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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
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OCR for page 93
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEGREES
2-59
OCR for page 94
Total S&E Degrees: Type of Degree
During the 1960s and 1970s, the number of science and engineering bachelors degrees awarded
annually increased sharply, from 120 thousand in 1958 to 340 thousand in 1974, then more slowly
to 377 thousand in the late 1980s. For masters degrees, the number awarded annually increased
from 25 thousand in 1958 to 110 thousand in 1988. Likewise, the number of Ph.D. degrees
awarded annually increased during the 1960s and early 1970s, rising from 6 thousand in 1958 to
18 thousand in 1974; they have also stabilized in the late 1980s with annual production of about
19 thousand.
Flours 2~84: Degrees Awarded In Science
and Engineering by Degree Level
~ .
Boo
300
20C)
100
I . _
+
I
A:
~ l
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
.~m1 500
.l,11r,...
ET] I ~ T I I I
r ] I ~
IlIreele
11 1 1 1 ~ ,,
11 111111
11 InTII
I I I I · · I I · ~ · I · · · · · · . . . ~,, . . ,, .,
I r ~ I LIT ITT~T~T ~ I i TTT] T T ~ ~4
Figure 2-85: Dlatrlbutlon of Degrees Awarded
In Science and Engineerlng by Degree Level
Thousands
600
Percent
_ Ph.D.e 1~] Hastere/Proteseloml 3 Bachelo"
. Vito
R07^
And:
40%
20%
0% ' 0x
t 958 1963 1966 1973 1 97tS 19831988
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
~ oo%
Bo%
find
40%
20X
_ Ph D ~=1 Hodore/Profee.Tonol
EM Sochelors
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Science and engineering fields are life sciences, including agricultural, biological, medical, and other
health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; engineering including aeronautical and
astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental sciences including oceanography, atmospheric,
and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science including all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences; and
social and other behavioral sciences, including economics, political science, psychology, sociology.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
260
OCR for page 95
Total Bachelors Degrees: S&E and Other Fields
During the 1960s and early 1970s, the number of bachelors degrees awarded annually nearly
tripled, from 340 thousand in 1958 to 950 thousand in 1974, then stabilized at I million in the late
1980s. The number of science and engineering bachelors degrees increased, from 120 thousand in
1958 to 340 thousand in 1974, and then stabilized at about 375 thousand in the late 1980s. For the
past three decades, the share of degrees awarded in the sciences and engineering has remained
generally steady, increasing slightly from 34 percent of all bachelors degrees in 1958 to 37 percent
in the late- 1980s.
Figure 2~86: Bachelors Degrees
Awarded in S&E and Other Fields
1200
1 000
RnD
600
400
200
O ~ (~/~f/~/~/~/~/~/~/~/~/~1 0
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
~ Science/Eng ~ Other Fields
1 200 . vv~o
I anon
8~)0
ano
Ann
200
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not Overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2-87: Distribution of Bachelors
Degrees Awarded in S&E and Other Fields
eon
607.
4070
207.
· ~ 00x
Bow
6c,
40~
~20%
o% ''~'r~vr~v^~^'''V1 a%
958 ~ 963 ~ 968 1 973 1 978 ~ 983 ~ 988
1~3 Scicace/Eng ~ Other Fields
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Science/Engineenng includes bachelors degrees in life sciences, including agricultural, biological,
medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences, including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; engineering, including
aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental sciences, including
oceanography, atmospheric and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science, including all fields of mathematics and
computer-related sciences; and social and other including economics, political science, psychology, sociology. Other Fields
includes all bachelors degrees other than those awarded in the sciences and engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
2~1
OCR for page 96
S&E Bachelors Degrees: Academic Field
During the past three decades, significant shifts have occurred in the proportion of science
and engineering bachelors degrees awarded in different academic fields. During the 1960S and
early 1970s, degrees in the life and social and behaviorial sciences grew more rapidly than other
fields. Between 1978 and 1988, engineering and computer sciences have grown in share of all S&E
bachelors degrees awarded. The share within the physical sciences has slowly declined throughout
the past three decades.
Figure 2~88: Bachelors Degrees
Awarded in S&E by
Field of Study
Thousands
400
300 _
2no
100
o
300
200
1nn
400 1 00%
Rn~:
Figure 2~89: Distrlbutlon of Bachelors
Degrees Awarded in S&E
by Field of Study
Percent
~ 00%
80~
_
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
_ Ph~lcal EM En91necrlng 0 Environmental
e Hath/Comp 1= Soebl/Other ~ Life
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
at)
End
070 ~, , , , ,~ 0%
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 19831988
60Z:
20
_ Physic al ~ EngInearIng 0 Environ mental
~ Uoth/Comp ~ Socbl/Oth' E=l Life
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Physical includes astronomy, chemistry, and physics. Engineering includes aeronautical and
astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. Environmental includes oceanography, atmospheric, and
earth sciences. Mathematics/Computer includes all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. Social/Other includes
economics, political science, psychology, sociology, and public policy-related fields. Life includes agricultural, biological, medical,
and health sciences.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
2~2
OCR for page 97
S&E Bachelors Degrees: Gender
During the past 15 years, the increase in the number of bachelors degrees in the sciences and
engineering, although slight, is attributable to additional numbers of women obtaining such
degrees. By 1986, the number of S&E bachelor degrees awarded to women rose to nearly 160
thousand, then leveled off in the late-l9SOs. The number of S&E bachelors degrees awarded
annually to men has been generally flat for the past 15 years; fluctuating near the 1980s level of
210 thousand. As a consequence, the share of these degrees awarded to women increased from
20 percent in 19~S to 45 percent by 1980, where it has remained.
Figure 2~90: Bachelors Degrees
Awarded In S&E by Gender
300
200
~ I:
USA
4 -
100
O ~
1958 1963 19681973 1978
1~3 dials3 Female
1983 1988
300
200
i00
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
400 ~ ~.
80~:
Figure 2-91: Dtstrlb~nlon of Bachelors
Degrees Awarded In S&E by Gender
Percent
6070~
407.:
2O26/////~///////////////////D~2 %
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
, 100
8070
60%
IN
=3 `40b 3 Female
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Science and engineering bachelors degrees are awarded in life sciences, including agricultural,
biological, medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; engineering
including aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental sciences including
oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science including all fields of mathematics and
computer-related sciences; and social and other, including economics, political science, psychology, sociology.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
2~3
OCR for page 98
Total Ph.D. Degrees: S&E and Other Fields
During the 1960s and early 1970s, the total numbers of Ph.D. degrees awarded annually
increased steeply, from 9 thousand in 1958 to 35 thousand in 1974. Awards declined to 33
thousand in 1978, then rose to 35 thousand again in 1988. Similarly, the numbers of Ph.D. degrees
in science and engineering also fluctuated, from 6 thousand in 1958 to 18 thousand in 1974, down
to 17 thousand in 1978, and up to over 20 thousand in 1988. The share of total Ph.D. degrees
awarded in the sciences and engineering dipped from 65 percent in 1958 to nearly 50 percent in
1978, before increasing to 57 percent in the late-1980s.
Flours 2~92: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In S&E and Other Flelds
An
35
On
~ -A
15
n
5
Thousands
, 40
0,'~ art v. ire v- r ~ I'd ~ ~ 0
1 9S8 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
EM Schnce/Eng ~ Other Fields
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Figure 2-93: DlstrIbutlon of Ph.D.
Degrees Awarded In S&E
and Other Flelde
Bo%
60~ ,
40
2= ~ ~///////////////////D////~ ox
1 9S ~1 963 1 968 1 973 1 978 1 983 1 988
l one
Rod.
2C}
1~3 Science/Eng ~ Other Flelds
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Science/Engu~eenng Ph.D. degrees are awarded in life sciences, including agricultural, biological,
medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; Engineering including
aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental sciences including
oceanography, atmospheric and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science including all Gelds of mathematics and
computer-related sciences; and social and other behavioral sciences, including economics, political science, psychology, sociology.
Other Fields are all Ph.D. degrees other than those awarded in the sciences and engineering.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
264
OCR for page 99
S&E Ph.D. Degrees: Academic Field
During the past three decades, significant shifts have occurred in the proportion of Ph.D.
degrees awarded among fields of study in science and engineering. During the 1960s, they
increased in all broad fields, yet the field share shifted because of the relatively larger growth in
engineering. In the 1970s, Ph.D. degrees in the social and behavioral, and life sciences continued
to grow, while those in the physical sciences and engineering declined. In the 1980s, engineering
Ph.D. production showed a relative resurgence.
Figure 2-94: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In S&E by Field of Study
25 .
20
10
o
Figure 2~95: Dlatrlb~dlon of Ph.D. Degrees
Awarded In S&E by Field of Study
Percent
1963
1968
~ 973
Q7F
~ ~3
Physical ~ Engineering 0 Enviromentol
McthlComp {~ Social/Other E~3 Life
20
1 n
5
. ~
. ~ O
988
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Do%
Bo%
60~:
_ 0- ~ ~ r ItY ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
~ z. ~ NNNNN~
1963
1968
1 973
ED Ph~lcd E~3 Engir..crlng 0 Emiromental
~3 Uath/Comp lo Soebl/Other HI Life
~ 1nn7^
~.__.
~80%
605:
and
20%
_
0x
1988
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Physical sciences include astronomy, chemistry, and physics. Enguleeing includes aeronautical and
astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. Environmental sciences include oceanography, atmospheric,
and earth sciences. Mathernatics/Comprlter science include all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. Social/Other
science include economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. LiSe sciences include agricultural, biological, medical, and
other health sciences. S&E Ph.D.s include all those awarded from any academic institution.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
2~5
OCR for page 100
S&E Ph.D. Degrees: Institution Governance
For public academic institutions, annual Ph.D. production in the sciences and engineering
nearly quadrupled during the 1960s and early 1970s--from 3,300 in 1958 to 12,500 in 1973--then
declined to 11,100 by 1978, rising to 13,600 by 1988. For private academic institutions, the annual
Ph.D. production in the sciences and engineering nearly tripled during the 1960s and early 1970s,
from 2,500 in 1958 to 6,500 in 1973, then declined to 5,300 by 1978, rising to 6,600 by 1988.
Figure 2-96: Science and EngIneerlng Ph.D.
Degrees by Institutlon Governance
25
20
Thousand
0 -
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978
1~3 Private ~ Public
- - - 1 0
1 983 1 988
_ 25 1 00%
20 `30
1 ~60
10
5 20o~///D/////////////////////////~
1 958 1 963 1 968 1 973 1 978 1 983 1 988
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapping; top line represents total.
Figure 2-97: Dlstrlb~nlon of Science and
Engineerlag Ph.D. Degrees by
Instit~dlon Governance
~ nor
80%
607.
40x
I 20~;
Private ~ Public
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Science and engineering Ph.D degrees include the following fields: Life sciences, including
agricultural, biological' medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics;
engineering including aeronautical and astronautical chemical, civil' electrical, and mechanical engineering; environmental
sciences including oceanography, atmospheric and earth sciences; mathematics and computer science including all fields of
mathematics and computer-related sciences; and social and other sciences include economics, political science, psychology,
sociology. Academic institutions offering Ph.D.s in the sciences and engineering include (1) all doctoral institutions, 116 public
and 69 private, which have granted an average of 10 or more Ph.D. degrees per year in the natural sciences or engineering
over the past two decades and (2) several of the 370 public and 854 private comprehensive institutions, which grant at least
half of their degrees for courses of study that nonnally require 4 or more years to complete. Public institutions include higher
education institutions under the control offer affiliated with~federal, state, local, state and local, or state-related agencies.
Private institutions are higher education institutions under the control of-or affiliated with-non-profit, independent
organizations with no religious affiliation, or non-profit organizations with a religious affiliation.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
266
OCR for page 101
S&E Ph.D. Degrees: Gender
The share of all science and engineering Ph.D. degrees awarded to women increased from
5 percent in 1958 to 30 percent by 197S, where it has remained during the l980s. This increase
results from a growing number of female Ph.D.s in the life, social and behavioral sciences during
the 1970s and l980s and a leveling off of Ph.D. degrees obtained by men during the same period.
Figure 2-98: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In S&E by Gender
Thousands
251
20
15,
10 _
5 in/
=3 Hale ~ Female
25 1 00%
20 802;
5 60%
10 Ant
. ~ ~/////////////~////////////D///~ o
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988
._ ~
20%
07.
1958 1 963
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Flours 2-~: Dlstrlbutlon of Ph.D.
Degrees Awarded In S&E by Gender
Percent
............. , u 1 on%
mom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ ' ~
~ ~ ~ I ~ n
NTT
OCR for page 102
Ph.D. Degrees by Ethnicity: Natural Sciences
During the past 15 years, the share of natural sciences Ph.D. degrees (U.S. citizens and
permanent residents) obtained by minority students--Black, Hispanic, and Native American--has
increased little, from 2 percent in 1973 to 4 percent by 1988. Asian-Americans have maintained a
6 percent share. The share obtained by white students declined from 93 percent in 1973 to 90
percent by 1988.
Figure 2-100: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded In Natural
Sciences by Ethnicity
Thousands
10
9
8
7
6
s
3
2
1
n
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
O
1 979 1 982 1 985 1 988
J ~
1973 1 976
~3 White
1~3 Asian
~ Black 3 HlsponTc
E~3 Native Amer
Figure 2-101: Dlstrlb~nlon of Ph.D. Degrees
Awarded In Natural Sciences by Ethnicity
loo%
Bo%
60%
40z
20;;
Percer`t
~ 100%
80X
6070
40z
2070
05; ~^~r~<~r ~1 ~veers ^~ a%
1973 1 976 1979 1982 1985 1988
1~3 White ~ Black O Hispanic
1~3 Asian ~ Native Amer
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapping; top line represents total. Data include only U.S. citizens and
permanent residents.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Natural sciences Ph.D degrees include the following fields: Life sciences, including agricultural,
biological, medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; environmental
sciences including oceanography, atmospheric and earth sciences; and mathematics and computer science including all fields of
mathematics and computer-related sciences. U.S. citizens include all native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.
Permanent residents include all aliens residing within the United States on a permanent visa. Unite includes persons with
origins in any of the orginal peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle-East, except those of Hispanic origin; white also
includes persons of unknown ethnicity. Black includes non-Hispanic persons with origins in any of the original black racial
groups in Africa. Ilispar~ic includes persons of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Central or South American, or Spanish culture
or origin, regardless of race. Asian American includes all persons with origins in any of original peoples of the Far East,
Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent or Pacific Islands. Native American includes persons with origins in any of the orginal
peoples of North America, including Alaskan Natives, maintaining cultural identification through tribal affiliation.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Recent Science and
Engineering Graduates.
268
OCR for page 103
Ph.D. Degrees by Ethnicity: Engineering
During the past 15 years, the share of engineering Ph.D. degrees (U.S. citizens and permanent
residents) obtained by minority students--Black, Hispanic, and Native American--increased from
I percent in 1973 to 4 percent by 1988. The share of Asian-Americans increased from 12 percent
in 1974 to 19 percent in 1979, averaged around 17 percent during the 1980s, with 16 percent in
1988. The share obtained by white students declined from 87 percent in 1973 to 80 percent by
1980, where it has remained.
Figure 2-102: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In Engineering by Ethnicity
~ _
:q
1 973 1 976
3
~2
~ 1
o
1979 1982 19851988
{~ White ~ Black O Hispanic
= Asian E=3 Native Amer
Figure 2-103: DlstrIbutlon of Ph.D.
Degrees Awarded In Engineerlng
by EthnicIty
so% .
60~
40~ ~
207. >;
070
1973 1 976
1979 1 982
~ Go
440
~o7.
1985 1988
1~3 White ~ Black PI Hispanic
= Asian =3 Native Amer
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapping; top line represents total. Data include only U.S. citizens and
permanent residents.
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Engineering Ph.D degrees include the following fields: aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil,
electrical, and mechanical engineering. U.S. citizens include all native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.
Permanent residents include all aliens residing within the United States on a permanent visa. Unite includes persons with
origins in any of the orginal peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle-East, except those of Hispanic origin; white also
includes persons of unknown ethnicity. Black includes non-Hispanic persons with origins in any of the original black racial
groups in Africa. Hispanic includes persons of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Central or South American or Spanish culture
or origin, regardless of race. Asian American includes all persons with origins in any of original peoples of the Far East,
Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent or Pacific Islands. Nanve American includes persons with origins in any of the orginal
peoples of North America, including Alaskan Natives, maintaining cultural identification through tribal affiliation.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Recent Science and
Engineering Graduates.
2~9
OCR for page 104
Ph.D. Degrees by Citizenship: Natural Sciences
Since 197S, the share of Ph.D. degrees in natural sciences awarded to foreign students with
temporary U.S. visas grew from 14 percent to 24 percent by 1988.
Figure 2~104: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In Natural Sciences by Cltizenship
12
~ n
Thousands
. 17
. _
_ 1n
6~
; -
;~
O ~
1960 1965 1970
1975 1980 1985
1~] US Citizens E531 Non-US (Penn Visa)
9~ Non-US (Temp Viso)
NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total.
Flqure 2-105: Dl$trlbutlon of Ph.D.
Degrees Awarded In Natural
Sciences by Cltizenship
Ro%
60%
407.
20%
0x - -
1960 1965 1970
1 975 1 980 1 985
=1 US Citizens ED Non-US (Perm Viso)
~ Non-US (Temp Vleo)
1 00%
~80%
560~
:40%
20
A0z
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Natural Sciences Ph.D degrees include the following fields: life sciences, biological, medical, and
other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; environmental sciences including
oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences; and mathematics and computer science includes all fields of mathematics and
computer-related sciences. U.S. Cozens include native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Non-US. (Permanent
VlsaJ includes all aliens residing in the United States on a permanent visa. Non-US.(Tempora~y Visa) includes all aliens
residing in the United States on a temporary visa.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred; National Science Foundation, Division for Science
Resources Studies, Survey of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates.
2-70
OCR for page 105
Ph.D. Degrees by Citizenship: Engineering
The share of engineering Ph.D. degrees awarded to foreign students with temporary U.S. visas
grew from 16 percent in 1958 to 30 percent by 1978, then rapidly increased to nearly 45 percent
by 1985.
Flours 2~106: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded
In Engineerlng by Cltizenship
Thousands
3~
C2 _
l ~
~ it,
1960 1965 1970
1975 1980 1985
3
2
Flare 2-107: Dlatrlbutlon of Ph.D. Degrees
Awarded In Engineerlng by Citizenship
~ ~ HA
80x
Percent
~ 00z
60%~
Van
_. ~
20%
07. ~
960 ~ 965 ~ 970
975 ~ 980 ~ 9~5
1~ US Citizens ~ Non-US (Perm Vlea)
=1 US Citizens ~] Non-US (Pcrm Vi - )
&~ Non-Us (imp ~he) ~ Non-US (Temp Vlsa)
8070
6070
40%
~20%
0%
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Engineering Ph.D degrees include the following fields: aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil,
electrical, and mechanical engineering. US. Citizens include all native or naturalized citizens of the United States. Non-U.S.-
Pen~ent Lisa includes all aliens residing within the United States with a permanent visa. Non-U.S. Temporary Visa includes
all aliens residing within the United States with a temporary visa.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Polipy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data
within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection.
Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General
Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred.
2-71
Representative terms from entire chapter:
bachelors degrees
