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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1398.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Lost Crops of the incas little Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of to Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and lecl~nolo$y for International Development National Research Council National Academy Press Wasllington, D C 1989

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for anorooriate balance. ~ . . . This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries. This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Devel- opment, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs were provided by the Jesse Smith Noyes Foundation. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN 5538-G-SS-1023-00. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-42566 ISBN 0-309-04264-X First Printing, July 1989 Second Printing, June 1990

Pane! on Lost Crops of the Incas HUGH POPENOE, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Chairman STEVEN R. KING, Latin America Science Program, The Nature Conservancy, Rosslyn, Virginia JORGE LEON, Plant Genetics Resource Center, Centro Agrondmica Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) (retired), San Jose, Costa Rica Luffs SUMAR KALINOWSKI, Centro de Investigaciones de Cultivos Andinos, Universidad Nacional Tecnica del Altiplano, Cuzco, Peru NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Senior Program Officer, Inca Crops Study Director and Scientific Editor MARK DAFFORN, Staff Associate National Research Council Staff F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary Front cover: pepino (Turner and Growers) Back cover: quinoa (S. King)

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Preface The primary purpose here is to draw attention to overlooked food crops of the Andes. The crops are not truly lost; indeed, most are well known in many areas of the Andes, especially among Indian groups. It is to the mainstream of international science and to people outside the Andes that they are "lost." Moreover, most of these crops were developed by ancient Indian tribes and were established foods long before the beginning of the Inca Empire about 1400 AD. For all that, however, it was the Incas who, by the time of the Spanish Conquest, had brought these plants to their highest state of development and, in many cases, had spread them throughout the Andean region. It should be understood that we are not the first to appreciate the potential of these crops. Several agronomists and ethnobotanists- many of them working in the Andes have begun preserving what remains of these traditional Indian foods. Indeed, a handful of dedicated Andean researchers have studied these plants intensively, and have struggled for decades to promote them in the face of deeply ingrained prejudices in favor of European food. Moreover, their efforts have sparked interest outside the region. Some of the plants are already showing promise in exploratory trials in other tropical highlands as well as in more temperate zones. For instance, cultivation of quinoa (a grain) has begun in the United States, oca (a tuber) is an increasingly popular food with New Zealanders, tarwi (a grain legume 3 is stimulating attention in Eastern Europe, and cherimoya (a fruit) has long been an important crop in Spain. This study had its origins in a 1984 seminar held at the National Research Council. Subsequently, the staff mailed questionnaires to about 200 plant scientists worldwide requesting nominations of under- exploited Andean crop species for inclusion in this report. The result was a flood of suggestions and information that was fashioned into a first draft of this book. Each of the first-draft chapters was then mailed back to the original contributors as well as to other experts identified by the staff. As a result, several thousand suggestions for corrections ' The participants included G.J. Anderson, T. Brown, F. Caplan, D. Cusack, D.W. Gade, C.B. Heiser, T. Johns, C. Kauffman, S. King, D. Plucknett, H. Popenoe, C. Rick, R.E. Schultes, L.L. Schulze, C.R. Sperling, D. Ugent, and K. Zimmerer.

LOST CROPS OF THE INCAS and improvements were received, and each was evaluated and inte- grated into the second draft. At the same time, a dozen or so additional species were included. Subsequently, all chapters were mailed out at least once more, and several thousand more comments were received and incorporated into what, after editing, became the current text. Finally, the panel and staff visited the Andes in mid-1988 to assess the accuracy and balance of each chapter. All told, more than 600 people from 56 countries (see Research Contacts) have directly contributed to this book. A few species described capuli cherry and zambo squash, for example are not Andean natives but are included because the Andean types have much to offer the rest of the world. This report has been written for dissemination to administrators, entrepreneurs, and researchers in developing countries as well as in North America, Europe, and Australasia. It is not a handbook or scientific monograph: references are provided for readers seeking additional information. Its purpose is to provide a brief introduction to the plants selected, and it is intended as a tool for economic development rather than a textbook or survey of Andean botany or agriculture. The ultimate aim is to raise nutritional levels and create economic opportunities, particularly in the Andes. The report, how- ever, deliberately describes the promise of these plants for markets in industrialized nations. It is in these countries (where a concentration of research facilities and discretionary research funds may be found) that many important research contributions are likely to be made. Because the book is written for audiences of both laymen and researchers, each chapter is organized in increasing levels of detail. The lead paragraphs and prospects sections are intended primarily for nonspecialists. The later sections contain background information from which specialists can better assess a plant's potential for their regions or research programs. Finally, appendixes provide the addresses of researchers who know the individual plants, information on potential sources of germplasm, and lists of carefully selected papers that provide more detail than can be presented here. Because these plants are so little studied, the literature on them is often old, difficult to find, or available only locally. This is unfortunate, and we hope that this book will stimulate monographs on each of the species. This book has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI is mandated to assess innovative scientific and tech- nological advances, particularly emphasizing those appropriate for developing countries. Since its founding in 1971, it has produced almost 40 reports identifying unconventional scientific subjects of promise for

PREFACE . . V11 developing countries. These have covered subjects as diverse as the uses of water buffalo, butterDy farming, fast-growing trees, and techniques to provide more water for arid lands (see list of current titles at the back of this report). Publications dealing with underex- ploited food plants are: · Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future (1979) · The Winged Bean: A High Protein Crop for the Tropics (Second Edition, 1981) · Amaranth: Modern Prospects for an Ancient Crop (1983) · Quality-Protein Maize (1988) · Triticale: A Promising Addition to the World's Cereal Grains (19891. The panel wishes to thank those who contributed to the success of its South American visit in particular, Luis Sumar Kalinowski, Jorge Soria, Modesto Soria, Jaime Pacheco, Vincente Callaunapa, and the staff of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). This activity was stimulated by a Program Initiation Funding grant from the National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Jesse Smith Noyes Foundation. Staff support costs were provided by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development. How to cite this report: National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little- Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

Contents INTRODUCTION 1 PART I ROOTS AND TUBERS Achira 27 Ahipa 39 Arracacha Maca 57 Mashua Mauka Oca 83 Potatoes 93 Ulluco 105 Yacon 115 47 67 75 PART II GRAINS Kaniwa 129 Kiwicha 139 Quinoa 149 124 PART III LEGUMES 162 Basul 165 Nunas (Popping Beans) 173 Tarwi 181 PART IV VEGETABLES 190 Peppers 195 Squashes and Their Relatives 203 PART V FRUITS Berries 213 210 Capuli Cherry 223 Cherimoya 229 Goldenberry (Cape Gooseberry) 241 Highland Papayas 253 Lucuma 263 Naranjilla (Lulo) 267 Pacay (Ice-Cream Beans) Passionfruits 287 Pepino 297 Tamarillo (Tree Tomato) 307 1X

x PART VI NUTS 317 Quito Palm 319 Walnuts 323 APPENDIXES A Selected Readings 327 B Centers of Andean Crop Research 343 C Research Contacts 347 D Biographical Sketches of Panel Members INDEX OF PLANTS 401 Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation 4Q8 Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) 408 BOSTID Publications 409 LOST CROPS OF THEINCAS

Art Credits Page 10 and 11 Narda Lebo 26 Jorge Le6n 38 Marten Sorensen (plant), Jorge Leon (tuber) 46 Jorge Leon 56 Jorge Leon 66 MINKA (La Revista Peruana de Ciencia y Tecnolog~a Campesina) 74 Julio Rea and Jorge Leon 82 MINKA 92 Scientific American, Inc., from "The Late Blight of Potatoes," by John E. Niederhauser and William C. Cobb. ~ 1959. All rights reserved. 104 MINKA 114 Monique Endt 128 From W. E. Safford in Proceedings of the 19th Congress of Americanists, 1917. 138 Mario Tapia 148 Deborah Cowal 164 Rupert Barneby 172 From J. J. Ochse, Tropische Groenten 180 MINKA 194 Jean Andrews 202 Jorge Leon 212 Brenda Spears-Contee (more de Castilla) and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand (ugni) 222 Monique Endt 228 From J. J. Ochse, J. Soule, M. J. Dijkman, and C. Wehlburg, Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, ~ 1961. The Macmillan Company. 240 Carole A. Ranney 252 Monique Endt 262 Universidad Nacional Agraria, Lima 266 Brenda Spears-Contee 276 Jorge Leon 286 Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1844 296 Michael Hermann 306 M. Alliaume, Revue Horticole, 1880. Courtesy Lynn Bohs 318 Brenda Spears-Contee 322 Monique Endt The small drawings that appear at the end of some chapters are redrawn from ancient pottery and artwork dug up in the Andean region. X1

The face of the country was shagged over with forests of gigantic growth, and occasionally traversed by ridges of barren land, that seemed like shoots of the adjacent Andes, breaking up the region into little sequestered valleys of singular loveliness. The soil, though rarely watered by the rains of heaven, was naturally rich, and wherever it was refreshed with moisture, as on the margins of the streams, it was enamelled with the brightest verdure. The industry of the inhabitants, moreover, had turned these streams to the best account, and canals and aqueducts were seen crossing the low lands in all directions, and spreading over the country, like a vast network, diffusing fertility and beauty around them. The air was scented with the sweet odors of flowers, and everywhere the eye was refreshed by the sight of orchards laden with unknown fruits, and of fields waving with yellow grain, and rich in luscious vegetables of every description that teem in the sunny clime of the equator. W.H. Prescott The Conquest of Peru

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This fascinating, readable volume is filled with enticing, detailed information about more than 30 different Incan crops that promise to follow the potato's lead and become important contributors to the world's food supply. Some of these overlooked foods offer special advantages for developing nations, such as high nutritional quality and excellent yields. Many are adaptable to areas of the United States.

Lost Crops of the Incas includes vivid color photographs of many of the crops and describes the authors' experiences in growing, tasting, and preparing them in different ways. This book is for the gourmet and gourmand alike, as well as gardeners, botanists, farmers, and agricultural specialists in developing countries.

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