarded through, 43
faculty/student participation in, 13, 43
history and development of, 3–5, 20–21, 27–30
impetus for, 5–8, 12, 19–20, 27–29
NSF assumption of, 37, 40–42, 362
peer review process, 43
qualification for core support by, 40
reasons for successes of, 30–33
scientific setting for, 25–26
seed projects, 43;
see also Thrust groups
small-group research support by, 324
successfulness of, 30–33
see also Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs); IDL program; Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs)
Multibeam nonlinear spectroscopy, 304
Multilayer multichip module (MMC), description, 240–241
Multilayer substrates, problems in fabricating, 211
NNational Academy of Sciences, 4, 6, 28, 38–39
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 36, 277
National Bureau of Standards, 12, 277
National Institutes of Health, funding for equipment, 346
National Magnet Laboratory, 170
National Science Foundation (NSF)
materials research funding, 338–339, 341–342
transfer of IDL program to, 37, 40–42, 362
Neutron scattering
research facilities, 9, 336, 341
use to study organic polymers, 247
Nicalon fiber, 266–267
Nickel
in alloys, 11, 74–75, 97, 102, 189–191
as a catalyst, 181
crystallization from melt, 157
Nippon Carbon Co., Nicalon fiber process, 266–267
Nondestructive examination, 276, 306, 359–360
Nonequilibrium structures characterized as novel forms of structural order, 138
Nonlinear laser spectroscopy, 304
Nonlinear optical phenomena, study of, 286, 290, 305
Nonlinear viscoelastic theory, 279
Northwestern University, 20, 44–46
Nuclear energy
ceramics applications in, 242
materials needs in, 359
Nuclear magnetic resonance
metal catalyst characterization by, 187–189
spin echo technique, 187
Nucleation
autocatalytic, 99–100
heterogeneous, 99–100
homogeneous, 96–99
mechanism in glass-ceramics, 311
theory, 247
OOffice of Naval Research, role in establishing MRLs, 13, 27, 28
Optical communications, organic materials applied to, 216
Optical instrument transformer, 356–357
Optical waveguides, 229, 240, 356
Optically responsive materials, 216, 219, 356–358
Organic chemistry, strengths of, 206
Organic materials
disadvantages of, 206
optically responsive systems applications, 216
Organic metals, accomplishments in, 44–45
Organic polymer chains
behavior in solution, 277–278
folding in, 247–249, 251–252, 254
regularity, 258
Organic polymers
amorphous, 257–263
applications, 15–18, 246, 263–270, 351
chirality, 257–258
commercial importance, 248–249, 265
desirable properties of, 206
doping of, 265
embrittlement of, 263
fractions, 249
glass transition in, 257, 259–260, 262–263
high-strength fibers, 252–255
international advances in, 252
lamellar spherulitic structures in, 249–252, 254–255
morphology and properties, 246–263
piezoelectric, 264–266
as precursors for ceramics, 210, 214, 266–267
processing of, 247, 249, 251–256
reptations in, 257, 260–262, 280
shish kebab structures in, 252–255
in silicon chip technology, 268–269
single-crystal, 247–248
spherulites in, 249–252
tacticity of, 257–258
unusual behavior of, 246, 259–260, 270, 278–279
waste disposal of, 256
see also Polymers
Orowan-Friedel expression for breakaway of a dislocation from pinning particles, 118
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 177
PPartially ordered systems, study areas in, 138
Particle-assisted deposition processes, fabrication of microelectronic devices, 213
Pauli paramagnetic susceptibilities, of heavy-electron compounds, 132
Peierls stress and energy, calculation of, 112
Pennsylvania State University, 47
Penrose, Richard A.F., 156
Pfann, William G., 10
Phase transformations, solid-state
displacive-diffusional, 103–105
heterogeneous nucleation, 99–100
homogeneous nucleation, 96–99
martensitic, 98–105
plasticity and toughening induced by, 102–103
thermoelastic and nonthermoelastic, 100–102
Phase transitions
MRL-related research accomplishments in, 44–45
within a single molecule, 277–278
Phosphorus
crystallization from melt, 157
removal from steels, 54
Photoacoustic spectroscopy, 304
Photodesorption spectroscopy, 304
Photonics
advances in, 366
ceramics contributions to, 240, 242
Photoresist technology, polymer applications in, 212, 268–269
Photothermal spectroscopy, 304
Physics, contributions to materials science, 205–206
Pileups
crack tip screening by, 117
elastic field calculations for, 114
enhancement of crack nucleation through, 122
Planarity of slip, hydrogen enhancement of, 124
Plastics, engineering, 221
Platinum
as a catalyst, 181, 185, 187–189
diamagnetic compounds, 188
x-ray absorption spectrum for, 184–185
Pohl, Herbert A., 18
Pohl, Robert Wichert, 26
Polybenzthiazole, 217
Polydisilylazane, 267
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), pathway from crude oil to, 207–208
Polyethylene
commercial value, 257
discovery, 245
glass transition in, 259
modulus of, 255–256
molecular weights, 249–250
negative aspects of, 256
shish kebab structures in, 253–254
single crystals, 247
solid-state extrusion of, 253–255
structure, 247–248
Polyhydroxybutyrate/propionate, 221
Polymer melts, unusual behavior of, 278–280
Polymer science
involvement of other fields in, 280–281
newer theories of, 277–281
Polymers
biologically derived, 221
electrical energy storage applications, 214
electronic components from, 213
glassy, 126
interest in developing, 216
rigid-rod, 217
thermal degradation of, 229–230
see also Organic polymers
Polypropylene
solid-state extrusion of, 256–257
structure, 257–259
Polysaccharides, 220–221
Polytechnic Institute of New York, 47
Polyvinyl fluoride
applications, 265
molecular chain formations, 264–265
statistical mechanics approach to structural transitions in, 45
Powders, nanoscale, production of, 71–72
Power transformers, use of amorphous alloys in, 93
Precipitation hardening of alloys, 157–158
Precursor state, 290
Prepregnated tape, production of, 208
Princeton University, 5
Prosthetics, materials used in, 239, 242, 269–270
QQuantized Hall effect, 135–136, 333;
see also Fractional quantized Hall effect; Integral quantized Hall effect
Quantum chemical molecular theory, 287
Quantum interference effects
in disordered electron systems, 139–147
experimental configuration for studying, 141–142
Quartz crystallization from melt, 157
Quasi-periodic crystals
developments in related fields, 154–157
production through RSP, 56, 61
see also Icosahedral quasicrystals
Quasi-periodic structures, 155–156
Quasiparticles, 137
RRaman scattering spectroscopy, 19, 303–305
Rapid solidification processing (RSP)
in alloy production, 123
automotive applications, 352
creation of metastable phases through, 56, 61, 66, 157–158
grain-growth inhibition, 57–58
refinement of dendritic structures, 57
second-phase refinement by, 58–59, 61
Reactive ion etching, 332–333
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 47
Reptation, polymer movement by, 257, 260–262
Reynolds, Richard A., 9
Roy, Rustum, 9
Rutgers University, 231
Rutherford backscattering, 295–296
SSapphire, single-crystal, biomedical applications, 239
Scanning tunneling microscope
operation of, 292–293
problem with, 293
surface studies with, 283, 289, 292–294, 333
Scattering experiments to study surface atomic structure, 285, 289, 292, 294–298
Schottky barrier in, 291
Science Advisory Committee, 3
Screw dislocations
in body-centered cubic crystal, 112
double-kink nucleation on, 124
Second-harmonic generation, probing of surfaces by, 305
Self-assembling systems, development of, 217–219
Semiconductors
band-gap engineering in, 168–169, 308
elimination of dislocations in, 126
energy gaps, 291
gallium arsenide, 167, 169, 170, 213, 268
methods for producing, 167
from molecular precursors, 213
organometallic precursors to, 213
passivating layers on, 292
photoelectrochemical solar cells based on, 214
quaternary, 46
refining of materials for, 10
semimagnetic, 46
silicon preparation for, 208
from strained-layer superlattices, 307–310
surface studies, 284, 286–288, 291, 304
Shank, C., 19
Shechtman, Daniel S., 12, 151, 153–154, 158
Shockley, William, 26
Shyamsunder, E., 18
Silane, 209
Silica gel, 228
Silicon
advances with, 13–16
chemistry of derivatives of, 209
epitaxial growth of metallic silicon compounds on, 13, 288, 291
preparation for semiconductor devices, 208
reconstruction of cleaved (111) surface of, 287
study of energy bands of, 289
Silicon chip technology
polymers in, 268–269
research opportunities in, 366
Silicon oxide fibers, applications, 13–15, 229
Silicon tetrachloride conversion to triethoxypropylaminosilane, 209
Silicon-carbide fibers
route to development of, 209, 229–230, 236, 266
use in ceramics, 236–239
Single-crystal processing, 67–68
Sintering to produce SiC fibers, 236
Slater, J.C., 5
Smyth, C.P., 5
Solar energy systems, chemistry contributions to, 214–215
Solid-state extrusion of polymers, 253–254, 256
Solid-state synthesis
equipment needs for, 166
industrial materials research in, 165
trends in, 164
Solidification
in welding, 45
see also Rapid solidification processing (RSP)
Solitons
crack propagation by, 117
creation and motion of pairs, 114
Solution crystallization of polymers, 251–252, 254
Solution-to-gelation process
applications, 229
compounds used in, 314–315
for controlled-porosity materials, 314–317
hydrolysis of metal alkoxides, 229–230
MRL contributions to, 45
problems with, 229
for producing colloidal dispersions, 229
for synthesis of ceramic powders, 212
Solvents, theta, 277
Specific heats of heavy-electron compounds, 132–134
Spherulitic structure, 249–252, 254
Spin degrees of freedom, contribution to specific heats in heavy-electron compounds, 133–134
Spin-polarized photoemission, 299
Spinodal decomposition, 76, 138
Sputtering
applications, 167
ion yields in, 291
Stanford University, 45–46, 336
Steels
austenitic stainless, 103, 124
controlled rolling of, 54–55
embrittlement of, 54, 66, 123–124
feritic, 124
hydrogen degradation of, 66, 124
modulus of, 256
nickel-chromium, 123–124
oxidation-resistant, 61
processing responsible for unusual properties of, 53–54, 61, 157
refining of, 53–54
stress corrosion cracking of, 124
transformation toughening of, 103
Steinhardt, P.J., 12
Strategic materials, synthesis of, 8–9
Stress-induced crystallization, 253–254
Structural order, novel forms of, 11–12, 137–139
Substrates, multilayer, for electronics, 211–212
Sulfur in steel, reduction of, 53–54
Superconductivity
effects of quantum mechanical fluctuations on, 145
resistance transition of SNS junctions, 143–145
single and triplet, 133
Superconductors
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer, 134
current vs. voltage of tungsten-rhenium line, 142–144
electrical resistances of, 134–135
heavy-electron compounds as, 133, 134
high-field, 163
high-temperature, 169
magnetic, 163
micrograph of square array of SNS junctions, 145, 146
organic, 216
technologically developed films, 163
Superlattices
single-crystal, of magnetic and nonmagnetic metals, 169–170
Superplasticity, behavior characteristics, 69–71
Surface electron spectroscopy, uses of, 283–284
Surface science, progress in, 283–306
Surface theory
advances in, 285–292
interface studies contributing to, 291–292
kinematics at surfaces, 290–291
total energy calculations, 286–289
Surfaces
charge transfer at, 291
chemical reactions at, 290
coincident experiments on, 301
diffraction intensity calculations, 288–289
diffraction of monoenergetic atomic helium beams from, 288
equipment and techniques for examining, 45, 283–306
excitation processes on, 284, 289, 300–301
experimental probes of, 288–290
gas interactions at, 290
laser probing of, 304–306
melting at, 297
metallic screening at, 297
novel forms of order in phases as, 138
periodic structures, 286–287
processing of, 306
Rydberg-like states, 284
scattering experiments on, 294–298
single-crystal, 290
spectroscopic fingerprinting of, 290
spectroscopic tools for studying, 298–301
static characterization of, 291
step densities on, 297
tools for determining atomic structure of, 290, 292–294
vibrational states, 285, 288, 289, 301–305
Surfaces, crystal
reduction of dislocations in, 10
vibrational spectroscopy of, 301–304
Synchrotron radiation facilities, 9, 283, 336, 341
Synchrotron radiation sources
surface studies with, 45, 138, 283–284, 289, 294–296, 298–300
Synthetic Rubber Program, 4, 6
TTemperatures, ultralow, research accomplishments in, 44
Tetrathiofulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ), 44
Thrust groups
accomplishments of, 44–46
budget for, 43
collaborative use of major equipment facilities, 43
formation of, 42
importance of, 41
interaction among, 43
small-science research by, 325
Transformation toughening
of alloys, 126
of ceramics, 117
Transition metal oxides, development of, 45
Transition metals
carbides, nitrides, and borides as catalysts, 201
Transmission electron microscope, applications, 158
Triethoxypropylaminosilane, conversion of silicon tetrachloride to, 209
Trisodium phosphate, biomedical applications, 239
Tungsten, low-temperature reconstruction of, 287–288
UUltrasmall structures, electrical conduction in, 139–147
Ultrathin films
discontinuous coarsening in, 89–90
grain growth in, 89–90
metastable crystal structures in form of, 169
novel forms of order in, 138
single-crystal, 358
status of technology for preparing, 166–167, 358
Ultraviolet spectroscopy, development of, 45
United States
interest in synthesis of solid-state compounds, 164–165, 171–172
research effort in artificially structured compounds, 171
structure of university departments in, 165
United States Department of Defense (DOD), role in developing MRL program, 29, 35
United States Department of Energy, materials research facility funding, 338–339
Universities
chemical research motivations of, 215–216
composites research in, 277
degrees awarded by materials-designated and engineering departments, 40
equipment acquisition by, 345–346
federal R&D expenditures in, 344
interaction with industry, 354, 355
trends in titles of materials departments at, 37
years of establishment and termination of IDLs/MRLs at, 36
see also specific universities
University of California at Santa Barbara, 277
University of Delaware, 277
University of Frankfort, 12
University of Massachusetts, 45, 46, 277
University of Pennsylvania, 12, 20, 44–46
University of Texas at Austin, 47
Uranium oxide spheres, production of, 229
VValence-band angle-resolved photoemission, 298–299
van der Waals forces, 246
Van Vleck, J.H., 5
VanVechten, J., 19
Vapor-phase reactions to produce ceramic particles, 230
Very-large-scale integrated (VSLI) devices
ceramics for packaging, 240–242
diffusion barriers in, 91
metallization of, 88–91
Vibrational spectroscopy of crystal surfaces, 301–304
Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 277
Vitalium metal, 269–270
von Klitzing, Klaus, 135–136, 169
von Neumann, John, 28
WWashington University, 277
Waveguide devices, 229, 240, 356
Weak localization, 140–142
Westinghouse Electric Corp., materials research at, 354–360
White House Office of Science and Technology, 3, 20
Wires, ultrathin, 142
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 277
Wulff, G., 153
XX-ray diffraction glancing-incidence, 138
X-ray diffraction scattering
in surface studies, 283, 294, 296–298
X-ray emission spectroscopy, minimum volume size for chemical analyses, 158
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 299
YYork, Herbert, 29
Yost, Charles, 29
ZZ-phase, 158
Zeolites, use in catalytic cracking, 200
Zirconium oxide, partially stabilized (PSZ), incorporation into ceramics, 235, 239, 241
Zone refining, 10
