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OCR for page R1
Pesticide
Resistance
STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
POR MANAGEMENT
Committee on Strategies for the
Management of Pesticide Resistant Pest Populations
Board on Agriculture
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1986
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy
of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of
the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard
for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved
by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general
policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which
establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council
has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute
of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established
in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
This project was supported under agreements between the following agencies and the National
Academy of Sciences: Grant No. DAN-1406-G-SS-3076-00 from the U.S. Agency for International
Development; Grants No. 59-32R6-2-132 and 59-3159-4-33 from the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture; and Contract No. CR-810761-01 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Support
from the following corporate sponsors is also gratefully acknowledged: American Cyanamid Com-
pany; Ciba-Geigy Cotporation; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company; FMC Corporation; ICI
Americas, Inc.; Mobay Chemical Corporation; Monsanto Agricultural Products Company; NOR-
AM Chemical Company; Rohm and Haas Company; Sandoz, Inc.; and Union Carbide Agricultural
Products Company, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Pesticide resistance.
Contains papers from a symposium held in Washington, Nov. 27-29, 1984.
Includes index.
1. Pesticide resistance Congresses.
I. National Research
Council (U.S.). Committee on Strategies for
the Management of Pesticide Resistant Pest Populations.
SB957.M36 1985 363.7'8 85-25919
ISBN 0-309-03627-5
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON STRATEGIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
PESTICIDE RESISTANT PEST POPULATIONS
EDWARD H. GLASS (Chairman), New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station, Cornell University
PERRY L. ADKISSON, Texas A&M University
GERALD A. CARLSON, North Carolina State University
BRIAN A. CROFT, Oregon State University
DONALD E. DAVIS, Auburn University
JOSEPH W. ECKERT, University of California
GEORGE P. GEORGHIOU, University of California, Riverside
WILLIAM B. JACKSON, Bowling Green State University
HOMER M. LeBARON, Ciba-Geigy Corporation
BRUCE R. LEVIN, University of Massachusetts
FREDERICK W. PLAPP, JR., Texas A&M University
RICHARD T. ROUSH, Mississippi State University
HUGH D. SISLER, University of Maryland
Staff
ELINOR C. CRUZE, Project Officer
GERALDINE WILLIAMS, Secretary
HALCYON YORKS, Secretary
VANESSA LEWIS, Secretary
· · ~
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
WILLIAM L. BROWN (Chairman), Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
JOHN A. PING (Vice Chairman), Inter-American Development Bank
PERRY L. ADKISSON, Texas A&M University
C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota
LAWRENCE BOGORAD, Harvard University
ERIC L. ELLWOOD, North Carolina State University
JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
RALPH W. F. HARDY, Cornell University and BioTechnica International,
Inc.
ROGER L. MITCHELL, University of Missouri
CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc.
ELDOR A. PAUL, University of California, Berkeley
VERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota
JAMES G. TEER, Welder Wildlife Foundation
JAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural
Research Service
VIRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University
CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director
IV
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Contents
PREFACE .
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
. . . 1X
· ~
1. INTRODUCTION ...................
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RESISTANCE PROBLEM
George P. Georghiou ...............
2. GENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES
MODES AND GENETICS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN
PLANTS
Jonathan Gressel ...................
GENETICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
IN ARTHROPODS: PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
Frederick W. Plapp, Jr. ...................
RESISTANCE TO 4-HYDROXYCOUMARIN ANTICOAGULANTS
IN RODENTS
Alan D. MacNicoll ......................
PLANT PATHOGENS
S. G. Georgopoulos ...................
CHEMICAL STRATEGIES FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
Bruce D. Hammock and David M. Soderlund .....
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT
Ralph W. F. Hardy ....................
v
11
14
45
54
74
87
100
.111
.130
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Vl
3. POPULATION BIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE:
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS ................
CONTENTS
.143
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EVOEUTION OF RESISTANCE
George P. Georghiou and Charles E. Taylor 157
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND THE RATE OF EVOLUTION OF
PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
Robert M. May and Andrew P. Dobson
COMPUTER SIMULATION AS A TOOK FOR PESTICIDE
RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
Bruce E. Tabashnik
PEEIOTROPY AND THE EVOEUTION OF GENETIC SYSTEMS
CONFERRING RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES
Marcy K. Uyenoyama
QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODELS AND THE EVOEUTION OF
PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
Sara Via
MANAGING RESISTANCE TO RODENTICIDES
]. H. Greaves
RESPONSE OF PLANT PATHOGENS TO FUNGICIDES
M. S. Wolfe and ]. A. Barrett ........
· .
EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS AND ECOLOGICAL
STUDIES OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS AND MITES
Richard T. Roush and Brian A. Croft .....
4. DETECTION, MONITORING, AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
PREDICTION OR RESISTANCE RISK ASSESSMENT
Johannes Keiding ..............
DETECTION AND MONITORING OF RESISTANT FORMS:
AN OVERVIEW
K. ]. Brent
· . .
5. TACTICS FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
RESISTANCE IN WEEDS
Fred W. Slife .....................
.170
.194
.207
.222
.236
.245
.257
.271
.279
.298
.313
.327
PREVENTING OR MANAGING RESISTANCE IN ARTHROPODS
John R. Leeper, Richard T. Roush, and
Harold T. Reynolds 335
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CONTENTS
PREVENTING AND MANAGING FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE
Johan DeEker ........................
CASE HISTORIES OF ANTICOAGULANT RESISTANCE
William B. Jackson and A. Daniel Ashton ....
· . .
6. IMPLEMENTING MANAGEMENT OF RESISTANCE TO
PESTICIDES . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACTIONS AND PROPOSED POLICIES FOR RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT BY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURERS
Charles ]. Delp ...............
PESTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT: AN EX-
REGUEATOR S VIEW
Edwin L. Johnson ....................
THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES IN DEALING WITH
PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
Lyndon S. Hawkins ................
THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE EXTENSION AND
AGRICULTURAL CONSULTANTS IN PESTICIDE RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT
Raymond E. Frisbie, Patrick WeddIe, and
Timothy I. Dennehy ....................
INTEGRATION OF POLICY FOR RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
. .
V11
.347
.355
.371
.388
. .
.393
.403
410
Michael I. Dover and Brian A. Croft . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
ECONOMIC ISSUES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE APPROACHES
TO PRESERVING PEST SUSCEPTIBILITY
John A. Miranowski and Gerald A. Carison ....
GLOSSARY
INDEX
.. 436
.449
.453
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Preface
THE BRIGHT FUTURE projected for crop protection and public health as
a result of the introduction of synthetic organic pesticides is now open
to serious question because of an alarming increase in the number of
instances of resistance in insects, plant pathogens, and vertebrates, and to a
lesser extent in weeds. There are no longer available any effective pesticides
against some major crop pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle on Long
Island and the diamondback moth on cruciferous crops in much of the tropical
world. Likewise, the malaria eradication programs of many countries are in
disarray, in large part because vector mosquitoes are no longer adequately
controlled with available insecticides. The incidence of malaria is resurging
at an alarming rate. Because of the costs of bringing new pesticides to market,
there are fewer new pesticides, and those produced are targeted only for
major crops and pests. Resistance to pesticides, which first involved only
insecticides, now exists for fungicides, bactericides, rodenticides, nemati-
cides, and herbicides.
Concern for the resistance problem has been expressed by the pesticide
industry, farmers, crop protection scientists and practitioners, and govern-
ment agencies. During the past 25 years there have been several symposia
on the subject, and considerable research has been conducted on the genetic,
biochemical, and physiological bases for resistance. As a result, much has
been learned about the phenomenon; however, few methods have been de-
veloped to date for preventing or delaying the onset of resistance to pesticides,
other than eliminating or minimizing their use. In the past, problems have
been overcome by the substitution of new pesticides. This procedure is
IX
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x
PREFACE
threatened, because the rate of introduction of new pesticides has slowed
dramatically during the last few years.
New technologies and information have been developed in recent years
that appear to have promise for application in finding ways to avoid or at
least delay development of resistance. Thus, a new study was initiated, under
the aegis of the Board on Agriculture.
The evolutionary process by which organisms develop strains resistant to
chemicals is universal throughout the extensive range of organisms in which
the problem now exists. It was decided, therefore, to enlist the assistance of
basic scientists in evolution, population genetics, modeling, and biochem-
istry. It was also decided to make the study inclusive across pest classes and
involve international experts from academia, government, and industry. In-
asmuch as the application of solutions will have to take place in the field or
wherever pests are found, we also enlisted crop protection practitioners.
Finally, because resistance management systems may involve economics,
regulations, and policy, representatives from these fields were recruited.
The objectives of this study were to (1) identify promising strategies to
avoid or delay the development of pesticide-resistant strains of pest species,
as well as manage established resistant pest populations; (2) establish research
priorities to develop these strategies and new approaches not currently in
use; (3) stimulate pertinent research, not only in those disciplines concerned
with resistance of pests affecting plants and animals, but in related fields as
well; and (4) analyze the impact of changes in policy that will be needed to
implement these strategies.
To.accomplish these objectives, the committee organized a conference
held in Washington, D.C., November 27-29, 1984. The conference consisted
of a two-day symposium at which invited papers were presented, followed
by a one-day workshop attended by the committee, symposium speakers,
and additional scientists who were asked to participate.
The conference was designed to produce this volume, which integrates a
report prepared by the Committee on Strategies for the Management of
Pesticide Resistant Pest Populations and the symposium papers themselves.
The report is based on the committee's deliberations, the symposium papers,
and the workshop discussions, while the papers represent the ideas of the
individual authors. A group of papers follows each relevant section of the
report. A glossary is included to communicate as broadly as possible among
the disciplines and backgrounds of the many interests concerned with man-
agement of resistance to pesticides.
We hope this book will prove useful to many people, especially those
involved in pest control, whether in industry, academia, government, applied
pest management, or decision making.
We are grateful to our many scientific colleagues who have given gen-
erously of their knowledge and time to this study. Special thanks and ap
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an
preciadon are extended to Drs. Raymond E. Fhsbie' Timothy Dennehy, and
A. Daniel Ashton far their contributions. We also recognize and ~precia~
the fine support of Dr. Elinor C. Craze' stag officer far this study, and over
Bag of the Bond on Agrkultum.
Edward H. Cash CA~m~"
Committee on S~a~gies far He Management of
Pesticide Resistant Fast Populations
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