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Human Factors
Research Needs for an
Aging Population
Sara J. Czaja, Editor
Pane! on Human Factors Research
Issues for an Aging Population
Sara J. Czaja and Robert M. Guion, Cochairs
Committee on Human Factors
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences
and Education
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington D.C. 1990
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Me arch Council, whose members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other them the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a prorate, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society
of distinguished scholars engaged In scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science Ad technology Ed to their me for the general welfare. Upon
the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has
a mandate that requires it to ad~risc the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Frank PASS ~ president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It ~ autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering program aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White ~ president a{ the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was e~tabl~hed in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the national Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to
identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president
of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Pre" and Dr. Robert White are
chairman and Rice chairman, respectively, of the National Search Council.
This work relates to Department of the Nary Grant N00014-85-6-0093 issued by
the Office of Neural Research and funds from the National Institute on Aging of the
National Institutes of Health and the Kellogg Foundation. However, the content does
not necessarily rcEect the position or the policy of the go`rerIlment, and no official
endorsement Would be inferred.
The United States government has at least a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and ir-
revocable license throughout the world for government purposes to publish, translate,
reproduce, deliverer, perform, dispose of, and to authorize others so as to do, all or any
portion of this work.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 89-69854
International Standard Book Number 0-309-04178-3
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Research Council
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20418
S067
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, February 1990
Second Printing August 1990
lard Printing May 1991
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PAN1:L ON HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH ISSUES FOR AN
AGING POPULATION
SARA J. CZAJA (Cochair), Department of Industrial Engineering,
State University of New York
ROBERT M. GUTON (Cochair), Department of Psychology,
Bowling Green State University
NANCY S. ANDERSON, Department of Psychology, University of
Maryland
HlI,DA KAHNE, Department of Economics, Wheaton College
SIDNEY KATZ, Bio-architectomcs Center, School of Medicine,
Case Western Reserve University
DONAI`D W. KLINE, Department of Psychology, University of
Calgary
THOMAS K. LANDAUER, BeD Communications Research,
Morristown, New Jersey
M. POWELI, LAWTON, Philadelphia Geriatric Center,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
HERSCHEL W. I`ElBOWITZ, Department of Psychology,
Pennsylvania State University
TIMOTHY A. SALTHOUSE, School of Psychology, Georgia
Institute of Technology
HAROLD L. SHEPPARD, International Exchange Center an
Gerontology, University of South Florida
THOMAS B. SHERIDAN (ex officio), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DAVID B.D. SMITH, Department of Human Factors, Institute of
Safety, University of Southern California
STOVER H. SNOOK, Ergonomics Division, Liberty Mutual
Research Center, Hopkinton, Massachusetts
HOWARD W. STOUDT, Department of Community Health
Science, Michigan State University
HAROLD P. VAN COTT, Study Director
ELIZABETH F. NELSEN, Research Associate
AUDREY E. HINSMAN, Senior Secretary
...
111
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COMMITTEE: ON lIl]MAN FACTORS
DOUGLAS H. HARRIS (Chair), Anacapa Sciences, Inc., S ant
Barbara, California
PAUL A. ATTEWELL, Graduate School of Business
Administration, New York University
MOHAMED M. AYOUB, Institute of Biotechnology, Texas Tech
University
JEROME I. ELKIND, Xerox Corporation, Sunnyvale, California
MIRL\N M. GRADDICK, AT&T Corporation, Basking Ridge,
New Jersey
OSCAR GRUSKY, Department of Sociology, University of
California, Los Angeles
JULIAN HOCHBERG, Department of Psychology, Columbia
University
THOMAS K. LANDAUER, Bell Communications Research,
Morristown, New Jersey
NEVILLE P. MORAY, Department of Mechancial and Industrial
Engineering, University of IDinom
RAYMOND S. NICKERSON, Bolt, Beranek & Newman
I,aboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts
CHRISTOPHER D. WICKENS, Aviation Research Laboratory,
University of Illinois
ROBERT C. WlI~L.IGES, Department of Industrial Engineering
and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
J. FRANK YATES, Department of Psychology, University of
Michigan
1V
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Foreword
The Committee on Human Factors was established in October
1980 by the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Edu-
cation of the National Research Council. The committee Is sponsored
by the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Re-
search, the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social
Sciences, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
National Science Foundation, the Air Force Armstrong Aerospace
Medical Research Laboratory, the Army Advanced Systems Research
Once, the Army Hump Engineering Laboratory, the Federal Avia-
tion Administration, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The
principal objectives of the committee are to provide new perspectives
on theoretical and methodological msues, to identify basic research
needed to expand and strengthen the scientific basis of human fac-
tars, and to attract scientists both within and outside the field for
interactive communication and to perform needed research. The goal
of the committee is to provide a solid foundation of research as a base
on which effective human factors practices can build.
Human factors issues arise in every Roman in which humans
interact with the products of a technological society. In order to
perform its role effectively, the committee draws on experts from a
wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Members of the
committee include specialists in such fields as psychology, engineer-
ing, biomechanics, physiology, medicine, cognitive sciences, machine
intelligence, computer sciences, sociology, education, and human fac-
tors engineering. Other disciplines are represented in the working
groups, workshops, Ad symposia organized by the committee. Each
of these contributes to the basic data, theory, and methods required
to improve the scientific basis of human factors.
v
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Contents
PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
Background, 2
Overview, 4
2 HUMAN FACTORS PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
Demographics, Ecology, and Sociology, 8
Home Activities, 13
Work Activities, 23
liar,rportation, 31
Communication, 42
Safety and Security, 44
Lemure Activities, 56
WHAT NEW KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED?
Distributional Data on Tasks, Situations, and Activities, 59
Problem Data, 60
Functional Norms, 60
Focused Human Factors Research Issues, 61
Design Principles and Examples, 62
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1
7
59
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· - ~
V111
4 RESEARCH GAPS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND
PRIORITIES
Distributional Data, 63
Tacit Analysis, 65
Basic Science of Aging and Behavior, 65
Priorities, 66
5 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONTENTS
63
68
70
71
82
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PREFACE
Background papers prepared by panel members, the deliberations
of the workshop, and data drawn from human factors, psychologi-
cal, and gerontological literature provide the basis for this report.
The report describes the demographic, sociological, and ecological
background of our aging society; identifies human factors problems
associated with aging; summarizes current information about aging
and human factors; and recommends directions for research.
Because functional capabilities are a more accurate measure of
the aging process than chronological age, the report identifies, de-
scribes, and analyzes typical tasks performed daily In the home,
community, and workplace by the population at large. These tasks
include activities related to transportation, communication, home,
workplace, leisure, and safety and security. The report then d~
scribes the functional capabilities required to perform those tasks. It
compares the functional capabilities of older persons with the task
demands and recommends a program of research and technology d~
velopment for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of functional
changes that accompany the aging process.
It ~ anticipated that these research recommendations to the NIA
will assist the agency in developing a system~oriented human factors
research agenda; they may also provide ~ basis for additional research
and application of hump factors engineering data to the design of
the homes, communities, and workplaces in which aging persons must
function. In addition, the findings in this report may prove useful
to the U.S. Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics ~d
Space A~ninetration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, ~d
other government agencies that may wish to sponsor research on the
aging population.
We thank the pane} members for their participation in this study.
We also extend appreciation to Harold P. Van Cott, Study Director,
who participated in the workshop and contributed to the editing of
this report; Elizabeth F. Neil~en, Research Associate, who coordi-
nated the workshop and assisted ~ the editing of the report; Barbara
Bodling, freelance editor, who improved the clarity and style of the
report; and Audrey E. Hinsman and Carole A. Foote, who provided
secretarial and adlriinistrative support.
Robert M. Guion and Sara J. Czaja, Cochair
Panel on Human Factors Research Issues for an
Aging Population
