MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 1990s
Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1989
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC
20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are chosen from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This report was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy, the Army Research Office, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-8521440. Additional support came from the National Research Council (NRC) Fund, a pool of private, discretionary, nonfederal funds that is used to support a program of Academy-initiated studies of national issues in which science and technology figure significantly. The NRC Fund consists of contributions from a consortium of private foundations including the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Charles E.Culpeper Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T.MacArthur Foundation, the Andrew W.Mellon Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation; and from the Academy Industry Program, which seeks annual contributions from companies that are concerned with the health of U.S. science and technology and with public policy issues with technological content.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Materials Science and Engineering.
Materials science and engineering for the 1990s: maintaining competitiveness in the age of materials/Committee on Materials Science and Engineering [and] Solid State Sciences Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, and National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-309-03928-2.
1. Materials science. 2. Engineering. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Solid State Sciences Committee. II. National Research Council (U.S.). National Materials Advisory Board. III. Title.
TA403.N332 1989
620.1′1–dc20
89–12630
CIP
Cover: Computer-generated image of a mathematical model of Scherk’s first minimal surface. (Reprinted, by permission, from Edwin L.Thomas, David M.Anderson, Chris S.Henkee, and David Hoffman, 1988, Periodic Area-Minimizing Surfaces in Block Copolymers, Nature 334:598–601. Copyright © 1988 by Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)
Copyright © 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences
Printed in the United States of America
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20418
OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN
This report, Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s: Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials, encompasses a broad enterprise. The field’s intellectual content ranges from the quantized Hall effect to dramatic advances in the performance of high-strength structural materials. The vitality and pace of the field are everywhere evident. The Nobel Committee recognized fundamental advances in materials research for three consecutive years—1985, 1986, and 1987. Success in translating advances in materials science and engineering into new and improved materials is unparalleled. There have been gratifyingly broad applications of new materials in areas with immediate impact on human welfare such as biomaterials, suitable for artificial organs, biochemical sensors, vascular grafts, and ophthalmological devices.
Despite the diversity of the field, the report points to unifying trends that emphasize the need for scientists and engineers in universities, government laboratories, and industry to work together closely. In particular, the authoring group, the Committee on Materials Science and Engineering, urged greater efforts by the federal government to coalesce these sectors, and endorsed Congressional efforts to strengthen the coordination of federal agencies that support materials science and engineering.
The committee focused its recommendations on synthesis and processing of materials. This is the area that has produced dramatic improvements in superconducting materials, growth in the number of components in integrated circuits, and increases in the strength of structural materials. On the basis of a survey of several key industries, the committee recommended a national initiative in synthesis and processing built on cooperation among universities, industry, and government.
We believe that the field of materials science and engineering offers a special opportunity to act on the growing realization of the need for improved coordination and cooperation in the nation’s effort in science and technology. We commend the report to your attention.
Frank Press
Chairman
National Research Council
Robert M.White
Vice Chairman
National Research Council
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL IS THE PRINCIPAL OPERATING AGENCY OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING TO SERVE GOVERNMENT AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M.White is the president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M.White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
STEERING COMMITTEE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
ALBERT NARATH,
AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Co-chairman
ARDEN L.BEMENT, JR.,
TRW, Inc.,
Co-chairman
JOHN H.BIRELY,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
MORRIS COHEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WALTER KOHN,
University of California
WILLIAM P.SLIGHTER,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
(retired)
Ex-Officio Members
PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,
IBM T.J.Watson Research Center,
Co-chairman,
Committee on Materials Science and Engineering
MERTON C.FLEMINGS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-chairman,
Committee on Materials Science and Engineering
HERBERT H.JOHNSON,
Cornell University,
Chairman,
Solid State Sciences Committee
BERNARD H.KEAR,
Rutgers University,
Chairman,
National Materials Advisory Board
NORMAN F.RAMSEY,
Harvard University,
Chairman,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,
IBM T.J.Watson Research Center,
Co-chairman
MERTON C.FLEMINGS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-chairman
MELVIN BERNSTEIN,
Illinois Institute of Technology
MARTIN BLUME,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
ALAN CHYNOWETH,
Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc.
W.DALE COMPTON,
Purdue University
ROBERT S.HANSEN,
Iowa State University
JOHN HULM,
Westinghouse Electric Research and Development Center
R.GLEN KEPLER,
Sandia National Laboratories
JAMES S.LANGER,
University of California
TERRY L.LOUCKS,
Rothschild Ventures
GEORGE PARSHALL,
E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
RUSTUM ROY,
Pennsylvania State University
LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
JAMES O.STIEGLER,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
GEORGE WHITESIDES,
Harvard University
JAMES C.WILLIAMS,
General Electric Company
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
JACK MOTEFF,
NRC
Fellow (1985–1987)
ARLENE MACLIN, Program Officer (1985–1987)
PATRICK RAPP, Program Officer (1988)
STEVE OLSON, Consultant (1987–1988)
Government Liaison Representatives
TED BERLINCOURT, Director,
Research and Laboratory Management, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Advanced Technology, Department of Defense
ADRIAAN de GRAAF,
Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation
B.CHALMERS FRAZER,
Solid State Physics and Materials Chemistry, U.S. Department of Energy
RICHARD E.HALPERN,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LOUIS C.IANNIELLO, Deputy Associate Director
for Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy
PAUL MAXWELL,
Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives
GEORGE MAYER, Director,
Materials Science Division, U.S. Army Research Office
RICHARD REYNOLDS, Director,
Defense Science Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
ALAN ROSENSTEIN,
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AL SCHINDLER, Director,
Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation
IRAN THOMAS, Director,
Division of Materials Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy
DONALD R.ULRICH, Senior Program Manager,
Chemical Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research
ROBERT WEIGLE,
U.S. Army Research Office
BEN WILCOX, Assistant Director,
Materials Science Division, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
PANEL ON RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
JAMES S.LANGER,
University of California,
Chairman
GEORGE PARSHALL,
E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.,
Vice-Chairman
JAMES O.STIEGLER,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Vice-Chairman
SUMNER A.BARENBERG,
Baxter Health Care Corporation
ELIAS BURSTEIN,
University of Pennsylvania
PETER CANNON,
Conductus Corporation
MILDRED DRESSELHAUS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JAMES ECONOMY,
University of Illinois
GEORGE S.HAMMOND,
Allied-Signal, Inc.
ARTHUR H.HEUER,
Case Western Reserve University
JOHN P.HIRTH,
Ohio State University
PIERRE C.HOHENBERG,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
IAN HUGHES,
Inland Steel Company Research Laboratories
ROBERT I.JAFFEE,
Electric Power Research Institute
JOHN D.JOANNOPOULOS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HERBERT H.JOHNSON,
Cornell University
ROBERT A.LAUDISE,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
CHRISTOPHER MAGEE,
Ford Motor Company
E.WARD PLUMMER,
University of Pennsylvania
JAMES R.RICE,
Harvard University
ROBERT STRATTON,
Texas Instruments
GARETH THOMAS,
University of California
MARK WRIGHTON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
PANEL ON EXPLOITATION OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE NATIONAL WELFARE
ALAN G.CHYNOWETH,
Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc.,
Chairman
R.GLEN KEPLER,
Sandia National Laboratories,
Vice-Chairman
JAMES C.WILLIAMS,
General Electric Company,
Vice-Chairman
JOSEPH D.ANDRADE,
University of Utah
MYLLE H.BELL,
Bell South Corporation
JOEL CLARKE,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
L.ERIC CROSS,
Pennsylvania State University
THEODORE GEBALLE,
Stanford University
GORDON H.GEIGER,
North Star Steel Company
FRANK E.JAMERSON,
General Motors Research Laboratories
HARRY A.LIPSITT,
Wright State University
JAMES L.McCALL,
Battelle Columbus Division
THOMAS C.McGILL, JR.,
California Institute of Technology
JOHN P.RIGGS,
Hoechst Celanese Corporation
GERD M.ROSENBLATT,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
PALLE SMIDT,
Microelectronics Corporation
ROBERT STREET,
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
HILLIARD WILLIAMS,
Monsanto Company
ARPAD A.BERGH,
Morris Research & Engineering Center, Bell Communications Research, Inc., Consultant
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
PANEL ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Chairman
W.DALE COMPTON,
Purdue University,
Vice-Chairman
RUSTUM ROY,
Pennsylvania State University,
Vice-Chairman
JORDAN BARUCH,
Jordon Baruch Associates
C.PETER FLYNN,
University of Illinois
RICHARD J.FRUEHAN,
Carnegie-Mellon University
HERBERT I.FUSFELD,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
SERGE GRATCH,
GMI Engineering and Management Institute
RUDOLPH PARISER,
E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
R.BYRON PIPES,
University of Delaware
MAXINE SAVITZ,
The Garrett Corporation
GABOR A.SOMORJAI,
University of California
GREGORY STILLMAN,
University of Illinois
JAMES J.TIETJEN,
RCA Laboratories
ROBERT WHITE,
Control Data Corporation
SAMUEL SCHNEIDER,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Consultant
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
PANEL ON RESEARCH RESOURCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
TERRY L.LOUCKS,
Rothschild Ventures,
Chairman
MARTIN BLUME,
Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Vice-Chairman
GEORGE WHITESIDES,
Harvard University,
Vice-Chairman
BILL R.APPLETON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ROBERT S.BAUER,
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
H.KENT BOWEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PETER M.EISENBERGER,
Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
NICHOLAS F.FIORE,
Cabot Corporation
JOHN J.GILMAN,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
KARL HESS,
University of Illinois
ISRAEL S.JACOBS,
General Electric Research and Development Center
J.DAVID LITSTER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NOEL MacDONALD,
Cornell University
DENNIS McWHAN,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
EMIL PFENDER,
University of Minnesota
BHAKTA B.RATH,
Naval Research Laboratories
JOHN S.RYDZ,
Emhart Corporation
ISAAC F.SILVERA,
Harvard University
RICHARD S.STEIN,
University of Massachusetts
JULIA WEERTMAN,
Northwestern University
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
PANEL ON EDUCATION IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
MELVIN BERNSTEIN,
Illinois Institute of Technology,
Chairman
ROBERT S.HANSEN,
Iowa State University,
Vice-Chairman
JOHN HULM,
Westinghouse Electric Research and Development Center,
Vice-Chairman
DIRAN APELIAN,
Drexel University
ALI S. ARGON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MALCOLM R.BEASLEY,
Stanford University
GILBERT Y.CHIN,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
ROBERT CLAGETT,
University of Rhode Island
ANTHONY G.EVANS,
University of California
LEROY EYRING,
Arizona State University
HELLMUT FRITZSCHE,
University of Chicago
BRUCE N.HARMON,
Iowa State University
EDWARD J.KRAMER,
Cornell University
GERALD L.LIEDL,
Purdue University
KATHLEEN TAYLOR,
General Motors Research Laboratory
EDWIN L.THOMAS,
University of Massachusetts
RICHARD E.TRESSLER,
Pennsylvania State University
KENNETH G.WILSON,
Cornell University
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director,
National Materials Advisory Board
SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE
HERBERT H.JOHNSON,
Cornell University,
Chairman
BILL R.APPLETON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
MALCOLM R.BEASLEY,
Stanford University
PRAVEEN CHAUDHARI,
IBM T.J.Watson Research Center
JOHN K.HULM,
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
JAMES S.LANGER,
University of California
J.DAVID LITSTER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
THOMAS J.McCARTHY,
University of Massachusetts
ALBERT NARATH,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
ROBERT E.NEWNHAM,
Pennsylvania State University
PAUL S.PEERCY,
Sandia National Laboratories
JOHN H.PEREPEZKO,
University of Wisconsin
E.WARD PLUMMER,
University of Pennsylvania
JAMES R.RICE,
Harvard University
GERD M.ROSENBLATT,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
LYLE H.SCHWARTZ,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
JOHN R.SMITH,
General Motors Research Laboratory
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
ROBERT L.RIEMER, Associate Staff Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
WESLEY MATHEWS, JR., Consultant
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
NORMAN F.RAMSEY,
Harvard University,
Chairman
SAM B.TREIMAN,
Princeton University,
Vice-Chairman
ROBERT K.ADAIR,
Yale University
DAVID ARNETT,
University of Arizona
R.STEPHEN BERRY,
University of Chicago
WILLIAM F.BRINKMAN,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
ARTHUR D.CODE,
University of Wisconsin
JOHN M.DAWSON,
University of California
FRANK D.DRAKE,
University of California
ANDREA K.DUPREE,
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
BERTRAND I.HALPERIN,
Harvard University
JOHN J.HOPFIELD,
California Institute of Technology
KENNETH I.KELLERMANN,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
CHARLES F.KENNEL,
University of California
DANIEL KLEPPNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DONALD C.SHAPERO, Staff Director
ROBERT L.RIEMER, Associate Staff Director
SUSAN M.WYATT, Administrative Associate
MARY RIENDEAU, Administrative Secretary
ANNE K.SIMMONS, Secretary
COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND RESOURCES
NORMAN HACKERMAN,
Robert A.Welch Foundation,
Chairman
GEORGE F.CARRIER,
Harvard University
HERBERT D.DOAN,
The Dow Chemical Company
(retired)
PETER S.EAGLESON,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DEAN E.EASTMAN,
IBM T.J.Watson Research Center
MARYE ANNE FOX,
University of Texas
GERHART FRIEDLANDER,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
LAWRENCE W.FUNKHOUSER,
Chevron Corporation
(retired)
PHILLIP A.GRIFFITHS,
Duke University
CHRISTOPHER F.McKEE,
University of California at Berkeley
JACK E.OLIVER,
Cornell University
JEREMIAH P.OSTRIKER,
Princeton University Observatory
FRANK L.PARKER,
Vanderbilt University
DENIS J.PRAGER,
MacArthur Foundation
DAVID M.RAUP,
University of Chicago
RICHARD J.REED,
University of Washington
ROY F.SCHWITTERS,
Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
ROBERT E.SIEVERS,
University of Colorado
LEON T.SILVER,
California Institute of Technology
LARRY L.SMARR,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
EDWARD C.STONE, JR.,
California Institute of Technology
KARL K.TUREKIAN,
Yale University
MYRON F.UMAN, Acting Executive Director
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
BERNARD H.KEAR,
Rutgers University,
Chairman
ARDEN L.BEMENT, JR.,
TRW, Inc.,
Past Chairman
NORBERT S.BAER,
New York University
FRANK W.CROSSMAN,
Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc.
EDWARD J.DULIS,
Crucible Materials Corporation
JAMES ECONOMY,
University of Illinois
MERTON C.FLEMINGS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JAMES A.FORD,
SELEE Corporation
JOHN K.HULM,
Westinghouse Research Laboratories
MELVIN F.KANNINEN,
Southwest Research Institute
ROBERT A.LAUDISE,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
DAVID L.MORRISON,
IIT Research Institute
DONALD R.PAUL,
University of Texas
JOSEPH L.PENTECOST,
Georgia Institute of Technology
JOHN P.RIGGS,
Hoechst Celanese Corporation
MAXINE L.SAVITZ,
Garrett Ceramic Components Division
WILLIAM P.SLIGHTER,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
(retired)
DALE F.STEIN,
Michigan Technological University
JOHN E.TILTON,
Colorado School of Mines
JAMES R.WEIR, JR.,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ROBERT M.WHITE,
Control Data Corporation
JAMES C.WILLIAMS,
General Electric Company
KLAUS M.ZWILSKY, Staff Director
STANLEY M.BARKIN, Associate Director
MARY BRITTAIN, Administrative Officer
COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
ARDEN L.BEMENT,
TRW, Inc.,
Chairman
JOHN A.ARMSTRONG,
IBM Corporation
NORMAN H.BROOKS,
California Institute of Technology
DENNIS CHAMOT,
AFL-CIO
FLOYD L.CULLER, JR.,
Electric Power Research Institute
DANIEL B.DeBRA,
Stanford University
RICHARD D.DeLAUER,
The Orion Group
ROBERT R.EVERETT,
The MITRE Corporation
(retired)
KENT F.HANSEN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ELVIN R.HEIBERG,
Rollins Field Services, Inc.
WILLIAM G.HOWARD, JR.,
National Academy of Engineering
RICHARD C.MESSINGER,
Cincinnati Milacron, Inc.
IRENE C.PEDEN,
University of Washington
EBERHARDT RECHTIN,
University of Southern California
GREGORY E.STILLMAN,
University of Illinois
CHARLES F.TIFFANY,
Boeing Military Airplane Company
(retired)
PAUL E.TORGERSEN,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
JOHN B.WACHTMAN, JR.,
Rutgers University
DAVID L.BODDE, Executive Director
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Associate Executive Director
