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OCR for page R1
AIR POLLUTION,
THE AUTOMOBILE,
AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Ann Y. Watson, Sc.D.
Richard R. Bates, M.D.
Donald Kennedy, Ph.D.
Editors
Sponsored by
THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE
Cambridge, Massachusetts
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1988
OCR for page R2
National Academy Press · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW. Washington, DC 20418
Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health was sponsored by the Health Effects Institute (HEI), Cambridge,
Massachusetts. HEI, established in 1980, is an independent nonprofit corporation structured to define, select,
support, and review research that is aimed at investigating the possible health effects of motor vehicle emissions.
HEI's annual operating budget is contributed equally by the U.S. Enviropmental Protection Agency and
domestic and foreign manufacturers of motor vehicles. None of these contributors has any control over the
conduct or conclusions of HEI studies. HEI's funds are controlled, within the limits of its charter, solely by its
Board of Directors. The board operates independently, and is responsible for all HEI activities, including a
scientific mission carried out by two autonomous committees, the Health Research Committee and the Health
Review Committee. The board and the committees are supported in carrying out their day-to-day operations by
HEI's executive director and a scientific and administrative staff.
HEI makes no recommendations on regulatory and social policy, but seeks rather to gain acceptance by all
parties of the data that may be necessary for future regulations.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Air pollution, the automobile, and public health.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Automobiles-Motors Exhaust gas Toxicology-
United States. 2. Automobiles Motors Exhaust gas-
Physiological effect United States. 3. Automobiles-
Motors Exhaust gas Environmental aspects United
States. I. Watson, Ann Y. II. Bates, Richard R.
III. Kennedy, Donald, 1931- .
RA577.A9A37 1988 363.7'392 88-9978
ISBN 0-309-03726-3
Copyright @) 1988 by the Health Effects Institute
Printed in the United States of America
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The Health Effects Institute
Boars! of Directors
Archibald Cox
(Chairman) Carl M. Loeb University
Professor Emeritus, Harvard Law School;
Chairman, Common Cause
William 0. Baker
Chairman Emeritus, Bell Laboratories;
Chairman of the Board, Rockefeller
University
Donald Kennedy
President, Stanford University
Charles W. Powers
Partner, Resources for Responsible
Management; f.ounding Executive Director,
HEI
Health Research Committee
Walter A. Rosenblith
(Chairman) Institute Professor Emeritus and
former Provost, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Joseph D. Brain
Cecil K. and Philip Drinker Professor of En-
vironmental Physiology, Harvard University
School of Public Health
Curtis C. Harris
Chief, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis,
National Cancer Institute
Barbara S. Hulka
Chairperson, Department of Epidemiology,
University of North Carolina
Roger 0. McClellan
President, Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology
Research Institute
Robert F. Sawyer
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering, University of California at Berkeley
John W. Tukey
Senior Research Statistician and Donner Profes-
sor of Science Emeritus, Princeton University
Mark.J. Utell
Professor of Medicine and Toxicology, Uni-
versity of Rochester School of Medicine
Gerald N. Wogan
Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Werner Stoeber
(Special Consultant to the Committee)
Director, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology
and Aerosol Research
Health Review Committee
Robert I. Levy
(Chairman) President, Sandoz Research
Institute
. . .
Bernard Goldstein
Professor and Chairman, Department of Envi-
ronmental and.Community Medicine, Univer-
sity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center
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1V
Gareth M. Green
Professor and Chairman, Department of Envi-
ronmental Science, Johns Hopkins School of
Hygiene and Public Health
Millicent W.P. Higgins
Associate Director for Epidemiology and Biometry,
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Paul Meier
Professor, Department of Statistics, University
of Chicago
Sheldon D. Murphy
Professor and Chairman, Department of Envi-
ronmental Health, University of Washington
The Health Effects Institute
Herbert Rosenkrantz
Professor and Chairman, Department of
Environmental Health Sciences and Professor
of Biochemistry, Pediatrics and Radiology,
Case Western Reserve University
Arthur C. Upton
Professor and Chairman, Institute of Environ-
mental Medicine, New York University
James Grizzle
(Special Consultant to the Committee)
Professor, Department of Biostatistics,
University of North Carolina
Officers and Staff
Vincent T. Covello
Executive Director and Treasurer
Thomas P. Crumbly
Former Executive Director
Richard M. Cooper
Corporate Secretary
Rashid Shaikh
Director for Scientific Review and Evaluation
Jane Warren
Director of Research
Judith Zalon
Director of Administration
Debra N. Johnson
Controller
Kathleen Nauss
Senior Staff Scientist
Patrick Kinney
Staff Scientist
Maria Costantini-Parent
Staff Scientist
Alison Dorries
Staff Scientist
Ann Y. Watson
Consulting Staff Scientist
L. Virgi Hepner
Publications Manager
Mary-Ellen Patten
Administrative Assistant
Gail Allosso
Assistant to the Director of Administration
Hannah Protzman
Secretary
Janet Fader
Secretary
Kathy Graziano
Accounting Assistant
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Foreworc!
WILLIAM D. RUCKELSHAUS
The job of protecting Americans from
involuntarily imposed environmental risks
forms a fundamental challenge for the rest
of this century. The public simultaneously
fears the health effects of potentially toxic
chemicals, while being justly skeptical
about our ability to understand and differ-
entiate the true risks of these chemicals. As
a society, we have spent billions to control
pollution, but we have sometimes done so
in a reactive way, responding to the pres-
sures generated by the latest bit of evi-
dence. The result of all this is that our
progress has been impressive, but uneven.
We have tight controls on risks that may be
very small, but remain nearly in the dark
about other risks that may constitute much
larger public health threats.
I am excited about this volume because it
represents, in several ways, how I believe
our society should respond to the challenge
of tailoring our investments to meet the
real environmental threats that remain.
Fundamentally, the Health Effects Institute
has enlisted some of our best environmen-
tal scientists to think hard about how we
can quantify the risks as well as narrow the
uncertainty about risk in relation to the
automobile industry, an industry that is at
the heart of our national economy. In so
doing, the Institute recognizes that a critical
part of our ability to deal credibly with the
public about risk resides in improving the
scientific base underlying risk assessment.
Perhaps as important, the book is not just a
set of research recommendations. Its au-
thors recommend a strategic concept
within which to view mobile source re-
search. In so doing, they provide a valuable
service to decision makers who are con
. , .
v
scantly faced with deciding how to ratio-
nally invest scarce research dollars. The
task of deciding how much to invest in
science relevant to next year's standard, and
how much to buttress our overall scientific
base is a daunting one. This book gives
concrete and expert guidance about how to
make that choice.
My excitement about the science must
always be tempered by the knowledge that
I am not a scientist myself. I do have
considerable experience, however, in un-
derstanding how important the institu-
tional context is to believable decisions.
And, on that score, I am delighted that the
source of this book is the Health Effects
Institute. For several years now, the Health
Effects Institute has demonstrated that it is
possible to combine public and private re-
sources to do credible, objective science
that will be accepted by parties that have
often fought tooth and nail about environ-
mental policy. We must have more of these
enterprises if we are to fashion environ-
mental policy that protects the public
health, while not tearing apart the societal
fabric we need if we are to restore our
economic competitiveness in world mar-
kets. That this book was done under the
auspices of the Health Effects Institute gives
me confidence not only in the wisdom of
the work recommended, but in our ability
to marshal! our society's resources to deal
effectively with its environmental prob-
lems.
The combination of scientific and insti-
tutional integrity represented by this book
is unusual. It should be a model for future
endeavors to help quantify environmental
risk as a basis for good decision making.
OCR for page R6
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Contents
Foreword / v
William D. Ruckelshaus
Part I: Overview
The Social Context of Automotive Emissions Research / 3
Donald Kennedy and Thomas P. Grumbly
Project History and Organization / 11
Ann Y. Watson
Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying
Risk / 17
Richard R. Bates and Ann Y. Watson
Part II: Exposure Analysis
Automotive Emissions / 39
John H. Johnson
Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants
Associated with Vehicular Emissions / 77
Perry]. Samson
Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive
Emissions / 99
Roger Atkinson
Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their
Atmospheric Transformation Products / 133
T. E. Graede!
Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources
on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations / 161
Armistead G. Russell
Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution:
Methods, Measurements, and Models / 207
Ken Sexton and P. Barry Ryan
Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic
Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions / 239
Richard B. Schlesinger
Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions:
Particle-Associated Organic Constituents / 299
fames D. Sun, fames A. Bond, and Alan R. Dah!
. .
V11
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. ~ .
V111
Contents
Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases / 323
James S. Ultman
Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive
Gases / 367 '
John H. Overton and Frederick J. Miller
Part III: Biological Effects
Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on
Human Populations / 389
Eddy A. Bresnitz and Kathleen M. Rest
Biochemical and Cellular Interrelationships in the
Development of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary
Fibrosis / 415
Jerold A. Last
Relation of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airways
Disease to Vehicular Emissions / 441
Joanne L. Wright
Asthma and Automotive Emissions / 465
Philip A. Bromberg
Effects of Automotive Emissions on Susceptibility to
Respiratory Infections / 499
James E. Pennington
Assessment of Carcinogenicity: Generic Issues and Their
Application to Diesel Exhaust / 519
David G. Kaufman
Potential Carcinogenic Effects of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Nitroaromatics in Mobile Source
Emissions / 555
Stephen S. Hecht
Health Effects of Aldebydes and Alcohols in Mobile Source
Emissions / 579
Lawrence J. Marnett
Evaluation of Automotive Emissions as Risk Factors for
the Development of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart
Disease / 605
Thomas B. CZarkson
Identifying Neurobehavioral Effects of Automotive
Emissions and Fuel Components / 631
Ronald W. Wood
Index / 659
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AIR POLLUTION,
THE AUTOMOBILE,
AND PUBLIC HEALTH
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