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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
December 14, 1909-November 7, 1975
BY JOSHUA LEDERB ERG
IN THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY Edward Lawrie Tatum s
name is linked with that of George Wells Beadle for their
pioneering studies of biochemical mutations in Neurospora.~
First published in 1941, these studies have endures! as the
prototype of the investigation of gene action to the present
clay. A still more enduring legacy is their development of
experimental techniques for the mutation analysis of bio-
chemical pathways used claily by modern biologists.
Though this sketch is written as a biography of Edward
Tatum, these singular scientific accomplishments were in
practice and attribution- intimately shared with BeacIle. Ta-
tum brought to the work a background in microbiology and
a passion for the concept of comparative biochemistry;
Beadle, great sophistication in "classical genetics" and the
leadership ant! drive to replace the underbrush of vitalistic
thinking with a clear-cut, mechanistic view of the gene and
the processes of life.
Little more than the bare outlines of Edwarct Tatum's per-
sonal history can be clocumentecl, because of his own aversion
to accumulating paper and the fact that most of his corre-
~ George W. Beadle died on tune 9, 1989, when this essay was in press. His mem-
oir, by Norman H. Horowitz, is also included in this volume.
357
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358
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
sponclence was discarded cluring his various moves. His
scientific achievements, however, were largely ant! appro-
priately recognized. In 1952 he was elected to the National
Academy of Sciences and in 1958, with George Beadle and
Joshua Leclerberg, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine. Tatum was also known for his commitment to nur-
turing younger scientists, with whom he zestfully enjoyed
every aspect of laboratory work. A still more enduring legacy
of their work has been the everyday use of experimental mu-
tation analysis of biochemical pathways in modern biology
since then.
EDUCATION AND EARLY LIFE
Edwarc! Lawrie Tatum was born in BouIcler, Colorado, on
December 14, 1909, the first surviving son of Arthur L.
(~84-1955) and Mabel Webb Tatum. A twin, Elwood, died
shortly after birth. At the time of Ec~ward's birth his father
was an instructor in chemistry at the University of Coloraclo
at Boulder, where Mabel Webb's father had been Superinten-
dent of Schools. Arthur's own father, Lawrie Tatum, a
Quaker who hac! settled in the Iowa Territory, hac! been an
Indian agent after the Civil War and written a book, Our Red
Brothers.
In rapic} succession the Tatum family mover! to Madison,
Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Vermillion, South Dakota; and, back in 1918 to Chicago.
During this period the elcler Tatum helc! a succession of
teaching positions while earning a Ph.D. in physiology and
pharmacology from The University of Chicago and an M.D.
from Rush Meclical College. By 1925 he was settled at the
University of Wisconsin at Madison as professor of pharma-
cology in a department that was a major center for the train-
ing of professors of pharmacology. Among his research ac-
complishments were the introduction of picrotoxin as an
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
359
antidote for barbiturate poisoning and the validation of ar-
senoxide (mapharsen) for the chemotherapy of syphilis,2 the
most effective drug for this purpose until the introduction of
penicillin.
Edward, having the double advantage of this remarkable
family background and the Laboratory School at The Uni-
versity of Chicago, continued his education at Wisconsin,
earning a bachelor's degree in 1931. At Wisconsin he came
upon the tradition of research in agricultural microbiology
and chemistry that was then flourishing under the leadership
of E. B. Fret! (later president of the University) and W. H.
Peterson.3
Tatum's first research was a bachelor's thesis (published
1932) on the effect of associated growth of bacterial species
Lactobacillus and Clostrt~ium septicum giving rise to racemic
lactic acid. (In 1936 he clemonstratec! that the C. septicum
racemized the d-lactic acid! produced by the lactic acid bac-
teria.) He continuer! his graduate work at Wisconsin with fi-
nancial support from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foun-
dation the beneficiary of royalties from Steenbock's patents
on vitamin D milk. His Ph.D. dissertation (1935) concerned
the stimulation of C. septicum by a factor isolated from potato,
identified as a derivative of aspartic acid and later shown to
be asparagine. This was follower! by collaborations with H. G.
Wood and Esmond E. Snell in a series of pioneering studies
2.}ohn Patrick Swann, "Arthur Tatum, Parke-Davis, and the Discovery of Ma-
pharsen as an Antisyphilitic Agent," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sci-
ences, 40(1985):167-87. F. E. Shideman, "A. L. Tatum, Practical Pharmacologist,"
Science, 123(1956) :449. Anonymous, "Profile of a Research Scientist," Bulletin of Med-
ical Research, National Society for Medical Research, 8(1954):7-8.
3 The roots of their work can be traced to Koch, Tollens, and Kossel in Germany.
See I. L. Baldwin, "Edwin Broun Fred, March 22, 1887-}anuary 16,1981," Biograph-
ical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 55, pp. 247-290; and Conrad A.
Elvehjem, "Edwin Bret Hart, 1874-1953," Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 28, pp. 117-
161. See also E. H. Beardsley, Harry L. Russell and Agricultural Science in Wisconsin
(Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969).
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360
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
on the role of vitamins in bacterial nutrition. In 1936 they
studier! the growth factor requirements of propionic acic!
bacteria, fractionating one factor from an acetone extract of
milk powder. Its ohvsical oronerties suggested that the factor
might he thiamine, and indeed crystalline thiamine was fully
1 J 1 1- -
__,=_.
active as an essential growth factor.
Vitamins hac! long been recognized to share a role in the
nutrition of animals, man, and yeast. Tatum's work with Snell,
Peterson, ant! Wood initiates! a genre of studies showing that
many bacterial species tract diverse requirements for these
identical substances. This was outstanding confirmation of
the basic tenet of comparative biochemistry- the evolution-
ary conservation of biochemical processes that produced
common processes in morphologically diversified species.
Tatum's education ant! ctoctoral research coincided with the
culmination of understanding that all of the basic building
blocks of life—amino acids, sugars, lipids, growth factors
(anc! later nucleic acids) existed in fundamentally similar
chemical structures among all forms of life. Hence the most
fruitful way to stucly a problem in animal metabolism might
be to begin with a microbe, which might well prove more
convenient for experimental manipulation and bioassay
and as the future would show genetic analysis anc! alter-
ation.
Tatum then won a General Education Boarcl postdoctoral
fellowship that took him, his wife (the former June Alton, a
fellow student at Wisconsin), and their infant daughter,
Margaret, to Fritz Kog1's laboratory at Utrecht, The Nether-
lancis, for a year. Kog] hadjust purified and crystallized biotin
as a growth factor for yeast, and this enabled and inspirer!
further studies on its nutritional role for other microorga-
nisms. (Not until 1940 was the nutritional significance of bio-
tin for animals recognizecl.)
By Tatum's own account, his brief time at Utrecht, spent
in efforts to isolate further growth factors for staphylococci,
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
361
never achieved a sharp research focus. More importantly, he
befriended Nils Fries, another research fellow from Uppsala,
Sweden, who was using the newly available biotin to define
the specific nutritional requirements of an ever wicler range
of fungi. Fries anc! Kog! were able to demonstrate striking
examples of nutritional symbiosis—the compensation for
complementary deficits in mixer! cultures of various fungi.
Tatum's report to the General Education Board records
his gratification at having been able to meet, as well, A. I.
Kluyver at Delft, ant! B. C. I. G. Knight and P. Fildes in En-
gland then aIreacly well known as leading investigators of
bacterial chemistry and nutrition from a comparative per-
spective. ~ I. H. Mueller at Harvarc! anc! A. Ewoff in Paris hac!
also stresses} how microbial nutrition reflectec! evolutionary
losses of biochemical synthetic competence—a concept that
can be tracer! to Twort and Ingram in 94—though they
hac} not as yet acloptec! the language or conceptual frame-
work of genetics that would eventually describe such varia-
tions as gene mutations affecting biosynthetic enzymes.)
THE STANFORD YEARS ~ ~ 937—~ 945)
That same year, 1937, Beadle was on the point of moving
from Harvard to Stanford. His research program In pnys~-
ological genetics was to continue the work on the genetics of
Drosophila eye pigments that he tract initiated in colIabora-
tion with Boris Ephrussi, first at Caltech, then in Paris. The
Rockefeller Foundation's support of this enterprise was one
of Warren Weaver's most foresighted initiatives in the gesta-
tion of molecular biology.5
I.ooking out for a possible position for Tatum, his profes-
4 F. W. Twort and G. L. Y. Ingram, "A Method for Isolating and Cultivating the
Mycobacterium enteritidis chronicae pseudotuberculosae fohne," and "Some Experiments
on the Preparation of a Diagnostic Vaccine for Pseudo-tuberculous Enteritis of Bo-
vines," Proceedings, Royal Society, London, Series B. 84(191 1-12):517-42.
5 See also Mina Rees, "Warren Weaver, July 17, 1894-November 24, 1978," Bio-
graphical Memoirs, Vol. 57, pp. 493-530.
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362
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
sors at Wisconsin forwarcled BeadIe's solicitation for a re-
search associate "biochemist to work on hormone-like sub-
stances that are concerned with eye pigments in Drosophila."
But, practical-minclect, they recommencled that the young
man undertake research on the chemical microbiology of
butter, writing him that "this field is certainly getting hot."
With jobs scarce, economic realities weighed as heavily as
intellectual appeal in the choice between insect eyes and dairy
microbiology. Arthur Tatum, Edward's father, was much con-
cerned that, if his son undertook a hybrid role, he wouIc! Tic!
himself an academic orphan, clisowned by each of the disci-
plines of biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics. In the
event, however, Tatum accepted] BeacIle's offered position,
and the multiple challenges of comparative biochemistry that
went with it. Though the economic importance of butter re-
search was far more obvious at the time, it is certain that
Edward! Tatum conic! not have chosen better than Drosophila
as a means for contributing to the field of biotechnology.
Joining Beadle at Stanford, Tatum was engaged between
1937 and 1941 with the arduous task of extracting pigment-
precursors from Drosophila larvae. Ephrussi and BeadIe's
earlier transplantation experiments had clemonstratec! that a
diffusible substance or hormone produced by witcI-type flies
was critically lacking in the mutant strain. Yet Tatum and
BeacIle's own experience differed! significantly from the re-
port published by Ephrussi and Chevais. According to this
report, normal eye color could be restored in cultures sup-
plementec! with tryptophane. Tatum, however, could confirm
this only with cultures carrying a bacterial contaminant. Far
from discarcling such a contaminant as an interfering vari-
able, Tatum cultured the organism (a Bacillus species) to
prove that it was a source of the elusive hormone. The inter-
changeability of growth factors for bacteria and animals and
the knowledge that many microbes synthesized vitamins re-
quirecl by other species undoubtedly bolstered this theory.
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
363
A. I. Haagen-Smit, whom Beadle hack known at Harvard,
was now at the California Institute of Technology, and Tatum
visited him to learn microchemical techniques, then set out
to isolate the "V + hormone" from the bacterial culture. He
succeeded in doing this in 1941, only to be anticipated by
Butenancit et at. in the identification of V+ as kynurenine.
(Butenanclt, astutely noting from a Japanese publication—
that kynurenine was a metabolite of tryptophane in clog
urine, hac! tested the substance for eye color hormone activ-
ity.) The jarring experience of having their painstaking work
overtaken in so facile a way impellecl Beadle and Tatum to
seek another organism more tractable than Drosophila for
biochemical studies of gene action.
Neurospora and the One Gene~ne Enzyme Theory
In winter quarter 1941, Tatum (although a research
associate without teaching responsibilities) volunteered to de-
velop and teach a then unprecedented comparative biochem-
istry course for both biology and chemistry graduate stu-
clents. In the course of his lectures he described the nutrition
of yeasts and fungi, some of which exhibited well-defined
blocks in vitamin biosynthesis. Attending these lectures,
BeacIle recalled B. O. Dodge's elegant work on the segrega-
tion of morphological mutant factors in Neurospora that he
hac! heart! in a seminar at Cornell in 1932,6 work that was
followed up by C. C. Lindegren at Caltech.
Neurospora, with its immediate manifestation of segre-
gating genes in the string of ascospores, has an ideal life-cycle
for genetic analysis. Fries's work suggested that Neurospora
might also be cultured reaclily on a well definer! medium. It
was soon established that Neurospora required only biotin as
6 See also W. J. Robbins, "Bernard Ogilvie Dodge, April 18, 1872-August 9, 1960,"
Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 36, pp. 85-124.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
a supplement to an inorganic salt-sucrose medium and did
indeed prove an ideal organism in which to seek mutations
with biochemical effects demonstrated by nutritional require-
ments. By February 1941,7 the team was X-raying Neuro-
spora and seeking these mutants.
~ · . . · . . .
~ .arvestlng nutrltlona mutants in microorganisms in
those days was painstaking hand labor; it meant examining
single-spore cultures isolated from irradiated parents for
their nutritional properties—one by one. No one could have
predicted how many thousands of cultures would have to be
tested to discover one that would have a biochemical defect
marked by a nutritional deficiency.
Isolate #299 proved to be the first recognizable mutant,
requiring as it did pyridoxine. The trait, furthermore, seg-
regated in crosses according to simple Mendelian principles,
which foretold that it could in due course be mapped onto a
specific chromosome of the fungus. Therewith, Neurospora
moved to center stage as an object of genetic experimenta-
tion. By May of the same year, Beadle and Tatum were ready
to submit their first report of their revolutionary methods to
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
In that report they noted "there must exist orders of di-
rectness of gene control ranging from one-to-one relations
to relations of great complexity." The characteristics of mu-
tations affecting metabolic steps suggested a direct and
simple role for genes in the control of enzymes. The authors
7 G. W. Beadle, "Recollections," Annual Revue of Biochemistry, 43 (1974):1-13. In
his chapter, "Biochemical Genetics, Some Recollections," in Phage and the Origins of
Molecular Biology, eds. J. Cairns, G. S. Stent, and J. D. Watson (Cold Spring Harbor,
New York: C. S. H. Biol. Labs, 1966), Beadle confused the 1940-41 meeting of the
Society of American Naturalists in Philadelphia, which made no reference to Neu-
rospora, with that of the Genetics Society in Dallas in December 1941. The net effect
is to date the Neurospora experiments to 1940 rather than to 1941. H. F. Hudson
repeated the error in The Eighth Day of Creation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979),
and it is bound to plague future historians.
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
365
hypothesized, therefore, that enzymes were primary prod-
ucts of genes. Indeed, in some cases, genes themselves might
be enzymes. This was what came to be labelled the one gene-
one enzyme theory, the precursor of today's genetic dogma.
We shall return to it later.
In that same year Tatum was recruited as an assistant pro-
fessor to the regular faculty of Stanford's Biology Depart-
ment, where he developed an increasingly independent re-
search program exploiting the use of Neurospora mutants
for the exploration of biochemical pathways. Despite the ex-
igencies of the war effort, an increasing number of talented
graduate students and postdoctoral fellows flocked to Stan-
ford to learn the new discipline. Their participation rapidly
engendered a library of mutants blocked in almost any ana-
bolite that could be replaced in the external nutrients. Today,
that catalog embraces over 500 distinct genetic loci and well
over a thousand publications from laboratories the world
over.8
Anticipating the One Gene-One Enzyme Theory
Would that contemporaries could anticipate what future
historians will ask or what errors they will promulgate! How
many simple questions we neglect to ask, or fad! to record the
answers, that might have settled continuing controversies.
Among these is the place of Archibald E. Garrod's work and
thought in anticipation of the one gene-one enzyme hypoth-
esis. The following discussion is offered in some detail in
order to correct some prevalent misconstructions of that his-
tory.
In 190S, Garrod published his study of what was then
called "inborn errors of metabolism," including alcaptonuria
~ D. D. Perkins, A. Radford, D. Newmeyer, and M. Bjorkman, "Chromosomal loci
of Neurospora crassa," Microbiological Reviews, 46 (1982):426-570.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
in many This work is sometimes portrayer! as a forgotten
precursor of Beadle and Tatum's investigation of gene action.
Indeed, many geneticists who specialized in maize or Dro-
sophila, including Beadle himself, lamented not knowing of
this pioneering work earlier—it having received remarkably
little comment from geneticists until after Neurospora was
launched in ~ 94 ~ . ~°
Yet Garrocl's basic findings on alcaptonuria, which parallel
the metabolic blocks in Neurospora mutants, were widely
quoted in medical texts. I. B. S. Haldane cited them in a well-
reac! essay in 1937. Tatum likewise referred to them in his
course in comparative biochemistry before beginning his own
experiments on Neurospora. BeacIle, in his Nobel Prize lec-
ture in INS, was careful to acknowledge these antececlents,
though widely quotes! reminiscences have blurred the cletaits
of just when Beadle and Tatum became aware of Garrocl's
work.
Halclane, in his 1937 article, cited the (1ifficulty of exper-
imentation on rare human anomalies as an important reason
to seek other research paradigms- which Neurospora wouIc!
eventually provide. But Garrod himself never quite made
9 "The Croonian Lectures of the Royal College of Physicians," Lancet 2(1908): 1-
7, 73-79, 142-148, 214-220.
A H. Harris, ea., Garrod's Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1963); and B. Childs and C. R. Scriver, eds., Inborn Factors in Disease by A. E.
Garrod (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), include extensive discussion and
bibliography on the history of his ideas. On the neglect of Garrod's work, see also
R. Olby, The Path to the Double Helix (London, Macmillan Press, 1974).
~ ~ Though G. W. Beadle implies in PATOOMB (Phage and the Origins of Molecular
Biology, see footnote 7 above), that he and Tatum were unaware of Garrod until
perhaps 1945, they referred to Garrod in a paper on their Drosophila-pigment work
delivered January 1, 1941 (see American Naturalist, 75[1941]: 107-16). Garrod's find-
ings were also prominent in Tatum's winter 1941 course on comparative biochem-
istry at Stanford. I first read about Garrod in Meyer Bodansky's Introduction to Phys-
iological Chemistry (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1934), and the late Sewall Wright
advised me that he had taught that material in Chicago since 1925.
]2~. B. S. Haldane, "The Biochemistry of the Individual," in Perspectives in Bio-
chemistry, J. Needham and D. E. Green, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
377
complex multi-chain ensembles ant! can contain nonprotein
cofactors requiring the participation of many genes. Uncler-
standing the role of RNA as a message intermediary between
DNA and protein, the complexities of intervening sequences
in RNA, RNA-processing, and post-translational processing
came later and required more sophisticated biochemical anal-
ysis—but all clerivec! from the concepts and the tools of the
Neurospora studies.
Beadle and Tatum's contribution, then, comprised the fol-
lowing:
1) A methodology for the investigation of gene-enzyme relationships
that exploited experimentally-acquired genetic mutations affecting specific
biosynthetic steps.
2) A conceptual framework the one gene-one enzyme theory from
which to search for and characterize these mutants. This framework was
derived from the model that chromosomal genes contain (substantially) all
of the blueprints for development and that enzymes (and other proteins)
are the mediators of gene action.
3) The dethronement of Drosophila as the prime experimental ma-
terial for physiological genetic research in favor of the fungus Neurospora.
This further helped open the way to use of bacteria and viruses in genetic
research and the culture of tissue cells as if they were microbes.
These methods and concepts have been the central paradigm
for experimental biology since 1941.
Beadle ant! Tatum sharer! many awards in adclition to the
1958 Nobel Prize in recognition of these innovations. In
1952, Tatum was indiviclually honoree! by election to the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences. In 1953 he received the Remsen
Aware! of the American Chemical Society and was elected to
the American Philosophical Society. He was president of the
Harvey Society (1964-65) and the recipient of at least seven
honorary clegrees.
He served on the NAS Carty Fund Committee from 1956
to 1961. For the NRC, he took part in a number of panels
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
and committees having to do with genetics and biology and
was a member of the Advisory Committee on the Biological
Effects of Ionizing Radiations from 1970 to 1973.
He also dice yeoman service on advisory committees for
the National Institutes of Health, American Cancer Society,
the National Foundation (March of Dimes), ant! other booties
concerned with the award of fellowships and grants. He was
chairman of the Scientists' Institute for Public Information
and an advisor to the City of Hope Meclical Center, Rutgers
University Institute of Microbiology, and SIoan-Kettering In-
stitute for Cancer Research, and a consultant in microbiology
for Merck and Co. He worked actively on many scientific
publications, inclucling Annual Reviews, Science, Biochemica et
Biophysica Acta, Genetics, and the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Testifying to a Congressional committee on behalf of the
National Science Foundation in 1959, Tatum said:
"The general philosophy [of the NSF] is concentration on excellence . . .
making it possible for [the scientist] to use his capacities, both for research
and for training the next generation . . . whether it is a particular research
program in a given area, whether it may or may not be immediately prac-
ticable in its application . . . freedom to develop the intellectual curiosity
and abilities of the individual...."
At this time Beadle and Tatum's legacy is embodied in
published work that has influencer! biological research
through several scientific generations. The original papers
are "classics" ant! taken for granted.
Personal recollections of Tatum are facling, and this re-
port can hardly clo justice to his humor, his hobbies (includ-
ing the French horn), his zest for experiments, his love of
microbes, his attachment to students, friends, ant! family—
the trauma of divorce notwithstanding the tragedy of his
final year of bereavement and of an illness that left him gasp-
ing for breath. He touched the lives of many young scientists.
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
379
The enduring appreciation of his role in their clevelopment
is the memorial he would have cherished most.
THE TANTALIZINGLY FEW personal papers of Edward Tatum now
extant are on deposit at the Rockefeller University Archive Center.
I am particularly indebted to Professor Carlton Schwerdt for hav-
ing preserved and made available his lecture notes on Tatum's
1941 course on comparative biochemistry, to June Alton Tatum for
making available to me materials regarding Tatum's life before
1946, and to the staff of the Rockefeller University Archive Center.
I am also indebted to the following important studies for infor-
mation that appears in this account: R. M. Burian, lean Gayon, and
Doris Zallen, "The Singular Fate of Genetics in the History of
French Biology," Journal of the History of Biology, 21~19881:357-402,
on the Beadle-Ephrussi collaboration that led directly to Beadle
and Tatum's work on Drosophila eye color "hormones" and dis-
cusses the use of that terminology for what would later be termed
"precursors." Lily E. Kay, "Selling Pure Science in Wartime: The
Biochemical Genetics of G. W. Beadle," journal of the History of
Biology, 22~1989~:73-101, reviews the Beadle-Tatum work on pen-
icillin improvement during World War II.
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380
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYl6
1932
With W. H. Peterson and E. B. Fred. Effect of associated growth
on forms of lactic acid produced by certain bacteria. Biochem.
J., 26:846-52.
1934
Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms. Ph.D. Dissertation,
University of Wisconsin, Madison.
1936
With H. G. Wood and W. H. Peterson. Essential growth factors for
propionic acid bacteria. II. Nature of the Neuberg precipitate
fraction of potato: Replacement by ammonium sulphate or by
certain amino acids. I. Bacteriol., 32: 167-74.
With H. G. Wood and W. H. Peterson. Growth factors for bacteria.
V. Vitamin Be, a growth stimulant for propionic acid bacteria.
Biochem. }, 30: 1 898-1 904.
1937
With E. E. Snell and W. H. Peterson. Growth factors for bacteria.
III. Some nutritive requirements of Lactobacillus delbruckii. ].
Bacteriol., 33:207-25.
With W. H. Peterson and E. B. Fred. Enzymatic racemization of
optically active lactic acid. Biochem. l., 30:1892-97.
1938
With G. W. Beadle. Development of eye colors in Drosophila: Some
properties of the hormones concerned. l. Gen. Physiol.,
22:239-53.
1939
Development of eye colors in Drosophila: Bacterial synthesis of v+
hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 25:486-90.
Nutritional requirements of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 25:490-97.
}6 A complete bibliography can be found in the Archives of the National Academy
of Sciences and in the Rockefeller University Archive Center.
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EDWARD LAWRIE TATUM
1940
381
With G. W. Beadle. Crystalline Drosophila eye color hormone. Sci-
ence, 91:458.
1941
With G. W. Beadle. Experimental control of development and dif-
ferentiation. Am. Nat., 75: 107-16.
Vitamin B requirements of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 27:193-97.
With A. I. Haagen-Smit. Identification of Drosophila v+ hormone
of bacterial origin. I Biol. Chem., 140: 575 -80.
With G. W. Beadle. Genetic control of biochemical reactions in
Neurospora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 27:499-506.
1942
With G. W. Beadle. Genetic control of biochemical reactions in
Neurospora: An "aminobenzoicless" mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 28: 234-43.
1943
With L. Garnjobst and C. V. Taylor. Further studies on the nutri-
tional requirements of Colpoda duodenar?a. ]. Cell. Comp. Phys-
iol., 21: 199-212.
With F. I. Ryan and G. W. Beadle. The tube method of measuring
the growth rate of Neurospora. Am. J. Bot., 30:784-99.
With D. Bonner and G. W. Beadle. The genetic control of biochem-
ical reactions in Neurospora: A mutant strain requiring isoleu-
cine and valine. Arch. Biochem., 3:71-91.
With D. M. Bonner. Synthesis of tryptophan from indole and
serine by Neurospora. I. Biol. Chem., 151 :349.
1944
With D. Bonner. Indole and serine in the biosynthesis and break-
down of tryptophan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 30:30-37.
Biochemistry of fungi. Annul Rev. Biochem., 13:667-704.
With C. H. Gray. X-ray induced growth factor requirements in
bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 30:404-10.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1945
With N. H. Horowitz, D. Bonner, H. K. Mitchell, and G. W. Beadle.
Genic control of biochemical reactions in Neurospora. Ann.
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With G. W. Beadle. Biochemical genetics of Neurospora. Ann. Mo.
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X-ray induced mutant strains of E. coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
31 :215-19.
With G. W. Beadle. Neurospora II. Methods of producing and de-
tecting mutations concerned with nutritional requirements.
Am. I. Bot., 32:678-86.
1946
With T. T. Bell. Neurospora III. Biosynthesis of thiamin. Am. J.
Bot., 33:15-20.
With I. Lederberg. Novel genotypes in mixed cultures of biochem-
ical mutants of bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant.
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Induced biochemical mutations in bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor
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1947
Chemically induced mutations and their bearing on carcinogene-
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With I. Lederberg. Gene recombination in the bacterium Esche-
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1950
With R. W. Barratt, N. Fries, and D. Bonner. Biochemical mutant
strains of Neurospora produced by physical and chemical treat-
ment. Am. I. Bot., 37:38-46.
With R. C. Ottke and S. Simmonds. Deuteroacetate in the biosyn-
thesis of ergosterol by Neurospora. l. Biol. Chem., 186:581-89.
With D. D. Perkins. Genetics of microorganisms. Annul Rev. Mi-
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With E. A. Adelberg. Characterization of a valine analog accumu-
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1951
With E. A. Adelberg and D. M. Bonner. A precursor of isoleucine
obtained from a mutant strain of Neurospora crassa. ]. Biol.
Chew., 190:837-41.
With E. A. Adelberg. Origin of the carbon skeletons of isoleucine
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1954
With S. R. Gross, G. Ehrensvard, and L. Garnjobst. Synthesis of
aromatic compounds by Neurospora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 40:271-76.
With D. Shemin. Mechanism of tryptophan synthesis in Neuro-
spora. I. Biol. Chem., 209:671-675.
1956
With S. R. Gross and R. D. Gaylord. The metabolism of proto-
catechuic acid in Neurospora. I. Biol. Chem., 219: 781-96.
With S. R. Gross. Physiological aspects of genetics. Ann. Rev. Phys-
iology, 18:53-68.
With R. A. Eversole. Chemical alteration of crossing-over fre-
quency in Chlamydomonas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 42:68-
73.
With L. Garnjobst. A temperature independent riboflavin requir-
ing mutant of Neurospora crassa. Am. I. Bot., 43: 149-57.
With R. C. Fuller. Inositol-phospholipid in Neurospora and its re-
lationship to morphology. Am. J. Bot., 43:361-65.
1958
With R. W. Barratt. Carcinogenic mutagens. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
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Molecular basis of the cause and expression of somatic cell varia-
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1959
A case history in biological research. Science, 129:1711-15. Also
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With A. J. Shatkin. Electron microscopy of Neurospora crassa my-
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OCR for page 384
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1961
With James F. Wilson and Laura Garnjobst. Heterocaryon incom-
patibility in Neurospora crassa Micro-injection studies. Am. i.
Bot., 48:299-305.
With Noel de Terra. Colonial growth of Neurospora. Science,
134: 1066-68.
With E. Reich, R. M. Franklin, and A. I. Shatkin. Effect of actino-
mycin D on cellular nucleic acid synthesis and virus production.
Science, 134:556-57.
1962
Biochemical genetics and evolution. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,
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With A. {. Shatkin, E. Reich, and R. M. Franklin. Effect of mito-
mycin C on mammalian cells in culture. Biochem. Biophys.
Acta, 55:277-89.
With E. Reich, R. M. Franklin, and A. J. Shatkin. Action of acti-
nomycin D on animal cells and viruses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA, 48:1238-45.
1963
With Noel de Terra. A relationship between cell wall structure and
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With B. Mach and E. Reich. Separation of the biosynthesis of the
antibiotic polypeptide tyrocidine from protein biosynthesis.
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1965
Perspectives from physiological genetics. In: The Control of Human
Heredity and Evolution, ed. E. Sonneborn, New York: Macmillan,
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With E. G. Diacumakos and L. Garnjobst. A cytoplasmic character
in Neurospora crassa. The role of nuclei and mitochondria. I. Cell
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With C. W. Slayman. Potassium transport in Neurospora. III. Iso-
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385
With Z. K. Borowska. Biosynthesis of edeine by Bacillus brevis Vm4:
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The possibility of manipulating genetic change. In: Genetics and the
Future of Man, First Nobel Conference, Gustavus Adolphus Col-
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With B. Mach. The biosynthesis of antibiotic polypeptides. In:
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With S. Brody. The primary biochemical effect of a morpholog-
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56: 1290-7.
Molecular biology, nucleic acids, and the future of medicine. Per-
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1967
With B. Crocken. Sorbose transport in Neurospora crassa. Biochem.
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With E. Pina. Inositol biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. Biochem.
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With S. Brody. Phosphoglucomutase mutants and morphological
changes in Neurospora crassa. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA,
68:923-30.
With L. Garnjobst. A survey of new morphological mutants in Neu-
rospora crassa. Genet., 57:579-604.
With M. P. Morgan and L. Garnjobst. Linkage relations of new
morphological mutants in linkage group V of Neurospora crassa.
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With P. R. Mahadevan. Localization of structural polymers in the
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1970
With N. C. Mishra. Phosphoglucomutase mutants of Neurospora
sitophila and their relation to morphology. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
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With L. Garnjobst. New crisp genes and crisp modifiers in Neuro-
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1971
With W. A. Scott. Purification and partial characterization of
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa. ].
Biol. Chem., 246:6347-52.
1972
With E. G. Diacumakos. Fusion of mammalian somatic cells by mi-
crosurgery. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 69:2959-62.
1973
With N. C. Mishra. Non-Mendelian inheritance of DNA-induced
inositol independence in Neurospora. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA, 70:3875-79.
1974
With C. R. Wrathall. Hyphal wall peptides and colonial morphol-
ogy in Neurospora crassa. Biochem. Genet., 12:59-68.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
lawrie tatum
