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T E C H N O L O G Y A N D
ENVIRONMENT
Jesse H. Ausube] and Hedy E. Sladov~ch
Editors
National Academy of Engineering
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1989
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National Academy Press . 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. . Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The National Academy of Engineenng was established in 1964,
under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel or-
ga~tion of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of
Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government Lee Na-
tional Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed
at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and rec-
ognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is
president of the National Academy of Engineering.
As publication has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Engineering
report review process. Inclusion of signed work in this publication signifies
that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public
consideration, but it does not imply endorsement of conclusions or recom-
mendations by the National Academy of Engmee~g. The interpretations
and conclusions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and are
not presented as the views of the council, officers, or staff of the Academy.
Funds for the activity that led to this publication were provided by the
Academy's Technology Agenda Program.
i.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Technology and environment / Jesse H. Ausubel and Hedy E. Sladovich,
editors.
p. cm.
"National Academy of Engineering."
Bibliography: p.
Includes index
ISBN 309-0442X
1. Environmental engineering-Technological innovations.
2. Environmental protection. I. Ausubel, Jesse H. II. Slado~qch,
Hedy E. III. National Academy of Engineering.
TD153. T43 1989 89-12674
62~c20 CIP
Cover. Susan Bee, Landscape wah Mangles, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the
artist.
Copyright ~ 1989 by the National Academy of Sciences
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, January 1990
Second Pnniing, July 1991
Third Printing, December 1993
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Advisory Committee on
Technology and Society*
ROBERT M. WHITE, chairman, National Academy of Engineering
RUITIERFORD ARIS, University of Minnesota
DAVID P. BILLINGTON, Princeton University
HARVEY BROOKS, Harvard University
DONALD N. FREY, Northwestern University
JOHN H. GIBBONS, Office of Technology Assessment
MARY L. GOOD, Allied-Signal, Inc.
HENRY R. LINDEN, Gas Research Institute
GERALD NADLER, University of Southern California
JAMES BRIAN QUINN, Dartmouth College
WALTER ~ ROSENBLITH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WALTER G. VINCENTI, Stanford University
ALVIN M. WEINBERG, Oak Ridge Associated Universities
*Membership as of June 1989.
· ..
111
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Preface
It is more evident than ever before that global, regional, and local
environmental deterioration is affecting the habitability of the planet and, as
a result, societal well-being, the working of the national and global economy,
and political interactions among nations. It is also evident that although
the management and use of technology have contributed to the present
environmental situation, the applications of engineering and technology
can provide solutions to many environmental problems. Over the past
two decades, concerns have intensified about the decrease of stratospheric
ozone, projected climate warming, effects of acid rain, pollution of coastal
regions, accumulation of trace pollutants in the biosphere, and increasing
difficulties in disposal of nuclear and hazardous wastes. We are now at
the point where balancing economic growth and environmental practices
makes it ever more urgent to design and apply environmentally innovative
. .
eng~neenng.
This volume is an initial contribution in what I hope will be a se-
ries of contributions by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) on
the theme of technological innovation and environmental quality. It ex-
amines the conceptual framework for thinking about technology and the
environment and suggests directions for the education and practice of en-
vironmentally responsive engineering. Several major themes emerge from
the volume. One is the increasingly complex and important interactions
between global markets and the environment. Issues such as chloroDuoro-
carbon emissions and ozone depletion, fossil fuel use and the greenhouse
effect, hazardous waste disposal, and contamination of water resources are
v
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V1
PREFACE
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PREFACE
Hi
and this gap is at the root of today's environmental crisis.... Environ-
mental engineering, recognizing our own nature as part of nature and our
technology as in nature, can help bridge the dangerous compartmentaliza-
tion of knowledge and professions that appears to be placing modern life
in jeopardy."
ROBERT M. WHITE
President
National Academy of Engineenng
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Contents
Technology and Environment: An Overview..............
Jesse H. Ausubel, Robert ~ Frosch, and Robert Herman
1. FRAMEWORKS FOR ANALYSIS
Industrial Metabolism.
Robert U Lyres
Dematenalization .
Robert Herman, Siamak A. Ardekani and Jesse H. Ausubel
Regularities in Technological Development: An Environmental View
Jesse H. Ausubel
. . . ..
2. THE PROMISE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Meeting the Near-Term Challenge for Power Plants. . .
Richard E. Bakhzser
Advanced Fossil Fuel Systems and Beyond .....................
Thomas H. Lee
Protecting the Ozone Layer: A Perspective from Industry.
Joseph ~ Glas
1X
...... 23
..... 50
. . .70
......... 95
...... 114
.. .. ... .. ...137
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x
3. SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECIS
The Rise and Fall of Environmental Expertise.....
Acting J. Tschinkel
Environmental Issues: Implications for Engineering Design
and Education.............................................
Sheldon K. Fnedlander
Engineering Our Way Out of Endless Enviornmental Crises
Walter R. Lynn
The Paradox of Technological Development
Paul E. Gray
Contributors
Index ......
CONTENTS
l
159
. . .167
182
. 192
. 205
. .211
