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ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND
PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES
~ . · .
~ngmeenng
Employment
Charactens~acs
Pane} on Engineering Employment
Characteristics
Committee on the Education Rid Utilization
of the Engineer
Commission on Engineering and
Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1985
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NationalAcademy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW ·Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils
of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were
chosen for their special competences and with regard to appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proce-
dures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medi-
cine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sci-
ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. The
Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy
under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Acad-
emy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has
become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and
the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the govern-
ment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of
Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respec-
tively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
Support for this work has been provided by the National Science Foundation, the
Department of the Air Force, the Department of the Army, the Department of Energy,
the Department of the Navy, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Additionally, assistance has been provided through grants from the Eastman Kodak
Company, Exxon Corporation, the General Electric Company, the IBM Corporation,
the Lockheed Corporation, the Monsanto Company, and the Sloan Foundation.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 85-61693
ISBN 0-309-035 8 6-4
Printed in the United States of America
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Preface
This panel report was prepared as part of the overall study of engi-
neering education and practice in the United States that was conducted
under the guidance of the National Research Council's Committee on
the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. Many of the findings and
recommendations of this report were included in the summary report
of the committee, * but it was possible to address the various topics in
more detail here.
The Panel on Engineering Employment Characteristics was charged
with developing an understanding of the employment patterns of engi-
neers, technologists, and technicians who they are, where they work,
and what they do and of how those patterns have changed or are likely
to change with time. To the extent possible, we have responded to this
charge in statistical terms derived from analyses of data from standard
sources. Where subjective assessments were required, we relied in part
on the results of an informal survey conducted by the panel. Whatever
the sources of the raw information, however, this report reflects the
broad experience and seasoned judgment of the members of the panel,
and I should like to thank them for their contributions.
Fred W. Garry
Chairman
* Engineering Education and Practice in the United States: Foundations of Our
Techno-Economic Future (Washington, D.C.: NationalAcademy Press, 1985~.
. . .
111
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Panel on Engineering
Employment Characteristics
FRED W. GARRY, Chairman, Vice-President, Corporate Engineering
and Manufacturing, General Electric Company, Fairfield,
Connecticut
JOHN D. CUEEEN, Vice-President, Engineering, E. I. du Pont de
Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware
DANIEL C. DRUCKER, Graduate Research Professor of Engineering
Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville
HELEN GOULDNER, Dean, College of Arts and Science, Professor of
Sociology, University of Delaware, Newark
LAWRENCE M. MEAD, OR., Senior Vice-President {Ret. J. Senior
Management Consultant, Grumman Aerospace Corporation,
Bethpage, New York
M. EUGENE MERCHANT, Director, Advanced Manufacturing
Research, Metcut Research Associates, Inc., Cincinnati
GORDON H. MILLAR, Vice-President, Engineering, Deere &c Company,
Moline, Illinois
RICHARD l. REDPATH, Vice-President, Corporate Engineering, Ralston
Purina, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, Missouri
JUDITH A. SCHWAN, Assistant Director, Research Laboratories
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York
I,
STEPHEN TUCKER, Program Manager, Edison Engineering, General
Electric Company, Fairfield, Connecticut
v
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C-sult~[s
BE~~ }. CULLEN, Cuber and Company Boron
KENNETH hi. REESE, Nadona1 Research CouncJ' Washington' D. C.
Oat [bison
[ERMINE C~E~ Stab Specialist/ Office of the Undersecretary of
Defense for Rescarcb and Engineering 1R~J MORLEY Talc
Pentagon/ Washington/ D.C.
LEWIS C. INFIELD, Head/ OHiCC of Cross-Disciplinary Rcscarcb
Nadonal Science Foundation/ Washington/ D.C.
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Committee on the Education and
Utilization of the Engineer
METER A. HADDAD, Chairmen {IBM, Ret. ~
GEORGE S. ANSELL, Dean of Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute {now President, Colorado School of MinesJ
JORDAN T. B^UCH, President, Jordan l. Baruch Associates
ERICH BLOCH, Vice-President, IBM Corporation Now Director,
National Science FoundationJ
DENNIS CHAMOT, Associate Director, Department for Professional
Employees, AFL/CID
EDMUND T. CRANCH, President, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
DANIEL C. DRUCKER, Dean of Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana Now Graduate Research Professor of Engineering Sciences,
University of Florida at Gainesville)
FRED W. GARRY, Vice-President, Corporate Engineering and
Manufacturing, General Electric Company
JOHN W. GEILS, Director of AAES/ASEE Faculty Shortage Project
[AT&T, Ret.J
AARON J. GELLMAN, President, Gellman Research Associates, Inc.
HELEN GOULDNER, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Professor of
Sociology, University of Delaware
JOHN D. KEMPER, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California at Davis
EDWARD T. KIRKPATRICK, President, Wentworth Institute of
Technology
. .
V11
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~ . ~
V111
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
ERNEST S. KUH, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, University of California at Berkeley
W. EDWARD LEAR, Executive Director, American Society for
Engineering Education
LAWRENCE M. MEAD, OR., Senior Management Consultant {Senior
Vice-President, Ret. J. Grumman Aerospace Corporation
M. EUGENE MERCHANT, Principal Scientist, Manufacturing Research,
Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Now Director, Advanced Manufacturing
Research, Metcut Research Associates, Inc. ~
RICEIARD I. REDPATH, Vice-President, Ralston Purina
FRANCIS E. REESE, Senior Vice-President, Monsanto Now retired)
ROBERT M. SAUNDERS, Professor, Electrical Engineering, University
of California at Irvine [Chairman, Board of Governors, AAES, 1983)
CHARLES E. SCHAFFNER, Executive Vice-President, Syska &
Hennessy
JUDITH A. SCHWA, Assistant Director, Research Labs, Eastman
Kodak Company
HAROLD T. SHAPIRO, President, University of Michigan
MORRIS A. STEINBERG, Vice-President, Science, Lockheed
Corporation
DONALD G. WEINERT, Executive Director, National Society of
Professional Engineers
SHEILA E. WIDNALL, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
STAFF
WILLIAM H. MICHAEL, TR., Executive Director
VERNON H. MILES, Staff Officer
AMY TANIK, Administrative Assistant
COURTLAND S. LEWIS, Consultant
GOVERNMENT LIAISON
LEWIS G. MAY FIELD, Head, Office of Interdisciplinary Research,
National Science Foundation
!
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Contents
Executive Summary
I. Introduction..........
The Role of Engineering, 5
2. The Engineering Work Force . .
Numbers and Characteristics, 7
Aging and Retirement, 11
Women in Engineering, 13
Minorities in Engineering, 14
3. Utilization of Engineers .....
Employment Characteristics, 16
Concentration Ratios, 21
Efficiency of Utilization, 24
4. Quality of the Work Force . . .
Current Views of Quality, 28
... 16
... 28
5. Resilience of the Work Force 31
Technological Obsolescence, 32
6. International Comparisons.
ix
....34
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x
7. Supply and Demand for Engineers.
Engineering Salaries, 36
Hiring Practices, 38
The State of the fob Market, 42
Notes ................
Appendix A: Supplementary Data Engineering
Employment Characteristics ...............
Appendix B: Women in Engineering . . . . . . . . . .
Helen Gouldner
Appendix C: The Social Context of Minorities in
E. .
ngmeermg............................
Helen Gouldner
Appendix D: Informal Mail Survey of
Employers of Engineers..........
Appendix E: Report on the Role of the Federal
Govemment in the Education and Utilization
of the Engineer .................
WEdwardlLearan3Donal3G. Weinert
CONTENTS
. 36
. 43
. 45
. 56
. 59
. 63
. .69
