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Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest

Upstream


Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest

Contents

  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
    • Status of Salmon Populations
    • The Salmon Problem
    • General Conclusion
    • Environmental Factors
    • Limits on Salmon Production
    • Values
    • Genetics and Conservation
    • Habitat Loss and Rehabilitation
    • Dams
    • Hatcheries
    • Fishing
    • Institutional Change
    • A Scientific Advisory Board to Address Salmon Problems,
    • An Approach to Solving the Salmon Problem
    • The Future

  • 1: Introduction
    • The Salmon Problem
    • Components of the System
      • The Region
      • The Salmon
      • Evolutionary, Genetic, Ecological, and Spatial Units of Concern
      • The People
    • Components of the Problem
      • Limits to Biological Production
      • Institutions
      • Knowledge
    • Approaches
      • Goals
      • Framework

  • 2: Salmon Geography and Ecology
    • Introduction
    • Salmon Life History and Distribution
      • Anadromy
      • Homing
      • Semelparity
      • Generalized Life Cycle
      • Individual Species Distributions
    • Pacific Northwest Salmon Areas
      • River Basins
      • Ocean
    • Salmon Ecology in River Basins
      • Species Interactions
      • Juvenile Adaptability
      • Spawners' Effects on Streams
      • Cautions
    • Salmon Ecology in the Ocean
      • Interdecadal Variation in Ocean Climate
      • Density-Dependent Effects
      • Larger Spatial and Temporal Scales

  • 3: Human History and Influences
    • Historical Setting
    • Cultures and Treaties
    • Decline of the Beaver
    • Fishing Pressures
    • Propagating Fish
    • Grazing Rangelands
    • Harvesting the Old Growth
    • Damming the Northwest
    • Watering the Land
    • Altering Wetlands and Estuaries
    • Summary and Conclusions

  • 4: Status of Salmon
    • Interpreting Historical Records
    • The Stock Concept
    • Risk Assessment
    • Fraser River Basin
    • Puget Sound
    • Columbia River Basin
      • Historical Trends
      • Snake River
      • Middle and Upper Columbia River
      • Lower Columbia River
      Coastal Washington, Oregon, and California
    • Willapa Bay—A Case Study

  • 5: Values and Institutions
    • Introduction
    • Individual Preferences and Public Values
    • How Salmon Are Valued
      • Direct Regional Economic Value
      • Indirect and Option Values
      • Resource Values and Public Choice
      • Value Over Time and Generations
    • Institutions and Values
    • "Lords of Yesterday"
      • Technological Optimism
      • Political Pluralism
    • "Princes of Today"?
      • Public Trust and American Indian Rights
      • Resource Planning
      Fisheries Management Institutions
      • Biodiversity and Endangered Species
      • Compensation, Liability and the Law
    • Values and Analysis

  • 6: Genetics and Conservation
    • Structure of Genetic Variation
    • Local Reproductive Units
    • Local Adaptation
    • Metapopulation Structure
    • Level of Genetic Organization to be Conserved
    • Effects of Human Activities on Genetic Diversity
    • Conclusions

  • 7: Habitat Loss
    • Dimensions of the Problem
    • Natural Versus Anthropogenic Disturbances and Watershed Productivity
    • Sedimentation
    • Streambank Erosion
    • Streambank Armoring and Channelization
    • Instream Mining
    • Diking, Draining, and Filling
    • Flood Control
    • Altered Streamflow
    • Altered Groundwater
    • Altered Riparian Vegetation
    • Altered Thermal Regime
    • Decreased Large Woody Debris
    • Migration Barriers
    • Water Pollution
    • Loss of Refuges
    • Summary

  • 8: Habitat Management and Rehabilitation
    • Watershed Influences
    • Habitat-Management Options
      • Protection
      • Restoration
      • Rehabilitation
      • Substitution
    • Watershed Analysis
    • Opportunities and Challenges
    • Property Rights and Habitat Protection on Private Lands
    • Burden of Proof
    • Habitat Management and Fisheries Management

  • 9: Dams and Mitigation of Their Effects
    • Introduction
    • Effects of Dams on Salmon
      • Dam-Related Mortality
      • Time of Travel
      • Unscreened Diversion Dams
      • Estuarine Dynamics
    • Mitigation of Dams' Effects on Salmon
      • Fish-Passage Facilities
      • Predator Control
      • Transportation
      • Spill
      • Flow Augmentation
      • Reservoir Drawdown
      • Dam Removal
      • Selection of Mitigation Alternatives

  • 10: Fishing
    • Salmon Fisheries in the Pacific Northwest
      • Early History
      • The 1990s
      • Fishery-Management Institutions
      • Fishery-Management Data
      International Influences
      • High-Seas Fishing
      • Canadian and U.S. Fishery Interactions
    • Conclusion

  • 11: Salmon-Fishery Management Concepts
    • Stock and Recruitment
    • Fishery Management in the Future
      • The Status Quo
      • The No-Fishing Option
      • The Limited-Entry Option
      • The Terminal-Fishery Option
      • Developing a New Management Paradigm
    • Conclusions

  • 12: Hatcheries
    • Problems Associated with Hatchery Practices
      • Demographic Risks
      • Genetic and Evolutionary Risks
      • Behavior
      • Fish Health
      • Physiology
      • Ecological Problems
    • Roles of Hatcheries in the Future of Salmon
      • Hatcheries in the Rehabilitation Option
      • Temporary Hatcheries
      • Catch-Augmentation Hatchery
    • Conclusions
    • Recommendations

  • 13: Institutional Analysis
    • Introduction
    • Bioregional Governance
      • Cooperative Management
    • Adaptive Management
    • A Proposal for Constructive Action
      • Columbia River System
      • Coastal Streams and Estuaries

  • 14: A Scientific Advisory Board to Address the Salmon Problem
    • Gaps in Knowledge
    • Science, River Flows, and Uncertainty
    • A Scientific Advisory Board
      • Why a Scientific Advisory Board Is Needed
      • Requirements for an Effective Scientific Advisory Board

  • 15 Conclusions and Recommendations: Toward a Sustainable Future for Salmon
    • General Conclusion
    • Environmental Changes
      • Oceanic Conditions
      • Regional Variation
    • Values and Institutions
    • Genetics and Conservation
      • Genetic Resources
      • Regional Population Structure
      Habitat Loss and Rehabilitation
    • Dams
    • Fishing and Fishery Management
      • Too Few Spawners
      • Protection of Genetic Diversity
      • Strong and Depleted Populations
    • Hatcheries
      • Role of Hatcheries
      • Regional Variation in Use of Hatcheries
    • Information Needs
      • Funding Adequacy
      • Adaptive Management
    • Institutions
    • An Approach to Solving the Salmon Problem
    • The Future

  • References
  • Appendixes
    • A: Biographical Information on Committee Members and Staff
    • B: Meeting Dates and Locations
    • C: Acknowledgments
    • D: Major Landforms and Their Rivers
    • E: International Treaty Considerations in Operation of the Columbia River System
    • F: Reservoir-System Operation

  • Index

Facing page: Image of the Haida Dog Salmon (Saagi) by Haida artist Bill Reid. Courtesy of Bill Reid and the Buschlen Mowatt Gallery, 111-1445 W. Georgia St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6G 2T3.

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