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OCR for page R1
J.S. INDUSTRY IN 8000
ties in Cow
lye Be
DAVID C. MOWERY, Editor
lormance
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1999
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. · Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The conference from which the papers in this publication were drawn was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members come from the councils of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The members of the board responsible for the project were chosen for their special competences and
with regard for appropriate balance.
This publication was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Na-
tional Science Foundation, the Office of Industrial Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy,
the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Ralph Landau, and the Lockheed Martin Corporation. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and
do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided supoort for the
project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
U.S. industry in 2000: studies in competitive performance / David
C. Mowery, editor.
p. cm.
Papers presented at a conference held at the National Academy of
Sciences in Washington, D.C., on Dec. 8-9, 1997.
ISBN 0-309-06179-2 (pbk.)
1. Industries United States Forecasting Congresses. 2.
Economic forecasting United States Congresses. 3. United
States Economic conditions 1981 Congresses. I. Mowery, David
C. II. National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science,
Technology, and Economic Policy. III. Title: US industry in 2000
HC106.82.U17 1999
338.0973'09'051 dc21
99-6102
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Cover: The emblem appearing on the cover of this publication is an illustration of the bronze medal-
lion in the floor of the Great Hall in the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, D.C.
The medallion is the wellhead placed in the floor when the spectroscopic case over which the Fou-
cault pendulum swings is lowered below floor level. The design is based on a map of the solar system
published in 1661 by Andreas Cellarius Palatinus. The array of the planets is the Copernican system
as know to Galileo.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
DALE JORGENSON, Chairman
Frederic Eaton Abbe Professor
of Economics
Harvard University
M. KATHY BEHRENS
Managing Partner
Robertson Stephens Investment
Management
JAMES F. GIBBONS
Professor of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
RALPH LANDAU
Consulting Professor Economics
Stanford University
RICHARD C. LEVIN
President
Yale University
JAMES T. LYNN
Advisor
Lazard Freres
MARK B. MYERS
Senior Vice President
Xerox Corporation
RUBEN METTLER
Chairman and CEO (retired)
TRW, Inc.
A. MICHAEL SPENCE
Dean, Graduate School of Business
Stanford University
. . .
WILLIAM J. SPENCER, Vice
Chairman
Chairman
SEMATECH
JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ
Senior Vice President and Chief
Economist
The World Bank
ALAN WM. WOLFF
Managing Partner
Dewey Ballantine
Ex-Officio Members
BRUCE ALBERTS
President
National Academy of Sciences
WILLIAM A. WULF
President
National Academy of Engineering
KENNETH I. SHINE
President
Institute of Medicine
Staff
STEPHEN A. MERRILL
Executive Director
CHARLES W. WESSNER
Program Director
CRAIG SCHULTZ
Program Associate
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a working
mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical mat-
ters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of
the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It
is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meet-
ing national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sci-
ences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the exami-
nation of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is the president of the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences
in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both acad-
emies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Preface
In 1991 the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering established the
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy as a forum in which econo-
mists, technologists, scientists, financial and management experts, and policymak-
ers could broaden and deepen understanding of the relationships between science
and technology and economic performance. In its first three years, the Board's
activities focused on the adequacy and efficiency of public and private domestic
investment in physical and human capital. The Board's first report, Investing for
Productivity and Prosperity, underscored the need for higher rates of national
saving and investment. Its principal recommendation was to shift the base for
taxation from income to consumption.
In the past two years, the Board has turned its attention to more microeco-
nomic concerns technology policies broadly defined and their relationship to
international trade relations, determinants of competitive performance in a wide
range of manufacturing and service industries, and changes in patterns of R&D
and innovation investments. A series of conferences, workshops, and reports, of
which this volume is the third, comprises the latter body of STEP work which we
are calling, U.S. Industry: Restructuring and Renewal, because it represents a
broad assessment of U.S. industrial performance in an international context at a
time of domestic economic confidence and optimism but uncertainty about the
consequences of fundamental changes in the composition of the economy, pro-
cesses of innovation, and economic troubles abroad. Previous publications under
this title include Industrial Research and Innovation Indicators, the report of a
workshop on measurement of industrial research and innovation, and Borderline
Case: International Tax Policy, Corporate Research and Development and In-
vestment, a collection of papers by leading tax scholars, practitioners, and policy
v
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v!
U.S. INDUSTRYIN2000
analysts. A report of the STEP Board's conclusions from the project, Securing
America's Industrial Strength, is being published simultaneously. This series of
activities would not have been possible without the financial support of the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Science Foundation
and the personal encouragement of Daniel Goldin, NASA Administrator.
This volume was conceived by Ralph Landau, a founding member of the
STEP Board. With the exception of the Introduction, the papers included in it
were presented at a conference, "America's Industrial Resurgence: Sources and
Prospects," held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., on
December 8-9, 1997. The authors are members of multidisciplinary research
teams studying economic performance and technological change at the industry
level most of them projects sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The
group of industries examined does not represent a carefully selected sample rep-
resentative of the economy but rather reflects a decision to capitalize on the work
of these groups. Notable omissions are the natural resource extraction indus-
tries petroleum and mining agriculture and forestry, and automobiles. On the
other hand, the selection includes three "service" industries retail banking,
trucking, and food retailing and thus addresses by far the largest and in many
ways most dynamic sector of the economy.
To help integrate this work, the Board asked David Mowery, professor at the
Haas School of Business at the University of California at Berkeley, to develop a
general framework to analyze the determinants of performance over the past 15
or 20 years. The single exception was an analysis of shifts in comparative advan-
tage in the chemical industry over a 150-year period. Following two workshops
in which the investigators shared their analysis with other industry experts, the
resulting papers were discussed with representatives of the subject industries,
interested government officials, and other scholars at the Washington conference.
Commentators included Jeff Burke, Seagate Technology; Tim Cyrus, General
Motors Powertrain Group; Linda Dworak, Garment Industry Development Cor-
poration; Mike Eskew, United Parcel Service; Kenneth Flamm, The Brookings
Institution; F.G. Jauss, U.S. Steel Corporation; Richard Manning, Pfizer, Inc.;
Joy Nicholas, Food Marketing Institute; Dan Schutzer, Citicorp; James Sinnett,
The Boeing Company; Larry Sumney, Semiconductor Research Corporation; and
Ed Wasserman, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. The labor market implications of
structural and technological change in these industries were addressed by a panel
including Howard Rosen, Minority Chief of Staff of the congressional Joint Eco-
nomic Committee; Jared Bernstein, Economic Policy Institute; Craig Olson, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin School of Business; and Thomas I. Palley, AFL-CIO. Addi
tional funds for the conference and this publication were provided by the Office
of Industrial Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, the Sloan Foundation,
Ralph Landau, and the Lockheed Martin Corporation. The Board is grateful to all
of these participants and sponsors, but especially to David Mowery and Ralph
Landau.
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PREFACE
Vi!
The industries studied exhibit great diversity in structure and evolution as
well as enormous "churning" that has taken a variety of forms, often negative for
some regions and workers employment downsizing, shifts in location of opera-
tion, and changes in the skill requirements of many jobs. Nevertheless, the gen-
eral picture is one of stronger performance in the 1990s than in the early 1980s,
attributable to a variety of factors including supportive public policies, competi-
tion and openness to innovation, and changes in supplier and customer relation-
ships factors that might not be as readily apparent if the analysis were of the
macroeconomy or at the level of the firm. Vigorous foreign competition forced
changes in manufacturing processes, organization, and strategy but then receded,
making the performance of U.S. industries look even better. None of these favor-
able conditions, least of all the latter, is permanent. The studies persuasively
make the point that U.S. industries' superior performance in the past decade is
not guaranteed to continue. For that reason among others, incidentally, the stud-
ies underscore the importance of maintaining independent centers of industry
expertise.
This collection has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the NRC' s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this indepen-
dent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institu-
tion in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the
report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness
to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confi-
dential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the re-
view of this report: Eileen Appelbaum, Economic Policy Institute; Thomas
Bailey, Institute on Education and the Economy, Teachers College, Columbia
University; France Cordova, University of California at Santa Barbara (review
coordinator); Katherine Hughes, Institute on Education and the Economy, Teach-
ers College, Columbia University; Anita McGahan, Graduate School of Business,
Harvard University; and Richard Rosenbloom, Graduate School of Business,
Harvard University
While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and
suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with
the authors, the STEP Board, and the institution.
A. MICHAEL SPENCE
Chairman (until June 30, 1998)
DALE W. JORGENSON
Chairman (from July 1, 1998)
STEPHEN A. MERRILL
Executive Director and
Project Director
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Contents
1 AMERICA'S INDUSTRIAL RESURGENCE (?): AN OVERVIEW
David C. Mowery
2 THE DYNAMICS OF LONG-TERM GROWTH: GAINING
AND LOSING ADVANTAGE IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Ralph Landau and Ashish Arora
3 CHEMICALS..............................................................................................
Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella
......... 17
45
4 STEEL 75
Richard J. Fruchan, Dany A. Cheij, and David M. Vislosky
5 POWDER METALLURGY PARTS 103
Diran Apelian, John J. Healy, P. Ulf Gummeson, and
Chickery J. Kasouf
6 TRUCKING 123
Anuradha Nagarajan, James L. Bander, and Chelsea C. White III
7 GROCERY RETAILING
Jay Coggins and Ben Senauer
Six
155
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x
8 RETAIL BANKING 1
Frances X. Fret, Patrick T. Harker, and Larry W. Hunter
CONTENTS
179
9 COMPUTING 215
Timothy F. Bresnahan
10 SEMICONDUCTORS
Jeffrey T. Macher, David C. Mowery, and David A. Hodges
11 HARD DISK DRIVES
David McKendrick
245
287
12 APPAREL 329
Peter Doeringer and Audrey Watson
13 PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 363
Lain Cockburn, Rebecca Henderson, Luigi Orsenigo, and
Gary P. Pisano
INDEX 399
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U.S. INDUSTRY IN zoos
Studies in Competitive Performance
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