MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME II

THE NEEDS, PRIORITIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1975

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VOLUME II

THE NEEDS, PRIORITIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

WASHINGTON, D. C.

1975

NOTICE

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)

The content of this Supplementary Report is part of the basis for the Summary Report of the NAS Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering. In contrast to the Summary Report, however, the views expressed here are those of the various contributors and do not necessarily represent a consensus of COSMAT.

Frontispiece: A schematic representation of the materials cycle, portraying its global nature and principal stages.

PREFACE

The Summary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering (COSMAT) was published in the Spring of 1974. It was based on informational inputs generated by numerous committees, panels, and individuals. That background information has now been organized into this Supplementary Report, Volumes I to IV.

In assembling this extensive resource, a complete editorial function was not attempted. Thus, occasional redundancies and overlaps as well as some unevenness in style and coverage will be noted. There will also be found views, and perhaps contradictions, that did not make their way into the Summary Report, inasmuch as the latter reflects a consensus of COSMAT. Nevertheless, we believe that it will prove useful to the science and engineering communities, as well as to others concerned with the broader implications of technology, to have available the rich store of information that was collected by COSMAT.

We have organized the present Supplementary Report as follows:

Volume I—The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering, containing Chapters 1, 2, and 3, is concerned mainly with tracing the history and evolution of materials technology, and of materials science and engineering in particular; also with describing the dimensions of the present role of materials in society; and with a study of the way in which materials science and engineering operates as a multidisciplinary field.

Volume II—The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research begins, in Chapter 4, with a discussion of how materials research is related to various national goals or “areas of impact.” In Chapter 5, the results of a comprehensive survey of materials research properties are presented, both for applied research related to these areas of impact and for basic research. Chapter 6 provides a description of several of the more prominent materials research opportunities, again both basic and applied.

Volume III—The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering (Chapter 7) describes the industrial, governmental, academic, and professional activities in materials science and engineering in the U.S. In the industrial section, emphasis is given to illustrative descriptions of materials technologies and to the roles of materials scientists and engineers in various types of industry. The governmental section describes the ways in which the federal government is involved with the performance and support of materials science and engineering. The academic section contains detailed qualitative and quantitative information on the status and trends in university education and research both in “materials-designated” and “materials-related” departments and in materials research centers. In the professional section, consideration is given to the characteristics and numbers of materials scientists and engineers, as well as to their professional activities and opportunities.

Volume IV—Materials Technology Abroad (Chapter 8) deals with many facets of materials technology, as practiced in other countries. In collecting this information, it was often difficult, or even impossible, to delineate policies and practices specific to the materials field from those pertinent to science and technology in general. In such cases, the broader situation has been reviewed on the assumption that its applicability to the materials sphere is implicit. Volume IV surveys national policies and administrative structures for science and technology, education, R & D, institutions, technology-enhancement programs, technical achievements, and international cooperation. Much of the content revolves around the general theme of technological innovation.

It is surely obvious from the magnitude of this Supplementary Report that COSMAT is enormously indebted to a wide diversity of committees and individual contributors, whose inputs and insights have proved so valuable. The COSMAT Panels, Committees, and Consultants are listed in the Summary Report. They and other individual contributors are also referred to in this Supplementary Report.

COSMAT is deeply grateful to Marguerite Meyer, Beverly Masaitis, and Judy Trimble for their indefatigable efforts in the typing and assembling of these four volumes; theirs was a prodigious task, indeed. We are also most indebted to Amahl Shakhashiri for her careful editing of these volumes.

And once again, COSMAT wishes to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation and the Advanced Research Projects Agency in this undertaking , carried out under the aegis of the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences.

Morris Cohen, Chairman

William O.Baker, Vice Chairman

Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering

September 1975

COMMITTEE ON THE SURVEY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (COSMAT)

*Morris Cohen (Chairman)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

*William O.Baker (Vice Chairman)

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

Donald J.Blickwede

Bethlehem Steel Corporation

Raymond F.Boyer

Dow Chemical Company

*Paul F.Chenea

General Motors Corporation

Preston E.Cloud

University of California, Santa Barbara

*Daniel C.Drucker

University of Illinois

Julius J.Harwood

Ford Motor Company

I.Grant Hedrick

Grumann Aerospace Corporation

Walter R.Hibbard, Jr.

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation

*John D.Hoffman

National Bureau of Standards

Melvin Kranzberg

Georgia Institute of Technology

*Hans H.Landsberg

Resources for the Future, Inc.

Humboldt W.Leverenz

RCA Laboratories, Inc.

Donald J.Lyman

University of Utah

Roger S.Porter

University of Massachusetts

Rustum Roy

Pennsylvania State University

*Roland W.Schmitt

General Electric Company

Abe Silverstein

Republic Steel Corporation

Lawrence H.Van Vlack

The University of Michigan

Ex Officio Members

*Harvey Brooks (as former Chairman, Committee on Science and Public Policy, NAS)

Harvard University

*N.Bruce Hannay (as Chairman, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

*Ernst Weber (as Chairman, Division of Engineering, National Research Council, NAS-NAE)

National Academy of Sciences

*	Members of the Executive Board

Survey Directors

Alan G.Chynoweth

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

S.Victor Radcliffe

Case Western Reserve University

MATERIALS AND MAN’S NEEDS

Supplementary Report of the Committee on the Survey of Materials Science and Engineering

Volume I	The History, Scope, and Nature of Materials Science and Engineering
	Chapter 1:	Materials and Society
	Chapter 2:	The Contemporary Materials Scene
	Chapter 3:	Materials Science and Engineering as a Multidiscipline
Volume II	The Needs, Priorities, and Opportunities for Materials Research
	Chapter 4:	National Objectives and the Role of Materials Science and Engineering
	Chapter 5:	Priorities in Materials Research
	Chapter 6:	Opportunities in Materials Research
Volume III	The Institutional Framework for Materials Science and Engineering
	Chapter 7:	Industrial, Governmental, Academic, and Professional Activities in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume IV	Materials Technology Abroad
	Chapter 8:	Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR VOLUME II

Chapter Number

Page Number

4	NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
	INTRODUCTION	4–1
	The Nature of National Goals	4–1
	The Relevance-Tree Approach	4–9
	TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS	4–13
	The Nature of Telecommunications	4–13
	Dimensions of the Telecommunications Sector	4–15
	Dependence of TC’s on Hardware and Materials	4–15
	Government Involvement in Telecommunications	4–18
	Tomorrow’s TC Technologies	4–29
	SPACE AND DEFENSE	4–31
	U.S. Space Program	4–31
	Materials Development and Space Achievements	4–37
	Materials Needs of the Space Program	4–38
	Some Conclusions	4–40
	Note on Materials Science and Engineering in National Defense	4–41
	NATIONAL GOALS IN ELECTRIC POWER	4–46
	Public Policy and National Goals	4–46
	The Structure of the Industry	4–48
	Industry Changes and Legislation	4–48
	Future Technologies	4–51
	Materials for Electric Power	4–51
	Critical Problems in Materials Use and Development	4–54
	Summary and Conclusions	4–54
	Additional Note on Materials Research Problems	4–58
	Industrial Processes	4–58
	Breeder Reactor	4–58
	High-Temperature Gas Turbines	4–61
	Magnetohydrodynamic Generator (MHD)	4–62
	Solid-State Electrolyte Batteries	4–62
	Superconducting Materials	4–63
	TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIALS NEEDS	4–65
	Changing Goals in Transportation	4–66
	A Spectrum of National Goals in Transportation	4–68
	Major Impacts of Technology on Transportation	4–68
	Materials Technology for Ground Transportation	4–69
	Materials Technology for Marine Transportation	4–70
	Materials Technology for Commercial and Military Aircraft	4–70
	Low-Temperature Composites	4–70
	High-Temperature Composites	4–71
	Oriented Eutectics	4–71
	Conclusion	4–72
	HEALTH CARE GOALS AND MATERIALS NEEDS	4–74
	Changing National Health Goals and Institutions	4–74
	The Structure of the Health Care Industry—Present and Planned	4–77
	Supplies and Materials	4–78
	Biomaterials Future	4–82
	Additional Note on Materials Research Problems	4–83
	Materials in Orthopedic Surgery	4–85
	Materials in Cardiovascular Surgery	4–85
	Other Materials-Limited Areas	4–87
	Summary and Outlook	4–89
	ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND MATERIALS NEEDS	4–90
	Background	4–90
	Specific Areas of Concern	4–98
	Water Pollution	4–98
	Air Pollution	4–100
	Solid Wastes	4–100
	Toxic Substances	4–101
	Additional Opportunities for Materials Science and Engineering in Environmental Control	4–101
	HOUSING GOALS AND MATERIALS NEEDS	4–105
	The Federal Role—A Broad Summary	4–105
	Changing National Housing Goals	4–106
	Recent Trends	4–110
	The Federal Interest in HousingTechnology	4–112
	The Housing Industry	4–113
	Housing Costs	4–115
	Directions in Housing Technology	4–118
	Opportunities for Materials Innovation	4–120
	Roadblocks	4–120
	Materials Development	4–121
	Examples of Materials Development in the Industry	4–122
	Plastics-Based Materials	4–122
	Structural Sandwiches	4–123
	Encouragement of Innovation	4–124
	Prediction of Behavior	4–124
	Fire Endurance	4–125
	NOTES ON NEEDS IN CONSUMER GOODS, PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT, AND AUTOMATION	4–125
	CHALLENGES IN THE MATERIALS CYCLE	4–127
	Exploration	4–127
	Mining	4–127
	Extraction	4–128
	Renewable Resources	4–128
	Resource Substitution	4–128
	Processing, Manufacturing	4–129
	Environmental Effects	4–129
	Improved Performance	4–130
	Functional Substitution	4–130
	Product Design	4–130
	Recovery, Recycling	4–131
	PRIORITIES IN GOAL-ORIENTED MATERIALS RESEARCH	4–131
5	PRIORITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH	5–1
	COSMAT PRIORITY SURVEY	5–1
	The Questionnaire	5–2
	The Respondees	5–3
	Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering	5–6
	PRIORITIES FOR BASIC RESEARCH	5–14
	Priorities for Basic Research by Groups Based on Personal Data	5–16
	Ratings of Priority for Basic Research by Experts in Each Specialty	5–23
	Overall Priority for Basic Research	5–27
	Comments on Priority for Basic Research	5–31
	Atomic Structure	5–32
	Microstructure (Electron Microscope Level)	5–32
	Microstructure (Optical Microscope Level)	5–33
	Thermodynamic	5–33
	Thermal	5–33
	Mechanical and Acoustic	5–34
	Optical	5–35
	Electrical	5–36
	Magnetic	5–37
	Dielectric	5–38
	Nuclear	5–38
	Chemical, Electrochemal and Surface Properties	5–39
	Biological	5–40
	Ceramics	5–41
	Glasses and Amorphous Materials	5–42
	Elemental and Compound Semiconductors	5–43
	Inorganic, Non-Metallic Elements and Compounds	5–44
	Ferrous Metals and Alloys	5–45
	Non-Ferrous Structural Metals and Alloys	5–46
	Non-Ferrous Conducting Metals and Alloys	5–46
	Plastics	5–47
	Fibers and Textiles	5–47
	Rubbers	5–48
	Composites	5–48
	Organic and Organo-Metallic Compounds	5–49
	Thin Films	5–49
	Adhesives, Coatings, Finishes, Seals	5–50
	Lubricants, Oils, Solvents, Cleansers	5–50
	Prosthetic and Medical Materials	5–50
	Plain and Reinforced Concrete	5–51
	Asphaltic and Bituminous Materials	5–51
	Extraction, Purification, Refining	5–51
	Synthesis and Polymerization	5–52
	Solidification and Crystal Growth	5–53
	Metal Deformation and Processing	5–54
	Plastics Extrusion and Molding	5–54
	Heat Treatment	5–55
	Material Removal	5–55
	Joining	5–56
	Powder Processing	5–56
	Vapor and Electrodeposition, Epitaxy	5–57
	Radiation Treatment	5–57
	Plating and Coating	5–58
	Chemical	5–58
	Testing and Non-Destructive Testing	5–59
	APPLIED RESEARCH	5–60
	PRIORITIES FOR APPLIED RESEARCH BY AREA OF IMPACT	5–72
	Area 10 Communications, Computers and Control	5–73
	10 Communications, Computers and Contol	5–77
	11 Commercial Radio and TV Equipment	5–78
	12 Computers	5–78
	13 Electronic Components	5–79
	14 Equipment for Guidance and Control of Transportation	5–81
	15 Teaching Equipment	5–81
	16 Telephone and Data Network Equipment	5–82
	Area 20 Consumer Goods	5–83
	20 Consumer Goods	5–87
	22 Furniture	5–88
	23 Household Appliances—Electronic	5–88
	24 Household Appliances—Nonelectric	5–89
	26 Packaging and Containers	5–90
	27 Printing and Photography	5–91
	Area 30 Defense and Space	5–92
	30 Defense and Space	5–96
	31 Military Aircraft	5–97
	32 Missiles	5–98
	33 Naval Vessels	5–99
	34 Ordnance and Weapons	5–100
	35 Radar and Military Communications	5–101
	36 Spacecraft	5–102
	37 Undersea Equipment	5–103
	Area 40 Energy	5–104
	40 Energy	5–108
	41 Batteries and Fuel Cells	5–109
	42 Direct Conversion	5–110
	43 Electric Transmission and Distribution	5–111
	44 Fuel Transmission and Distribution	5–112
	45 Nuclear Reactors	5–112
	46 Thermonuclear Fusion	5–113
	47 Turbines and Generators	5–114
	Area 50 Environmental Quality	5–115
	50 Environmental Quality	5–119
	51 Mining and Raw Materials Extraction	5–120
	52 Pollution	5–121
	53 Recycling and Solid Waste Disposal	5–122
	54 Reliability, Safety, Maintainability	5–123
	55 Substitution Opportunities	5–123
	56 Working Conditions	5–124
	Area 60 Health Services	5–125
	60 Health Services	5–129
	61 Artificial Organs	5–130
	62 Medical Electronics	5–130
	63 Medical Equipment (including dental)	5–130
	64 Prosthetic Devices	5–131
	Area 70 Housing and Other Construction	5–132
	70 Housing and Other Construction	5–136
	72 Highways, Bridges, Airports, etc.	5–137
	73 Individual and Multiple Unit Dwellings	5–137
	74 Industrial and Commercial Structures	5–138
	75 Mobile Homes	5–138
	76 Plumbing, Heating, Electrical, etc.	5–138
	Area 80 Production Equipment	5–139
	80 Production Equipment	5–143
	81 Farm and Construction Machinery	5–143
	82 Industrial Drives, Motors, Controls	5–143
	83 Industrial Instrumentation	5–143
	84 Machine Tools	5–144
	85 Process Equipment	5–144
	Area 90 Transportation Equipment	5–145
	90 Transportation Equipment	5–149
	91 Aircraft	5–150
	92 Automotive	5–151
	93 Guided Ground Transportation	5–152
	94 Water	5–152
	APPENDIX 5A	5–153
6	OPPORTUNITIES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH	6–1
	INTRODUCTION	6–1
	CLASSES OF MATERIALS	6–3
	Ceramics	6–3
	Glass	6–4
	Metals	6–5
	Superalloys	6–6
	Radiation Resistant Reactor Materials	6–7
	Superconductors	6–8
	Contact Materials	6–8
	Plastics	6–9
	Composites and Concrete	6–11
	Cements	6–13
	Aggregates	6–13
	Reinforcement	6–14
	Electronic Materials	6–14
	Semiconductors	6–14
	Magnetic Materials	6–16
	Optical Crystals	6–18
	Dielectrics	6–19
	Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials	6–20
	Miscellaneous Materials	6–21
	Solid Electrolytes	6–21
	Liquid Crystals	6–22
	Biomaterials	6–23
	MATERIALS PROCESSING	6–24
	Processing and Manufacturing Techniques for Metals	6–24
	Extractive and Process Metallurgy	6–24
	Casting	6–26
	Working	6–26
	Joining and Finishing	6–27
	Metastable Phases	6–28
	Computer Techniques in Processing	6–28
	Rubber and Plastics	6–29
	Electronic Materials	6–30
	Instrumentation, Analysis and Testing	6–33
	BASIC RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS	6–35
	Superconductivity	6–35
	Extensions of Laser Action	6–35
	Fracture Toughness	6–36
	Dynamic Behavior of Defects	6–37
	Flammability of Polymers	6–38
	Photochemistry	6–38
	Corrosion Resistance	6–39
	BASIC GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS	6–41
	Interatomic Forces, Chemical Bonding, and Lattice Stability	6–41
	Microscopic Understanding of Phase Transitions	6–41
	Amorphous, Disordered State	6–42
	Impurity Effects in Solids	6–42
	One- and Two-Dimensional Systems	6–43
	Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces	6–45
	Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials	6–47
	Collective Behavior	6–47
	Nonequilibrium Systems	6–48

LIST OF FIGURES FOR VOLUME II

Figure Number

Page Number


		CHAPTER 4. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

4.1		Partial Relevance Tree for Telecommunications	4-32
4.2		Expenditures for Space Research and Technology	4-36
4.3		Partial Relevance Tree for Achieving Space Goals	4-39
4.4		Partial Relevance Tree for Energy	4-57
4.5		Partial Relevance Tree for Transportation	4-73
4.6		Partial Relevance Tree for Health Services	4-79
4.7		Partial Relevance Tree for Environmental Goals	4-102
4.8		Partial Relevance Tree for Housing	4-114

	CHAPTER 5. PRIORITIES IN GOAL-ORIENTED MATERIALS RESEARCH

5.1		Priority for Basic Research	5-15
5.2		Priority for Applied Research—Area 10—Communications, Computers, and Control	5-74
5.3		Priority for Applied Research—Area 20—Consumer Goods	5-84
5.4		Priority for Applied Research—Area 30—Defense and Space	5-93
5.5		Priority for Applied Research—Area 40—Energy	5-105
5.6		Priority for Applied Research—Area 50—Environmental Quality	5-116
5.7		Priority for Applied Research—Area 60—Health Services	5-126
5.8		Priority for Applied Research—Area 70—Housing and Other Construction	5-133
5.9		Priority for Applied Research—Area 80—Production Equipment	5-140
5.10		Priority for Applied Research—Area 90—Transportation Equipment	5-146

LIST OF TABLES FOR VOLUME II

Table Number

Page Number


	CHAPTER 4. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
4.1		Changes in Federal Budget Outlays, 1950-1972, Selected Fiscal Years	4-4
4.2		Expenditures for National Goals, 1962 and 1969	4-6
4.3		Expenditures for Private Consumption, 1962 to 1969	4-7
4.4		Illustrative Levels in a Relevance Tree	4-10
4.5		Example Programs Displayed According to Relevance Trees	4-11
4.6		Types of Equipment in Telecommunications Systems	4-16
4.7		Elements in the Telephone Handset	4-19
4.8		Summary of Some Major Achievements in TelecommunicationsTechnology and Related Materials Achievements	4-21
4.9		Summary of Some Materials Innovations in TC Technology	4-23
4.10		Characteristics of New Nationwide Networks that May Have an Impact on the Public Network	4-30
4.11		Space Research and Technology	4-35
4.12		Some Major Pieces of Legislation Relating to Electric Power	4-49
4.13		Technological Advances Relating to Electric Power	4-52
4.14		Materials Employed in the Electric Power Industry	4-53
4.15		Energy Developments in Which Further Advances in Technology Are Now Limited or Inhibited by Materials	4-55
4.16		Critical Energy-Related Materials Areas in Which Solutions Appear Possible, Given Substantially Increased Materials Research	4-56
4.17		Relation of Energy to Value of Materials	4-59
4.18		Major Events in Transportation Legislation	4-67
4.19		Changing National Objectives and Priorities Concerning Health Care—Key Documents	4-75
4.20		Distribution of National Expenditures for Health Care	4-80
4.21		Materials for Medical Care—1970 Sales and Growth Rate	4-81
4.22		Materials Innovation in Health Care	4-84
4.23		Environmental Goals as Presented in Presidential Messages, 1967-1972
4.24		Estimated Volume of Industrial Wastes Before Treatment, 1964.	4-99
4.25		Changing National Objectives and Priorities—Key Documents	4-107
4.26		Housing Construction Needs, 1968-1978	4-111
4.27		Relative Shares of Development & Construction Costs in Different Types of Housing	4-116
4.28		Relative Shares of Specific Construction Cost	4-117
4.29		Past Materials Innovations in Housing Technology	4-119
4.30		Goal-Oriented Materials Research Bearing on Areas of National Impact	4-132

	CHAPTER 5. PRIORITIES IN GOAL-ORIENTED MATERIALS RESEARCH

5.1a		Personal Information	5-4
5.1b		Discipline of Highest Degree	5-5
5.2a		Overall Response	5-6
5.2b		Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact	5-7
5.3a		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Highest Degree	5-8
5.3b		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Scienceand Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Discipline of Highest Degree	5-8
5.3c		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Age Bracket	5-9
5.3d		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Institution	5-9
5.3e		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Type of Activity	5-10
5.3f		Assessment of the Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Each Area of Impact According to Management Level	5-10
5.4		Overall Importance of Materials Science and Engineering to Areas of Impact—Classification by Respondees Familiar with Area of Impact	5-12
5.5a		Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Highest Degree	5-17
5.5b		Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Discipline of Highest Degree	5-18
5.5c		Priority for Basic Research—Classification by Age	5-19
5.5d		Priority for Basic Research—Classification According to Type of Institution	5-20
5.5e		Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Type of Activity	5-21
5.5f		Priority for Basic Research—Classified According to Level of Management	5-22
5.6a		Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Materials as Rated by Experts in Each Category	5-24
5.6b		Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Classes of Properties as Rated by Experts in Each Category	5-25
5.6c		Level of Priority for Basic Research Classified According to Processes as Rated by Experts in Each Category	5-26
5.7a		Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Properties)	5-28
5.7b		Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Materials)	5-29
5.7c		Priorities for Basic Research in Materials (Processes)	5-30
5.8		Sub-Areas of Impact and Responses Received	5-62
5.9a		Priorities for Applied Research—Properties of Materials	5-64
5.9b		Priorities for Applied Research—Classes of Materials	5-65
5.9c		Priorities for Applied Research—Processes	5-66
5.9d		Priorities for Applied Research—Disciplines	5-67
5.10a		Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Properties of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)	5-68
5.10b		Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Classes of Materials (Corrected for Familiarity)	5-69
5.10c		Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Processes (Corrected for Familiarity)	5-70
5.10d		Rank Ordering of Priority for Applied Research—Disciplines (Corrected for Familiarity)	5-71
5.11		Priority for Applied Research—Area 10—Communications, Computers and Control	5-75
5.12		Priority for Applied Research—Area 20—Consumer Goods	5-85
5.13		Priority for Applied Research—Area 30—Defense and Space	5-94
5.14		Priority for Applied Research—Area 40—Energy	5-106
5.15		Priority for Applied Research—Area 50—Environmental Quality	5-117
5.16		Priority for Applied Research—Area 60—Health Services	5-127
5.17		Priority for Applied Research—Area 70—Housing and Other Construction	5-134
5.18		Priority for Applied Research—Area 80—Production Equipment	5-141
5.19		Priority for Applied Research—Area 90—Transportation Equipment	5-147