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OCR for page R1
Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1991
OCR for page R2
Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and upon its own initiative to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This project was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC) through grants DAMD17-88-2-8016 and DAMD17-87-G-7021. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the committee and should not be construed as an official Department of Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other documentation.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Education and training in the care and use of laboratory animals : a guide for developing institutional programs / Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Laboratory animals. 2. Animal welfare. I. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science.
SF406.E38 1990
636.088'5—dc20 90-49571
CIP
ISBN 0-309-04382-4
Copyright © 1991 by the National Academy of Sciences
Permission for limited reproduction of portions of this book for educational purposes, but not for sale, may be granted on receipt of a written request to the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, January 1991
Second Printing, December 1992
Third Printing, October 1998
OCR for page R3
Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE
Gale D. Taylor (Chairman),
Program in Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana
Lynn C. Anderson,
Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Sharp Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
David A. Blake,
The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Lynn Dahm,
Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources, University of Washington, Seattle
Thomas E. Darby,
Lab Products, Inc., Maywood, New Jersey
John E. Harkness,
Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State
James F. Harwell,
National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Staff
Dorothy D. Greenhouse, Senior Program Officer
The Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR) was founded in 1952 under the auspices of the National Research Council. Its mission is to provide expert counsel to the federal government, the biomedical research community, and the public on the scientific, technological, and ethical use of laboratory animals within the context of the interests and mission of the National Academy of Sciences. ILAR promotes the high-quality, humane care of laboratory animals; the appropriate use of laboratory animals; and the exploration of alternatives in research, testing, and teaching.
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
Steven P. Pakes (Chairman),
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
June R. Aprille,
Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
Melvin W. Balk,
Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Wilmington, Massachusetts
Douglas M. Bowden,
University of Washington, Seattle
Lester M. Crawford,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Thomas J. Gill III,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jon W. Gordon,
Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
Alan M. Goldberg,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Margaret Z. Jones,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
Michael D. Kastello,
Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
Robert H. Purcell,
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
J. Wesley Robb,
School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles
John L. VandeBerg,
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Staff:
Thomas L. Wolfle, Director
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Bruce M. Alberts (Chairman),
University of California, San Francisco
Bruce N. Ames,
University of California, Berkeley
Francisco J. Ayala,
University of California, Irvine
J. Michael Bishop,
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco
Michael T. Clegg,
University of California, Riverside
Glenn A. Crosby,
Washington State University, Pullman
Freeman J. Dyson,
The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Leroy E. Hood,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Donald F. Hornig,
Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Marian E. Koshland,
University of California, Berkeley
Richard E. Lenski,
University of California, Irvine
Steven P. Pakes,
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
Emil A. Pfitzer,
Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey
Thomas D. Pollard,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Joseph E. Rall,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Richard D. Remington,
University of Iowa, Iowa City
Paul G. Risser,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Harold M. Schmeck, Jr.,
Armonk, New York
Richard B. Setlow,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
Carla J. Shatz,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
Torsten N. Wiesel,
Rockefeller University, New York, New York
Staff:
John E. Burris, Executive Director
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
Preface
The Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science was appointed in 1988 to "prepare an annotated syllabus [guide] for a course in humane practices of animal care and use to assist institutions in complying with recently enacted federal laws, which mandate that educational programs be provided for personnel who use animals in research, testing, and teaching." The committee met four times between November 1988 and June 1990. During the first meeting, several decisions were made that determined the scope and content of this report. First, to assist the scientific community in meeting its demonstrated commitment to humanely care for and use research animals, it was determined that the report would include more information and in much more depth than is necessary to meet minimal requirements of existing regulations. Second, it was resolved that the intended audience should be anyone who can directly or indirectly influence the well-being of animals. These people include investigators, research technicians, teachers, teaching assistants, people in physical plant maintenance, and administrators and animal care staff, all of whom need an understanding of their responsibilities to make an institution's animal care and use program successful. It was also decided that the report would address primarily the principal species used in biomedical research, with limited inclusion of less commonly used species. The care and use of animals in agricultural research were considered beyond the scope of the committee's charge. The consensus was that the committee would develop a core syllabus appropriate for every institution where animal research is performed. In addition, a number of individual packages would be developed that would allow each institution to adapt this guide to its own unique needs. It was recognized that many of the research facilities that will use this guide are not academic institutions and that some basic guidance on development, presentation, and evaluation of an education and training program should be included.
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
The committee recognizes that this report reflects only an initial effort to fulfill both the scientific community's need for information and the mandated requirements for education and training in the care and use of laboratory animals. The dynamics of biomedical research and legislation, critical comments by those who use the guide, and the ongoing development of audiovisual programs will almost certainly require that the report be extensively revised within a few years. The committee hopes that this guide serves as the first building stone in the development of institutional education and training programs that assist scientists in the conduct of biomedical research, as well as meeting the spirit and intent of federal legislation.
The committee extends its appreciation to Kevin P. Engler and Jean A. Larson of the National Agricultural Library's Animal Welfare Information Center, who prepared the appendix on how to use the center, and to the staff of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, especially Dorothy D. Greenhouse, whose support has made this document possible.
Gale D. Taylor, Chairman
Committee on Educational Programs in Laboratory Animal Science
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
Contents
I
INTRODUCTION
1
Introduction
3
2
How to Use This Guide
6
II
COURSE MODULES
1
Core Module
11
Introduction
11
Outline for the Core Module
12
2
Species-Specific Module
16
Introduction
16
Outline for the Species-Specific Module
16
3
Pain-Management Module
20
Introduction
20
Outline for the Pain-Management Module
20
4
Surgery Module
23
Introduction
23
Outline for the Surgery Module
23
III
CONTENT OUTLINES
Introduction
28
1
Laws, Regulations, and Policies That Impact on the Care and Use of Animals
29
1.1 Federal Regulations and Policies Affecting the Care and Use of Animals in Research, Testing, and Education
29
1.2 Selected Requirements of AWRs and PHS Policy
32
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
1.3 State and Local Regulations Affecting the Care and Use of Animals in Research, Testing, and Education
34
1.4 Institutional Policies Affecting the Care and Use of Animals in Research, Testing, and Education
34
References
34
2
Ethical and Scientific Issues
36
2.1 Definitions
36
2.2 Conceptual Framework for Ethical Decisions
36
2.3 Arguments Used by Those Advocating the Humane Use of Animals for Human Purposes
37
2.4 Arguments Used by Animal-Rights Advocates
37
2.5 The Role of Laws, Regulations, and Policies
37
2.6 Suggested Ethical Principles
37
References
37
3
Alternatives
39
3.1 Definitions
39
3.2 Rationale for Considering Alternatives
39
3.3 Nonanimal Research Methods and Models
40
3.4 Factors Influencing Model Selection
41
3.5 Utilization of Services
42
References
42
4
Responsibilities of the Institution, the Animal Care and Use Committee, and the Research and Veterinary Staffs
43
4.1 Responsibilities of the Institution
43
4.2 Responsibilities of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
44
4.3 Responsibilities of the Investigator
45
4.4 Responsibilities of the Attending Veterinarian
47
References
47
5
Pain and Distress
48
5.1 Definitions
48
5.2 Categories of Pain
49
5.3 Pain Perception
49
5.4 Assessment of Pain
49
5.5 Stress
50
5.6 Distress
50
5.7 Ethical Obligations
51
5.8 Legal Obligations
51
5.9 Adequate Veterinary Care
51
References
52
6
Anesthetics, Tranquilizers, Analgesics, and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
53
6.1 General Anesthetics
53
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
6.2 Tranquilizers and Sedatives
55
6.3 Analgesics
57
6.4 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Paralytics or Immobilizing Agents)
58
6.5 Factors Modifying the Effects of Tranquilizers, Analgesics, and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
59
6.6 Safety Precautions
59
6.7 Recordkeeping Requirements
59
6.8 Functions of the Attending Veterinarian in Pain Management
59
References
59
7
Survival Surgery and Postsurgical Care
61
7.1 Definitions
61
7.2 Legal Requirements
61
7.3 Preparation for Surgery
62
7.4 Anesthesia
63
7.5 Surgical Complications
63
7.6 Incisions
64
7.7 Postsurgical Care
65
7.8 Equipment
65
7.9 Recordkeeping
66
References
66
8
Euthanasia
67
8.1 Definition
67
8.2 Legal Requirements
67
8.3 Ethical and Humane Considerations
68
8.4 Human Considerations
68
8.5 Criteria for Selection of Method of Euthanasia
69
8.6 Pharmacologic Methods
69
8.7 Physical Methods
72
8.8 Carcass Disposal
74
References
74
9
Husbandry, Care, and the Importance of the Environment
75
9.1 Legal Requirements for Husbandry and Care
75
9.2 Importance of Proper Husbandry and a Stable Environment
75
9.3 Environmental Variables That Can Be Controlled
76
9.4 Dealing with Emergencies
76
Reference
76
10
Species-Specific Overview
77
10.1 Factors Associated with Selection of Animals
77
10.2 Procurement of Animals
79
10.3 Caging
79
10.4 Environmental Enrichment
80
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
10.5 Food
80
10.6 Water
80
10.7 Handling and Restraint
81
10.8 Identification and Records
81
10.9 Animal Health
81
10.10 Zoonoses
83
10.11 Specific Techniques
84
References
84
IV
RESOURCES
1
Sources of Information
87
2
Selected Bibliography
89
Laws, Policies, and Guidelines
89
Ethics, Animal Welfare, and the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, Education, and Testing
90
Alternatives
90
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
91
Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress
91
Surgery
93
Euthanasia
93
Biology, Husbandry, and Care
93
Genetics and Nomenclature
97
Nutrition
97
Occupational Hazards and Laboratory Safety
98
Pathology and Therapy
99
Design of Educational Course
102
3
Audiovisual Materials
103
V
HOW TO DEVELOP, DELIVER, AND EVALUATE AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
1
How to Approach the Task of Education
109
Educational Goals
109
Setting Objectives
110
Selecting Methods
110
Overcoming Resistance to Change
112
Conclusions
113
2
How to Plan and Implement a Training Course
114
Identifying the Target Audience
114
Allocating a Budget/Funding
114
Determining Goals and Objectives
115
Scheduling the Course
115
Reserving Facilities
115
Identifying and Contacting Lecturers
115
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
Obtaining and Reviewing Audiovisual Materials
116
Assembling Reference Materials
116
Publicizing the Course
116
References
117
3
Evaluation
118
Evaluating the Institutional Program
118
Evaluating the Course
119
Reference
119
APPENDIXES
I
Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training
125
II
The Animal Welfare Information Center
127
Animal Welfare Information Center Established
127
Services and Information Resources Available Through AWIC
127
AWIC Reference Publications
129
Projects Supported by AWIC
129
Updates Regarding AWIC and NAL
131
Publications Available Through AWIC
131
III
Sample Objectives of Self-Assessment Statements
133
Introduction
133
Core Module
133
Species-Specific Module
136
Pain-Management Module
137
Surgery Module
138
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Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institutional Programs
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