Index

A

Acceptable use policies, 222-223, 235-240, 282-283, 378

Access control, 69, 110, 194. See also Filters/filtering

Adult online entertainment industry
     future products and services, 68-70, 81-82
     mousetrapping, 74, 75, 78-79, 80, 109, 212-213
     possible safe harbors for, 107, 208-209, 342
     practices, 71 n.1, 74-79, 382-383
     regulation, 79-81
     size and structure, 72-73, 79
     subscriber retention, 72-73, 76-77
     targeting children, 78-79, 80, 82-83, 104-105
     verification services, 63-65, 78-79, 102, 206-209, 340-349, 360

Advertising of sexually explicit material, 38, 74-76, 96, 109-110, 129, 133 n.39, 136. See also Spam

Age verification, 62-65, 78-79, 102, 206-209, 216, 328-329, 339-349, 360

AltaVista, 273

Ambiguities in language as related to filtering, 54-55, 138-140, 278, 420-421, 422

American Family Online, 167-168

American Civil Liberties Union, 104

American Family Association, 168

American Social Health Association, 126, 173

Anonymizers, 66, 67, 164

AOL parental controls, 162, 272, 275, 276, 284

Authentication technologies, 59, 62-64, 346

Automated policy preference negotiation, 346-347

B

Bag-of-words model for matching documents, 422

Bandwidth, 37, 73

Beaver College, 278 n.15

Best practices for homes, schools, libraries, 374-386

Biometric signatures, 62, 64-65

Black lists of inappropriate material, 52, 54

Blocking inappropriate material, 51-61, 100, 103-104, 162, 194, 273-274, 279-280

Bulletin boards, 130, 272, 284

C

Chain letters, 109-110

Chat rooms and online conversations, 40, 44, 45, 119, 130, 138, 141-142, 162 n.4, 170-171, 173, 272, 276, 284

Child pornography, 66, 71 n.1, 93-94, 97-99, 113, 129, 132, 137, 205, 213, 214-215, 424

Children
     age/developmental considerations, 116-118, 155, 157-158, 193, 206, 229-230, 290-291, 342, 358-359
     First Amendment protections, 89-92
     Internet usage, 117, 119-120, 128, 136-142, 163
     media usage, 115-120
     monitoring online activities, 103 n.42, 268-269, 272, 284, 286, 291, 304-317
     parental knowledge of, 118, 120, 164-165
     rights, 92-93
     sexual information from media, 123-127
     special-needs populations, 159
     targeting of advertising for sexually explicit material, 78-79, 80, 82-83, 104-105
     technological sophistication, 49, 162-163, 165
     venues for Internet access, 36-38, 127-128, 280, 360

Content providers for adult Web sites, 78, 381-382

Coping strategies for exposure to inappropriate material or experiences, 135, 195

Counters for Web traffic, 77

Credit cards as age verification technology, 63, 64, 73, 74, 78, 110, 138, 271, 341, 342, 343, 345, 349

Crimes Against Children Research Center, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140-142

Cultivation theory, 148

Cybersex, 129, 170-171

CyberTipline, 214-215

D

Department of Education, 103

Deterrence as a form of protection, 195

Dial-a-porn services, 110

Digital convergence, 45

Disclosure of personal information, 104 n.46

Domain names, 38-39, 54-55, 74, 109, 139-140
     .kids top-level, 328-329, 335-339
     .xxx top-level, 327-334, 354

E

E-mail, 40, 42, 74, 108-109, 119, 138, 142, 272, 274, 276, 281, 286

E-rate program, 103

Education strategies. See Social and education strategies

Encryption, 65, 67

Executable dialer programs, 108

Exposure to inappropriate material and experiences
     age/developmental considerations, 135, 157-158
     deliberate, 137, 138, 139, 141-142, 160, 195-196, 268-269, 275, 341, 342
     dimensions of, 159-160, 357-358
     empirical research, 149-157
     extent of, 132-135
     First Amendment protections, 89-92
     gender and, 117-118, 141, 158-159
     impacts of sexually explicit materials, 133, 135, 143-180, 362-364
     inadvertent, 133, 135, 137, 138-141, 160, 268-269, 275, 341
     on Internet, 133, 136-142
     parental challenges, 161-165
     passive vs. interactive, 25, 139, 328-329
     routes to, 40, 128-142, 281
     theoretical perspectives, 117, 143-149
     types of materials and experiences, 128-129, 136-137, 159
     warnings, 194, 300, 340, 341

F

FBI Sex Offender Database, 114

Federal Communications Commission, 103, 110-112

Federal Trade Commission, 80, 106, 107-110

File sharing (peer-to-peer), 40, 42, 129, 131, 132, 271, 274, 281. See also Peer-to-peer networks.

Filters/filtering
     client-side, 271, 302
     combinations of methods, 52, 58, 300
     content-limited ISPs, 37, 52, 131, 268-269, 270-272, 277, 280-281, 282, 284, 286-288, 293, 301, 302
     defeating/circumventing, 280-281, 282
     defined, 271
     by domain names and IP addresses, 54-55, 279
     effectiveness, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60-61, 275-286, 303-304
     flexibility and usability, 289-292
     functions, 267-275
     future prospects, 298-301
     identifying sites to be blocked, 51-59, 286-289
     information retrieval technologies and, 54, 55-56, 58, 274, 298-299, 420
     labeling of content, 56-58, 59, 209, 268-269, 282, 288-289, 295-298
     liability issues, 100
     at libraries, 271, 273, 274-275, 280, 282-284, 379
     placement of, 56, 59, 103-104,
270-273
     at schools, 273, 274, 280, 282-284, 285
     search engine, 56, 59, 271, 273
     selective degradation of service,
299-300
     server-side, 59, 272-273, 281 n.21,
302
     statutes, 103-104
     technologies, 51-59, 267-304
     trade-offs in, 58-59, 268-269, 292-298, 301-304
     V-chip, 57, 61, 110, 111, 196, 197

Financial transaction mechanisms, 63, 68-69, 73, 74, 78

First Amendment issues, 84-96, 98, 100, 102-103, 293, 359

Flying Crocodile Inc. (FCI), 72 n.3, 77

Flynt Digital Media, 81

G

GetNetWise, 228, 267, 270

Gnutella, 281

Good Samaritan provisions of Communications Decency Act, 100

Google, 273

Grunwald Associates, 120

H

Haptic (touch-sensitive) content, 81-82

Harassment, 66, 129, 137, 142, 162 n.4, 164, 166

Hate speech and overt racism, 22-23, 53

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 85

I

Inappropriate material and experiences
     child as decision maker, 193, 194-195, 218-221
     community standards, 192-193
     differing views of, 175, 192
     identification of, 51-59, 183-188
     types of, 22-25, 83, 137, 290

Indexing services (for adult Web sites), 77

Information processing theory, 148

Information retrieval (and filtering)
     image analysis, 55-56, 58, 274, 298-299, 423-424
     location verification, 66-68, 426-428
     search engines, 39, 41, 56, 74, 108, 342, 422, 424-426
     technologies, 49-51, 418-424
     textual analysis, 54, 55, 58, 274, 418-422
     user interfaces, 428-429

INHOPE Hotlines, 215

Instant help, 268-269, 322-326

Instant messaging, 40, 44-45, 130-131, 140, 141-142, 272, 274 n.6, 276, 286

Institute of Museum and Library Sciences, 103

Intel Corporation, 61

Intellectual property protection tools, 328-329, 349-353

Internet
     access devices, 35-36, 381
     anonymity, 33, 35, 66
     applications running on, 45-46
     benefits, 32, 294
     child predation, 24, 113, 141-142, 166
     and communication, 33
     comparison to other media types, 32-35, 124-125
     connectivity, 31-32, 36-38
     deliberate exposure, 137, 138, 139, 141-142, 195-196, 268-269, 275, 341, 342
     digital information characteristics, 31-32
     economic issues, 35, 47, 72, 73, 361-362
     functionality, 39-47
     inadvertent exposure, 133, 135, 137, 138-141, 268-269, 275, 341
     interactivity, 33, 34
     international nature of, 33, 47-48, 112
     location verification, 66-68, 426-428
     nature, 32-35
     passive vs. interactive exposure, 25
     peer-to-peer networks, 40, 42, 69, 131, 132, 271, 274 n.6
     publishing, 35, 67, 102
     safety education, 222-223, 230, 233, 240, 242-245, 301, 375, 379
     searching, 39, 41, 49-51
     telephony, 45

Internet Content Rating Association, 296, 297

Internet Explorer, 59, 282

Internet service providers
     best practices, 380-381
     content-limited, 37, 59, 131, 268-269, 270, 277, 280-281, 284, 301, 302
     liability, 100
     terms of service and self-regulation, 36-38, 127, 215-216

IP addresses, 38-39, 54-55, 67, 139, 279

IP-based virtual hosting, 54-55, 279

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 118-119, 120, 135, 197, 284

Kids Passport, 347 n.13

L

Labeling of content, 56-58, 187, 209, 268-269, 282, 297

Law enforcement, training, and education, 107-109, 112-113, 201-205

Legal and regulatory issues. See First Amendment issues; Regulatory efforts; Statutes and common law

Libraries and librarians, 37, 94-95, 100, 103-104, 127-128, 140, 191-192, 193, 271, 273, 274-275, 280, 346, 378-380

Live Entertainment Group, 81

Location verification, 66-68, 426-428

Login names, 272

Lycos, 273

M

Media Access Control (MAC) address, 61

Meeting Internet contacts face-to-face. See child predation

Monitoring
     and development of self-discipline, 308-309, 313
     and punishment, 308, 311
     and trust, 312
     defined, 305
     privacy implications, 312-314
     techniques of, 305-306

Mousetrapping, 74, 75, 78-79, 80, 108, 212-213

Movies, 57-58, 81, 121, 133 n.39

N

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, 114, 214-215

National Crime Information Center, 114

National Law Enforcement Telecommunications Center, 114

National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 119-120

Netscape, 59, 282

Network interface card, 61

Network Solutions Inc., 109

Nielsen/NetRatings, 78

O

Obscene for minors
     definition, 107, 113-114, 137, 294, 359
     labeling, 209
     prohibitions against spam and mousetrapping, 209-213

Obscenity
     civil liability for, 205
     community standards, 66, 97, 98, 99, 107, 136 n.42, 137, 184, 203-204, 206-207, 359
     federal statutes, 96-97
     First Amendment issues, 87-89, 96-97, 98, 137
     prosecution for, 112-113, 201-205, 216-217
     record keeping on performers, 99, 213

Offensive material, 137

Overblocking, 58-59, 275, 277, 278-279, 284

P

Page-jacking, 108

Parental consent, 105-107, 347 n.13

Parental controls, 162, 272, 275, 276, 284, 345

Parental responsibility and involvement, 110, 123, 161-165, 184, 222-223, 225-233, 271, 374-378, 379

Pay-per-call industry, 67, 110

Peer assistance, 222-223, 233-234

Peer-to-peer networks, 40, 42, 69, 131, 132, 271, 274 n.6, 281. See also File sharing

Peripheral devices, 46-47

Personal digital assistants, 81

Personal information, 104-107, 129

Pew Internet and American Life Project, 24, 120

Plain brown wrappers, 208-209, 216, 342

Planned Parenthood, 126

Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), 57, 282

Playboy, 81, 125

Pornography and sexually explicit material. See also Child pornography
     and community standards, 97, 98, 99, 102-103
     definitions, 20-22, 86-87, 97, 101-102, 110, 112, 133 n.39, 167-168, 176, 357-358
     differing views and perspectives, 25-28, 94, 166-172, 176, 289
     and encryption, 65
     hard-core vs. soft-core, 25-26, 424
     identifying, 51-59
     impacts of viewing, 143-160, 166-172
     obscene for minors, 107, 137, 209-213, 359
     and obscenity, 66, 86-89, 96-97, 98, 99, 107, 136 n.42, 137, 201-205, 359
     as proxy in political debate, 172-180, 282-283, 373-374
     range, 21-22, 71, 128-129, 136, 160
     sources, 136-142

Privacy, 66, 93, 104-107, 268-269, 344

Protection. See also Regulatory efforts; Social and education strategies; Statutes and common law; Technology-based tools
     approaches, 196-200, 218-221, 364-368
     dimensions, 188-190
     First Amendment and, 89-92
     identification of inappropriate material, 51-59, 183-188
     institutional mission and, 191-192
     politics of inappropriate material, 25-28, 192-194, 202-203
     techniques, 194-196, 206-209
     time line of actions, 190-191
     trade-offs in, 368-374

Proxy servers, 281 n.21

Psychoanalytic theory, 117, 146

Public policy, 202-203, 373-374, 383-386

Public records, 63-64, 342, 344, 345

Public terminals, 36, 37, 127-128

Publius, 67

R

Regulatory efforts, 80, 107-112

Research needs, 386-387

Restore AmericaÕs Moral Pride, 168

S

Safe harbors for adult industry, 107, 208-209, 342

School environments, 37, 95-96, 100, 103-104, 124, 140, 162, 191-192, 273, 274, 280, 285, 378-380

Screen names, 272

Search engines, 39, 41, 56, 74, 108, 138, 141, 208, 271, 342, 422, 424-426. See also AltaVista, Google, Yahoo

Self-regulation of Internet content, 37-38, 81, 215-216

Sex education, 122, 123-127, 162, 172-173

Sexual assaults, 141

Sexual orientation issues, 173-174

Sexual solicitation, 132-135, 137, 141-142

Sexuality in culture and media, 22-24, 120-122, 123-124, 126-127, 157, 161

Smart cards, 62, 346

Social and education strategies, 110, 195. See also Parental involvement
     acceptable use policies, 222-223, 235-240, 282-283, 378
     after-the-fact, 240-242
     collateral issues, 249-250
     compelling and safe content, 222-223, 250-254
     contextual issues, 357-358, 222-225
     definition, 221-223
     findings and observations about, 256-257
     information and media literacy, 222-223, 245-249
     Internet safety education, 222-223, 242-245, 301, 375, 379
     peer assistance, 222-223, 233-234
     public service announcements and media campaigns, 222-223, 254-256
     responsible decision making, 193, 194-195, 218-221
     trade-offs in, 370-371

Social learning theory, 117, 147, 151, 153

Software vendors, 381

Spam, 74, 109-110, 130, 140, 209-212, 268-269, 317-322

Stalking, 66

Statutes and common law
     Child Online Protection Act, 101-103, 206, 207, 209-210, 345
     child pornography, 97-99, 112, 205
     ChildrenÕs Internet Protection Act, 103-104, 112, 284
     ChildrenÕs Online Privacy Protection Act, 104-107
     Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, 97-98, 204, 205
     Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1988, 99
     Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990, 99
     Communications Decency Act, 90-91, 99-100, 101, 102, 206
     Federal Trade Commission Act, 107
     Sex Crimes Against Children Prevention Act, 97 n.27
     state, 107
     Telecommunications Act of 1996, 99, 103 n.41

Streaming media, video, and audio, 45, 62 n.24, 81

Supervised learning, 421

Surgeon GeneralÕs report on sexual health, 126

Surveillance. See Monitoring

Swimming pool analogy for protecting children, 224

T

Technology-based tools, 258-260. See also Filters/filtering, Monitoring, and Chapters 12 and 13 more generally
     contextual issues, 261-265
     for non-end users, 327-353
     questions to be asked about, 265-266
     trade-offs in, 371-373
     for users, 267-326

Text classification or categorization, 55, 420-421

Third-party billing processors, 77

Thornburgh, Dick (chair), personal statement, xv-xviii

Time limits for Internet use, 195

U

Underblocking, 58-59, 276-277, 284

Unfair and deceptive trade practices, 81, 107-110

University of Pennsylvania Center for the Study of Youth Policy, 141

Usenet newsgroups, 40, 42-43, 100, 129, 130, 131-132, 271, 276

User interfaces, 428-429

User profiles, 130

V

V-chip, 57, 61, 110, 111, 196, 197

Video games, 36, 57-58, 119

Videoconferencing, 45, 274 n.6

Violent speech and imagery, 23, 121-122, 149-153

Virtual reality, 69, 98

Voice interaction, 69

W

White lists for appropriate content, 52, 272, 273

World Wide Web, 39, 40, 45-46, 72-73, 101-103
     Consortium on Metadata, 57

Y

Yahoo, 273

Youth Internet Safety Survey, 134