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OCR for page R1
Commercial
Mullimeclia Technologies
for Twenly-First Century
Army BatIlefielcis
A Technology Management
Strategy
Committee on Future Technologies for Army Multimedia Communications
Boarcl on Army Science and Technology
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. ~ 995
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of th
is report was approved by the Governing Board
of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special
competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences, is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that
requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.
Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National
Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs,
encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers.
Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of
policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility
given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the
federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research,
and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916
to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of
furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with
general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering
in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of
Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman.
respectively, of the National Research Council.
This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAH04-94-C-0050 between the U.S.
Department of the Army and the National Academy of Sciences.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-72007
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05378-1
Additional copies are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
Box 285
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
OCR for page R3
COMMITTEE ON FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR
ARMY MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
STEWART D. PERSONICK, (Chairman), Bell Communications Research, Morristown,
New Jersey
DONA L. CRAWFORD, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
ROBERT G. GALLAGER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JEFFREY M. {AFFE, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, New York
JAMES F. KUROSE, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
DAVID G. LEEPER, Motorola, Chandler, Arizona
CLARA F. MANDERS, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
BRIAN P. McCUNE, Callidus Technology Consulting, Palo Alto, California
ALAN.J. McLAUGHLIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln LaboratoIy,
Lexington, Massachusetts
JONATHAN M. SMITH, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
LYNN A. STREETER, US WEST Advanced Technologies, Boulder, Colorado
LEONARD P. WISHART, Burdeshaw Associates, Limited, Bethesda, Maryland
BERNARD P. ZEIGLER, University of Arizona, Tucson
Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison
ALLEN C. WARD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Army Liaison
ROBERT WASHBURN, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research, Development, and
Acquisition
ERIC HEILMAN, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research, Development, and
Acquisition, 1994
Staff
ROBERT J. LOVE, Study Director
RANDOLPH R. DAVIS, Study Director, 1994
ALVERA GIRCYS, Senior Program Assistant
ALLISON KNIGHT, Senior Program Assistant, 1994
NORMAN M. HAILER, Consultant
. . .
OCR for page R4
BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GENERAL GLEN K. OTIS (Chairman), U.S. Army (Retired), Fairfax, Virginia
CHRISTOPHER C. GREEN ( Vice Chairman), General Motors Research Laboratories
Warren, Michigan
ROBERT A. BEAUDET, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
GARY L. BORMAN, University of Wisconsin, Madison
ALBERTO COLL, U.S. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island
LAWRENCE l. DELANEY, BDM Europe, Berlin, Germany
NAMES L. FLANAGAN, Center for Computer Aids in Industrial Productivity, Rutgers
University, Piscataway, New Jersey
ROBERT J. HEASTON, Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center, Chicago, Illinois
THOMAS McNAUGHER, RAND Corporation, Washington, D.C.
NORMAN F. PARKER, Varian Associates (Retired), Cardiff by the Sea, California
KATHLEEN T. ROBERTSON, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, Virginia
JAY P. SANFORD, University of Southwestern Health Sciences Center at Dallas, Texas
HARVEY W. SCHADLER, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York
JOYCE L. SHIELDS, Hay Management Consultants, Arlington, Virginia
CLARENCE G. THORNTON, Army Research Laboratory (Retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey
JOfIN D. VENABLES, Venables & Associates, Towson, Maryland
ALLEN C. WARD, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Staff
BRUCE A. BRAWN, Director
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Senior Program Officer
E. VINCENT HOLAHAN, Senior Program Officer
ROBERTS. LOVE, Senior Program Officer
DONALD I. SIEBENALER, Senior Program Officer
PATRICIA A. KIRCHNER, Administrative Associate
MARGO L. FRANCESCO, Administrative Supervisor
ALVERA V. GIRCYS, Senior Program Assistant
JACQUELINE CAMPBELL-JOHNSON, Senior Program Assistant
DEBORAH RANDALL, Project Assistant
iv
OCR for page R5
Preface
Our report responds to a request by the Army to have
the National Research Council study the applicability of
commercial multimedia technologies to Army command,
control, communications, and intelligence needs on fu-
ture battlefields. Our committee, known as the Commit-
tee on Future Technologies for Army Multimedia
Communications, was formed under the auspices of the
Board on Army Science and Technology to carry out the
study.
Our first meeting was held in September 1994 at Fort
Gordon, Georgia. Over the course of the study, three
more meetings of our full committee took place. In
addition, there were several data-gathering sessions at-
tended by one or more of our members. (See the
Appendix for a detailed listing of all meetings and the
persons and groups that were involved.)
The committee set up an electronic mail "exploder"
after its first meeting at Fort Gordon, which allowed the
committee to correspond collectively on an ongoing
basis throughout the study. This was used by committee
members to share ideas about the structure and content
of the report, to exchange drafts of sections and com-
ments on these drafts, and to propose changes in re-
sponse to reviewers' comments. The committee also
made use of multipoint teleconferencing throughout the
study to discuss and resolve issues. Thus the committee
made good use of some of the information technologies
about which it was preparing to advise the Army.
v
We have structured our findings to be as useful as
possible to the leaders, administrators, and managers
who will take the Army into the twenty-first century. Our
report shows that we believe the commercial multimedia
technologies that now exist or are emerging can greatly
benefit the Army of the future. The key to realizing these
benefits will be for the Army to devise ways to accom-
modate the very rapid pace of change that is taking place
daily in the civilian world of information handling and
processing.
We were fortunate to have as members persons with
strong representation from that part of the commercial
sector involved in advanced telecommunications and
computer-based applications. We were also fortunate to
have members steeped in the ways of the Army and in
military research and development. However, we could
not have completed this study without the unfailing
cooperation of the many Army personnel, from the Chief
of Staff down, who explained the Army to us in ways
that we all could grasp. To those Army representatives
we are especially grateful.
Stewart D. Personick /
Chairman /
OCR for page R6
OCR for page R7
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION.
Background, 9
Statement of Task, 9
Study Approach, 10
References, 11
REVIEW OF ARMY REQUIREMENTS
Milestone Desert Storm, 12
Army Modernization Program, 12
Winning the Information War, 13
Army Battle Command Priorities, 13
Additional Insights, 16
Operations Other Than War, 16
A Word of Caution, 16
Summary, 17
References, 17
................................... 12
3 REVIEW OF RELEVANT COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES . . .. . . . . . 18
Multimedia Architecture, 18
Building Block Technologies (Layer I Physical Platforms), 19
Lightweight, Rugged, Portable Appliances and Terminals, 19
Storage Systems for Multimedia Information, 22
Communications Platforms That Support People on the Move, 23
Information Capture Technologies, 24
Building Block Technologies (Layer II System Software), 25
Protocols and Related Functionality to Support Communications, 25
Distributed Computing Environments and Operating Systems, 27
Building Block Technologies (Layer III Middleware), 29
Information Filtering Systems, 29
Multimedia Database Management Systems, 30
User-Friendly Multimedia User Interfaces, 31
Multimedia Information Analysis and Processing Building Blocks
and Middleware Services, 32
Building Block Technologies (Layer IV Generic Applications/Enablers), 32
Multimedia Information Access Capabilities, 32
Decision Support Tools, Groupware, Multimedia Teleconferencing, 33
Multimedia Messaging Capabilities, 33
Building Block Technologies (Layer V Specific Applications), 34
General Observations, 34
Simulation: Systems and Applications, 35
vi1
OCR for page R8
. . .
V111
COILS
Building Block Technologies (Layer VI Management/Security), 37
Security Technologies, 37
Network Management Systems, 38
General Purpose Languages, Tools, Development Environments, 38
Systems, 39
Cellular and Wireless Telecommunications Systems, 39
Electronic Commerce, 40
Intelligent Transportation Systems, 40
Residential Information Services, 41
Lessons Learned in the Commercial World, 41
Architecture, 41
Standards, 42
Vertical Versus Horizontal Industry Structures, 43
Leveraging Commercial Off-the-Shelf Technology, 43
How Business Meets Special Technology Requirements, 44
Leveraging Legacy Investments and Fostering Rapid Acceptance of
Information Technology, 44
Adopting a Spiral Model, 45
Summary, 46
References, 46
4 MEETING ARMY NEEDS WITH COMMERCIAL MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES
Mapping Army Needs to Building Block Technologies, 48
Architecture, 49
Applicability of Commercial Technology to Army Needs, 51
Recommendations (Layer I Physical Platforms), 52
Lightweight, Rugged, Portable Appliances and Terminals, 54
Storage Systems for Multimedia Information, 54
Communication Platforms That Support People on the Move, 54
Information Capture Technologies, 55
Recommendations (Layer II- System Software), 56
Protocols and Related Functionality to Support Communications, 56
Distributed Computing Environments and Operating Systems, 56
Recommendations (Layer III—Middleware), 57
Information Filtering Systems, 57
Multimedia Database Management Systems, 57
User-Friendly Multimedia User Interfaces, 57
Multimedia Information Analysis and Processing Building Blocks
and Middleware Services, 58
Recommendations (Layer IV Generic Applications/Enablers), 58
Multimedia Information Access Capabilities, 58
Decision Support Tools, Groupware, Multimedia Teleconferencing, 59
Multimedia Messaging Capabilities, 59
Recommendation (Layer V Specific Applications), 59
General Observations, 59
Simulation: Systems and Applications, 60
Recommendations (Layer VI Management/Security), 60
Security Technologies, 60
Network Management Systems, 61
General Purpose Languages, Tools, Development Environments, 62
An Operational Example, 62
Battle Command in the Twenty-First Century, 62
Army Commanders, the Battlefield, and Multimedia Technology, 63
.. 48
OCR for page R9
CONTENTS
ix
Analysis of the Scenario, 65
SummaIy, 66
References, 67
5 CORPORATE REINVENTION IN THE INFORMATION AGE .
Introduction, 68
Reinvention, 68
Chapter Overview, 68
The Productivity Paradox, 69
Successful Reinventions: Case Studies, 70
Citicorp, 70
Federal Express, 71
Ford, 71
The Dark Side of Reinvention, 72
Not Every Business Process is a Candidate for Reengineering, 72
Start Small and Build from Success, 73
Inexperienced Staff and Managers Need Not Apply, 73
Cultural Changes and Support for the Change, 73
Implications for the Army, 74
Digitizing the Battlefield, 74
Effects of Reinvention on the Army, 74
Summary, 76
References, 76
6 TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 78
Introduction, 78
Be a Hunter-Gatherer of Technologies, 78
Targeting Innovation, 79
Balanced Procurement Process, 79
Establish and Enforce an Architecture, 80
Interoperability, 80
Reuse of Building Blocks, Modules, and Objects, 81
Insertion of New Technologies, 81
Facilitation of Ad Hoc Modifications, 81
Management Issues, 81
Relationships with Commercial Organizations, 82
Respond to the Need for Reinvention, 83
Adopt a Spiral Model; Emphasize Simulation, Modeling, and Experimentation, 83
Measuring Progress, 84
Other Recommendations, 84
Putting Low-Cost Multimedia and Wireless Appliances Into the Hands of
Squad-Level Soldiers, 84
Encouraging Innovation, 85
Summary, 86
References, 86
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Conclusions, 87
Recommendations, 87
APPENDIX: MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES ....
07
...... OX
91
OCR for page R10
Tables and Figures
TABLES
ES-1
ES-2
ES-3
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
FIGURES
3-1
3-2
4-1
Summary of the Army Operational Needs, Including Simulation,
and Functional Requirements, 2
Summary of Army Operational Needs, Including Simulation,
and Functional Requirements and Their Most Relevant Enabling
Building Block Technologies, 5
Recommendations for Commercial, Modified, or Army-Specific
Products in Each of the Building Block Technology Areas, 6
Summary of the Army Operational Needs, Including Simulation,
and Functional Requirements, 15
Comparison of Storage Requirements, 22
Simulation Support, 36
Building Block Technologies, 48
Summary of Army Operational Needs, Including Simulation,
and Functional Requirements and Their Most Relevant Enabling
Building Block Technologies, 49
Building Block Technologies and the Associated Army
Functional Requirements They Enable, 50
Recommendations for Commercial, Modified, or Army-Specific
Products in Each of the Building Block Technology Areas, 53
ES-1 Generic architecture for multimedia communications, 3
ES-2 Building block technologies in the generic multimedia architecture, 3
Generic architecture for multimedia communications, 18
Building block technologies in the generic multimedia architecture, 19
Common Operating Environment (COE) architecture, 51
x
OCR for page R11
Acronyms
AMLCD Active matrix liquid crystal display
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARDIS Advanced Radio Data Information Service
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode
C3I Command, control, communications, and intelligence
CCD Charge-coupled device
CDMA Code division multiple access
COE Common Operating Environment
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
COTS Commercial off-the-shelf
CPU Central processing unit
DBS Direct Broadcast Services
DCE Distributed Computing Environment
DES Digital Encryption Standard
DIS Distributed Interactive Simulation
DoD Department of Defense
DRAM Dynamic random access memory
EDI Electronic data interchange
EMP Electomagnetic pulse
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GUI Graphical user interface
HDTV High definition television
HER Home Location Register
IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IP Internet Protocol
IS Interim Standard
ISO International Standards Organization
ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
STARS Joint surveillance and target attack radar system
LAN Local area network
LCD Liquid crystal display
X1
OCR for page R12
. .
X11
ACROIVYMS
LED Low probability of detection
LPI Low probability of intercept
MIPS Millions of instructions per second
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
NSF National Science Foundation
OLE Object Linking and Embedding
OMG Object Management Group
OODBMS Object-oriented database management systems
OSF Open Software Foundation
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PDA Personal digital assistant
POTS Plain old telephone service
RDBMS Relational database management system
R&D Research and development
SKI Software Engineering Institute
SMR Specialized mobile radio
TAFIM Technical Architecture for Information Management
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command
TRM Technical Reference Model
UDP User datagram protocol
VLR Visited Location Register
WACS Wireless Access Communications System
WWW World Wide Web
