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OCR for page R1
Riot
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Tic Ads
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find R~i~ Edidon, 1981
Subcommittee on Blologlcal Energy
mml~ ~ alma Norton
Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources
Commlsslon on Natural Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
shing~n, D C. 1981
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proce-
dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council
operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the
authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a pri-
vate, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Acad-
emies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the
Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
This study was supported by the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Admin-
istration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, by Agricultural Re-
search, Science and Education Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
and by Agriculture Canada.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
National Research Council. Committee on Animal
Nutrition. Subcommittee on Biological Energy.
Nutritional energetics of domestic animals and
glossary of energy terms.
Edition of 1966, prepared by the Committee on Animal
Nutrition of the National Research Council, published
under title: Biological energy interrelationships and
glossary of energy terms.
Bibliography: p.
1. Animal nutrition. 2. Animal nutrition-Terminol-
ogy. 3. Bioenergetics-Terminology. I. National
Research Council. Committee on Animal Nutrition.
Biological energy interrelationships and glossary of
energy terms. II. Title. [ DNLM: 1. Animal nutrition-
Nomenclature. 2. Energy metabolism-Nomenclature. SF 95
N2775n]
SF95.N3 1981 636.08'52 80-28912
ISBN 0-309-03127-3
Fuse Printing, January 1981
Second Printing, October 1990
Available from
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
PR EFACE
In 1962 a report was prepared for the Committee on Animal Nu-
trition (CA N ~ by Lorin E. Harris entitled Glossary of Energy
Terms. This report was intended for use as a reference in connec-
tion with the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series.
The report was revised in 1966 as Biological Energy Interrela-
t~onships and Glossary of Energy Terms, and research workers
were urged to re,port their data according to the calorie system
so that sufficient information could be obtained to construct feed
composition and nutrient requirement tables for various species of
animals with quantities given in calories. These efforts have been
most successful, and tables of feed composition and nutrient re-
quirements prepared by the species-oriented subcommittees of the
Committee on Animal Nutrition are routinely included in each re-
port of the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series.
Several new systems of feed evaluation have come into use since
1966, with varied and sometimes conflicting use of terminology.
The Committee on Animal Nutrition therefore requested the ap-
pointment of a subcommittee to ~ I) develop more systematic
terminology for the description of energy utilization by animals
and (2) reconcile the terminology used in feeding systems with
the more idealized scheme for describing energy metabolism of
animals.
· · —
OCR for page R4
IV
The CAN Subcommittee on Biological Energy was appointed to
address these issues. Two formal meetings were held, the first on
September 29-30, 1977, in Washington, D.C., and the second on
March 2-3, 1978, in Chicago, Illinois. The activities of the subcom-
mittee were expanded to address the compromises included in the
development of practical feeding systems in order to have a system
simple enough to be accepted for general use.
The information contained in this report is the result of the ef-
forts of the members and the suggestions by individuals engaged
in energy metabolism research. In particular, David R. Ames,
Henry S. Bayley, John E. Cantion, Richard C. Ewan, John E.
Halver, and Glen P. Lofgreen assisted by preparing critical reviews,
and their suggestions are deeply appreciated. Also reviewing this
report were the members of the Committee on Animal Nutrition,
the Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources, and the Com-
mission on Natural Resources. Staff of the Board on Agriculture
and Renewable Resources, Philip Ross (executive secretary),
Selma P. Baron (staff officer), and Sheridan E. Caldwell (secretary)
assisted the subcommittee in the production of this report.
OCR for page R5
CAN SUBCOMMITTEE ON BIOLOGICAL ENERGY
H E N R Y F. T Y R R E ~ ~ (~air~n), u s D A, S EA /A R. Ru~nant Nutrition
Laboratory, Belts~rille, Maryland
~ E o NT A R D S . B U ~ C, University of Maine
WILLIAM N. GARRETT, Umversity of CaLfornia, ~vis
A N R . S ~ B B A ~ D, Agriculture Cana ~
ROBERT R. SMITH, U.S. Fish and Wil~ife Service
COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
JOSEPH P. FONTEN OT (Chai~an), Virginia Polytec~ic Institute and
State University
CARL E. COPPOCK, Te~s A&M University
R ~ C H A R D D . G ~ O D R ~ C H. University of Minnesota
BERY ~ E. M ARCH, University of British Columbia
PAUL W. MOE, USDA, SEAiAR, Ruminant Nutrition ~borato~,
Beltsville, Maryland
QU IN TO N R. RO G ~ RS, University of Califorma, Davis
GARY L. RUMSEY, Tunison ~boratory of Fish Nutrition
D U AN E E. U ~ ~ R KY, Mic~gan State UniYersity
v
OCR for page R6
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES
G E O R G E K . D AV IS (Chair~n), University of Florida, retired
CH ES TE R O. M cC O R KE E, ~ R . ~ Vice Chai~an), University of California,
Davis
JOHN D. AX TELL, ~rdue University
NEVILLE P. CLARKE, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
College Station
SALLY K. FAIRFAX, University of California, Berkeley
O H N E . H A ~ V E R. University of Washington
R O B. E R T O . H E R R M A N N. Pennsylvania State University
MINO RU HIRONAKA, University of Idaho
~ A U R E N C E R . ~ A H N. Wil~ife Management Institute
BERNARD S. SCHWEIGERT, University of Califorr~ia, Davis
GEORGE R. STAEBLER, Weyerhaeuser Co., retired
PAUL E. WAGGONER, Connecticut Agric~tural Experiment Station,
New Haven
PHILIP ROSS, Execu~ve Secreta~
COMMISSION ON NATURAL RESOURCES
RO BERT M . WHITE (Chai~an), University Corporation for Atmospheric
Research
TIM O TH Y AT KESO N. Steptoe & Johnson
S T. A N ~ E Y ~ . A U E R B A C H. Oak Ridge National ~boratory
NORMAN A. COPELAND, E. I. du Pont de Nemours ~ Co., retired
G E O R G E K. D AV IS, University of Florida, retired
E D W A R D D . G O L D B E R G. Scripps Institution of Oceano~aphy
C H A R L E S J . M A N K I N. O~ahoma Geological Survey
CH ES TE R O . M cC O R KE E, ~ R ., University of California, Davis
NORTON NELSON, New York University Medical Center
D A N ~ E ~ A. O K U N. University of North Carolina
DAVID PIM ENTEL, CorneD University
JOHN E. TILTON, Pennsylvania State University
A ~ V ~ N M . W E ~ N B E R G. Oak Ridge Associated Universities
E. BRIGHT WILSON, ex offcio, Harvard University
W A ~ ~ A C E D . B O W M A N. Execu tive Direc tor
Vl
OCR for page R7
CONTENTS
Nutritional Energetics of Domestic Animals and
Glossary of Energy Terms
Introduction
Units of Measurement
Biological Basis of Energy Partition
Definition of Terms
Conventional Scheme
Relationship of Environmental Temperature
to Energy Metabolism
Systems Used to Express Feed Energy Values and
an Animal's Requirement for Energy
Application to Growing Ruminants
Application to Lactating Ruminants
Application to Nonruminant Herbivores,
Especially Horses and Rabbits
Application to Swine
Application to Poultry
Application to Aquatic Animals
References
Append ix
· ~
vll
2
3
s
9
13
19
27
31
34
37
39
41
45
51
OCR for page R8
