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Biographical Memoirs V.84 (2004)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84


Biographical Memoirs


NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 Biographical Memoirs NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 This page intentionally left blank.

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES Biographical Memoirs VOLUME 84 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. www.nap.edu

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-08957-3 (BOOK) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-52419-9 (PDF) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER 0077-2933 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629 Available from THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20001 COPYRIGHT 2004 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 CONTENTS     PREFACE   vii     H. A. BARKER BY ROBERT L. SWITZER, EARL R. STADTMAN, AND THRESSA C. STADTMAN   3     ABRAM BERGSON BY PAUL A. SAMUELSON   23     ROBERT M. BERNE BY MATTHEW N. LEVY   37     GERHARD LUDWIG CLOSS BY HEINZ D. ROTH   53     SIDNEY DARLINGTON BY IRWIN W. SANDBERG AND ERNEST S. KUH   83     ROBERT R. GILRUTH BY CHRISTOPHER C. KRAFT, JR.   93     DAVID EZRA GREEN BY HELMUT BEINERT, PAUL K. STUMPF, AND SALIH J. WAKIL   113

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84     ERNEST GRUNWALD BY EDWARD M. ARNETT   147     WILLIAM REDINGTON HEWLETT BY ROBERT J. SCULLY AND MARLAN O. SCULLY   165     JAMES GERALD HIRSCH BY CAROL L. MOBERG AND RALPH M. STEINMAN   183     VERNON WILLARD HUGHES BY ROBERT K. ADAIR   205     GORDON JAMES FRASER MACDONALD BY WALTER MUNK, NAOMI ORESKES, AND RICHARD MULLER   225     HORACE WINCHELL MAGOUN BY LOUISE H. MARSHALL   251     SANFORD LOUIS PALAY BY ALAN PETERS, JACK ROSENBLUTH, GEORGE PAPPAS, LAWRENCE KRUGER, AND ENRICO MUGNAINI   271     KENNETH LEE PIKE BY THOMAS N. HEADLAND   287     CHARLES MADERA RICK BY STEVEN D. TANKSLEY AND GURDEV S. KHUSH   307     ROBERT GREEN SACHS BY KAMESHWAR C. WALI   321     SHERWOOD LARNED WASHBURN BY F. CLARK HOWELL   349     VICTOR FREDERICK WEISSKOPF BY J. DAVID JACKSON AND KURT GOTTFRIED   373     GORDON RANDOLPH WILLEY BY EVON Z. VOGT, JR.   399

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Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 PREFACE On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of Incorporation that brought the National Academy of Sciences into being. In accordance with that original charter, the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scientists, elected for outstanding contributions to knowledge, who can be called upon to advise the federal government. As an institution the Academy’s goal is to work toward increasing scientific knowledge and to further the use of that knowledge for the general good. The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1877, are a series of volumes containing the life histories and selected bibliographies of deceased members of the Academy. Colleagues familiar with the discipline and the subject’s work prepare the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the life and work of our most distinguished leaders in the sciences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and peers. They form a biographical history of science in America—an important part of our nation’s contribution to the intellectual heritage of the world. R. STEPHEN BERRY Home Secretary

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