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OCR for page 277
Index
A
Abalone
cultivation of, 38, 39, 132
Japanese production of, 217, 218
Acadia Seaplants, Ltd., 221
Acanthopagrus schelegi (black sea bream), 217
Acipenser brevirostrum (shortnose sturgeon),
54, 240. See also Sturgeon
Acipenser fulvescens (lake sturgeon). 54. See
also Sturgeon
Acipenser oxyrhynchus (Atlantic sturgeon),
54. See also Sturgeon
Acipenser transmontanus (white sturgeon),
46, 54, 146, 239. See also
Sturgeon
Aesthetic issues, 17
Agricultural products
development model for, 158
fishery imports compared with importa-
tion of, 25, 26
Agricultural Research Service, 241
Agriculture Committee, House, 8
Agriculture industry
economic programs for, 75
federal support for, 65-66, 158
Aiyu, 208
Alaska
pollack production in, 24-25
salmon ranching in, 259-261
277
Algae. See Seaweed
Alligators, 237
American Fisheries Society
position regarding transgenic fish, 147-
148
role in information exchange, 166
American lobster (Homarus americanus), 35,
37-38. See also Lobster
American Norwegian Fish Farm, Inc., 72, 86
American oyster (Crassostrea virginica),
29-30. See also Oysters
Ammonia, 96, 98
Anadromous species. See also Salmon/
Salmonids; Striped bass; Sturgeon
environmental requirements for, 109
stock enhancement efforts with, 5, 50-
54, 102
Anarhichas lupus (wolffish), 218
Anchovetta, Peruvian, 21
Anguilla anguilla (European eel), 218
Antibiotics
administration of, 150
impact on environment, 106-107
impact on human consumers, 107
Antifoulants, 77
Aquaculture. See Marine aquaculture;
Marine aquaculture industry
Aquaculture Development Plan (Hawaii), 82
Aquaculture parks, 167
OCR for page 278
278
Aquaculture Policy Act (Florida), 83
Aquaculture Situation and Outlook Reports
(USDA), 162
Aquaculture Special Grant Program, 242
Aquaculture systems. See Interdisciplinary
systems
Aquariums, 135
Aquatic plant culture. See Seaweed
Arctic char, 221
Argopectin irradiens (bay scallops), 32. See
also Scallops
Artificial reefs, 139
Asia, 216-218. See also individual countries
Aspen report (1980), 79-80
Australia, 144
Australian barnacle, 102
Auxiliary systems; See also Interdisciplinary
systems
development of, 58, 119
expert, 126-127
for feed, 121-123
for hatcheries, 120-121
sensor and monitoring, 125-126
for waste treatment, 124, 125
B
Bacteria, 109
drug-resistant, 106-107
Baitfish
cultivation of, 23, 261, 262
U.S. production of, 236-237
Bangladesh, 22
Bay scallops (Argopectin irradiens), 32, 221.
See also Scallops
Benefit-flow strategy, 255
Benthic ecosystem, 98-99, 130
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 94, 95,
97
Biotechnology, 147-149
Black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schelegi),
208, 217
Blood ark shell (Scapharca broughtonii),
217
Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), 38
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), 33-34, 221.
See also Mussels
Board on Agriculture and Renewable
Resources study (1978), 15
Bridgestone cage, 138
Broodstock domestication, 146-147
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 49
INDEX
C
Cage systems
dispersal or dilution of wastes for, 124
environmental issues related to, 97-98,
130
offshore, 137-138
used in salmon farming, 96
Cages. See also Net pens
California
aquaculture development policy in, 83-84
broodstock collection program in, 146
California Aquaculture Association, 84
California Department of Fish and Game
(CDFG), 53
Callinectes sapidus (blue crab), 38
Canada
aquaculture industry in, 220-222
cage use in, 138
governmental policy in, 59, 216, 221,
224, 225
import policies of, 73
scallop culture in, 213
Capital expenses, 56-57
Capture fisheries
present yields from, 12
state involvement in conflict resolution
regarding, 17
world harvest from, 20-21
Carassius auratus (goldfish), 236
Carbon dioxide, 136
Catfish, 23, 45, 75, 206, 232-233
Channel bass. See Red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus)
Channel catfish (Icatalurus punctatus), 206,
232. See also Catfish
Chesapeake Bay
pollution in, 29, 100, 108
striped bass in, 54
Chile
China
salmon production in, 215
scallop culture in, 213
aquaculture production in, 21-22, 217
scallop culture in, 213
seaweed production in, 47, 213, 214
shrimp production in, 34, 211-212
Chinese mitten crab, 102
Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha), 222
Chlorination, 150
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss), 47, 221
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INDEX
Clams. See also Mollusk culture; Mollusks
cultivation of, 23, 30-33
European production of, 220
stocking of hatchery-reared, 55
Clean Water Act of 1977, 100
Clean Water Act of 1972 (P.L. 95-217), 71
Coastal zone
federal role in planning and regulating,
70-73, 87-88
legislation concerning, 84-86
policy framework regarding, 18-19, 176
recommendations for Congress regarding,
7, 176
Coastal Zone Enhancement Grants, 85
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
(P. L. 92-583, amended as P.L.
101-508), 5, 7, 71, 84-86, 88, 173
Cod
as candidate for aquaculture, 47
production in Europe, 218
stock enhancement with, 55
Cognitive anthropology, 256
Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), 222
Colombia, 223
Commission of Fish and Fisheries, U. S., 246
Congress, U.S.
committee recommendations for, 3, 6-8,
11, 175-177
development of committee or subcommit-
tee within, 8, 70, 170-171, 177
Conservation Law Foundation, 81
Consumers
attitudes of, 256-257
health concerns of,10,12,24, 29
need for public awareness, 160
policies of, 75-77
Control of Pesticides Regulations of 1968
(United Kingdom), 228
Cooperative Extension Service (CES)
educational activities of, 165
functions of, 158, 241, 242
involvement in information exchange,
161, 164
Cooperative Research Service, 68
Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS),
241, 242
Coos Bay, Oregon, 30
Coryphaena hippurus (mahi mahi), 27, 47
Crabs
279
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster), 30, 212,
221. See also Oysters
Crassostrea virginica (American oyster),
29-30, 153, 221. See also Oysters
Crayfish, 23, 206, 220, 233-234
Crown Estate Commissioners (CEC) (United
Kingdom), 228
Crown Zellerbach, 78
Crustacean culture
overview of, 34-35
by region, 22
world production of, 207-212
D
in Mid- and South Atlantic, 264-265
stock enhancement of, 55
technology used for, 38
Delaware, 82-83
Delaware Aquaculture Act, 82-83
Delaware Aquaculture Advisory Council, 83
Delaware Aquaculture Task Force, 82
Denmark, 218-219
Dennis Wildlife Center, 53
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
aquaculture programs of, 68, 241-243
expenditures on aquaculture, 243, 244
jurisdiction of, 3, 17
recommendations for, 4-5, 171-173
Regional Aquaculture Centers, 161, 164,
242-246
research role of, 65, 68
study of state laws and regulations, 79-80
support for role of, 70, 89
on therapeutic drug use, 150
Depuration, 130
DeVoe, Richard, 81
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), 131
Dicentrarchus labrax (European sea bass),
219
Diet. See Feed; Nutritional requirements
Disease
affecting oysters, 29, 30
assessment and treatment of, 149-150, 224
cost of transmission of, 58
knowledge regarding shrimp, 95
from nonindigenous marine species, 81,
103-105
substances used to prevent, 77
Diseases of Fish Acts (United Kingdom),
228
Dolphin (mahi mahi). See Mahi mahi
(Coryphaena hippurus)
Drug-resistant bacteria, studies finding, 106-
107
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280
Dunaliella salina, 49
Dworshak steelhead hatchery (Idaho), 135
E
Economic development
aquaculture as type of planned change
for, 255-256
Farming Systems Research approach to,
256
technological advances and, 116-117
Economic Development Agency, 75
Economic issues
affecting aquaculture, 18, 75
capital costs as, 56-57, 136
foreign competition and trade as, 59, 88
marketing factors as, 58-59
operating costs as, 57-58
regulatory costs of, 56
Ecuador, 34, 209, 211
Education programs
availability of aquaculture, 160, 165-166
needs for improved, 160
pre-university, 166
state, 242-243
Eel, 215, 218-219
Effluents. See also Pollution; Wastes; Water
pollution
management of, 100-101
regulation of, 99-100
Employment opportunities, 13
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-
205), 53, 71
Enhancement. See Stock enhancement
Environmental issues. See also Pollution;
Wastes; Water pollution; Water
quality
affecting aquaculture, 17, 92-96
feed additives as, 106-107
interest in coastal and ocean-related, 72-
73
introduction of nonindigenous species as,
81, 101-106
and regulation of discharges, 99-100
resolution of, 109-110
technology needs to resolve, 18-19
waste as, 96-101
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
actions related to coastal water quality,
disease treatment approved by, 150
role of, 76
water quality standards, 98
INDEX
Environmental protection legislation, 74. See
also Legislation
Environmental requirements
of aquaculture, 108
of finfish and shrimp, lO9
of mollusks, 108-109
Eucheuma (seaweed), 214
Europe. See also individual countries
aquaculture in central and southern, 219-
220
aquaculture in northern, 218-219
aquaculture production in, 22
protective trade barriers in, 59
research and monitoring of net pens in,
96
transfer of nonindigenous species to, 102
European Community (EC). See also
individual countries
aquaculture production in, 220
import policies of, 73
European eel (Anguilla anguilla), 218
Eutrophication, 122
Expert systems, 126-127
Export Enhancement Program, 73-74
Eyed larvae, oyster, 30
F
Farm Credit Bureau, 75
Farmer's Home Administration, 57, 75
Farming Systems Research (FSR), 256
Faroe Islands, salmon production in, 219
Fatty acid composition analysis, 149-150
Fecal coliform test, 109
Feces, 130
Federal agencies. See also individual
agencies
coordination and promotion of aquacul-
ture by, 4, 17, 241
enhancement issues and, 50, 77-79
recommendations for, 4-6, 70, 87, 172-
175
Federal Coastal Zone Management Act, 176
Federal Coordinating Council on Science,
Engineering, and Technology, 6
Federal government
aquacultural policy strains in, 64-65
development and promotion of aquacul-
ture by, 65-70, 87-88, 216
role in planning and regulating coastal
commons, 70-73
role in seafood quality and safety, 76-77
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INDEX
Feed additives
environmental impact from, 106-107
types of, 122
Feeding systems development, 123
Feeds
cost of, 57, 58
diversity of, 123
nutritional requirements for, 121-122
as source of pollution, 58, 106-107,
130
Finfish. See also individual fish
Canadian production of, 222
environmental requirements for' 109
European production of, 220
world production of, 206-208, 217
Finfish culture
environmental impact of, 96
nearshore systems for, 128-130
overview of, 38-47
present state of, 27, 29
by region, 22
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
expenditures on aquaculture, 250
function of, 65, 69, 104, 172, 249-251
jurisdiction of, 4
recommendations for, 5, 22, 174
on therapeutic drug use, 150
Fish Farmers Sales Association, 218
Fish Farming Act of 1985 (Norway), 226
Fisheries management, 74
Florida
alligator production in, 237
ornamental fish production in, 236-237
Flounder
as candidate for aquaculture, 47
stock enhancement with, 55
world production of, 208, 215, 217
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
20-22, 106, 162, 215
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
disease treatment approved by, 150
policy for drug use in aquaculture, 107
role in seafood safety, 76
Food Securities Act (1985), 73-74
Foreign investments in U.S., 57, 73
France
aquaculture production in, 220
governmental support in, 216
Freshwater aquaculture. See also Finfish
culture
overview of, 1
world production of, 206-208
281
G
Gadus morhua (cod), 218
Gelatin capsule implants, 150
Genes coding, 149
Genetic engineering, 147-149
Genetic impact, from transfer of
nonindigenous species, 102-103
Geoduck clam (Panopea generosa spp.), 33.
See also Clams
Georgia, 83
Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), 208, 219
Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas),
236
Goldfish (Carassius auratus), 236
Government policies. See Federal govern-
ment; State policies
Gracilaria (red seaweed), 214
Greece, 220
Grouper, 47
Guatemala, 223
Gulf of Mexico, 54
H
Haddock, 55
Halibut
as candidate for aquaculture, 47
European production of, 218
Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), 30, 33.
See also Clams
Harvest technology, 140-142
Hatchery technology
advances in, 55, 144-145
systems using, 120-121
Hawaii
aquaculture plan in, 79, 82
environmental restrictions in, 109
use of ocean water in, 139-140
Health concerns
regarding oyster consumption, 29
seafood consumption increases due to,
10, 12, 24
Hepatitis A, 109
Herring, North Atlantic, 21
Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Atlantic hali-
but), 218
Honduras, 223
Hormone use, 77
House Agriculture Committee, 8, 177
House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Committee, 8
OCR for page 282
282
Human pollution. See also Pollution; Water
pollution
closure of shellfish beds due to, 29, 108
fecal, 130
Hybridization, 101, 148
Hydrodynamic mariculture, 138
Icatalurus punctatus (channel catfish), 206, 232
Immunization, 150
Imports. See Seafood imports
India, 22
Indonesia
aquaculture production in, 22
shrimp culture in, 209
shrimp production in, 34
Industrial pollution. See also Pollution;
Water pollution
affecting oyster beds, 30
vulnerability of aquaculture to, 108
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)
virus, 104
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic
necrosis (IHHN) virus, 81, 95, 106
Information exchange
methods of, 159-160
need for structured system for, 160
overview of aquaculture, 161-163
Institutional strategy, 255
Interdisciplinary systems
auxiliary systems for fish culture Korea
expert systems, 126-127
feed and feeding systems, 121-123
hatcheries, 120-121
water treatment systems, 124, 125
harvest and postharvest technology
harvest, 141-142
preprocessing, 142-143
processing and packaging, 143
transport to market, 143-144
overview of, 118-119
production grow-out systems
nearshore, 127-131
offshore, 135-140
onshore, 131-135
International Council for Exploration of the
Sea (ICES), 105-106
International Fisheries Office, 162
Ireland. See also United Kingdom
governmental support in, 59
salmon production in, 219
INDEX
Irish moss (Chondrus crispus), 47, 221
Italy, 220
J
Japan
anoxic sediment accumulation in, 98, 99
aquaculture production in, 21, 208, 215-
218
governmental support in, 59, 216
mollusk culture in, 212, 213
research and monitoring of net pens in,
96
seaweed production in, 47-48, 213, 217
shrimp culture in, 34, 56, 208-209, 217
study of drug-resistant bacteria in, 106
transport technology in, 144
use of artificial reefs in, 139
Japanese Bridgestone cage, 138
Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus),
217. See also Flounder
Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture (JSA)
effectiveness of, 70
establishment of, 17, 67
function of, 3, 8, 69, 87
recommendations for, 5, 7, 171, 173-174
review of aquaculture industry by, 9
K
aquaculture production in, 21
seaweed production in, 47
Kuruma prawn (Panaeus japonicus), 217
L
Labeling
legislation regarding, 76-77
quality and safety assurance through use
of, 143
requirements for, 76
Labor costs, 58
Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (Title 16,
U.S.C. 3371), 74
Lacey Act (P.L. 97-79), 5
evaluation of impact of, 174
provisions of, 74, 105
recommendations regarding, 7, 177
USDA/USDI conclusions regarding, 75
Laminaria, 213
OCR for page 283
INDEX
Latin America, 222-223. See also various
countries
Leasing operations, 86-87
Legislation
affecting aquaculture industry, 7, 66-68,
74-75, 170
dealing with coastal zone use, 71-72, 80
impeding development of aquaculture,
177. See also Lacey Act
problems regarding application of, 170
state aquaculture development, 81-84
License acquisition. See Permit acquisition
Living Seas Aquarium (Florida), 135
Lobsters
cost of, 37-38
cultivation of, 35, 37-38
stock enhancement of, 55-56
Louisiana, 237
Louisiana State University, 160
M
Macrobrachium (giant freshwater prawn),
206, 208
Macrobrachium rosenberghii (large
freshwater prawn), 206, 208
Macroscopic algae, 47-48. See also Seaweed
Magnunson Fishery Conservation and
Management Act of 1976 (P.L.
94-265), 71, 87
Mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus),
cultivation of, 27, 47
Maine
aquaculture development policy in, 82
salmon and mussels in, 265-266
Malaysia, prawn culture in, 208
Manila clam (Tapes japonica), 30, 33. See
also Clams
Marine Advisory Service, 69
Marine aquaculture
in developing countries, 257
environmental requirements of, 108
establishment of technology centers for,
166-167
foreign competition and trade issues and,
59
goals of, 216
management framework for, 84-87
management of leasing offshore sub-
merged lands and waters for, 86-
87
national interest in, 10-14, 87
283
nearshore, 127-131
offshore, 135-140
onshore, 131-135
opposition to, 81-82
role of federal government in, 64-73
Marine aquaculture industry
conclusions regarding, 2-3, 8, 169-171
consumer policies affecting, 75-77
economic issues and policies affecting,
18, 56-59, 75. See also Economic
Issues
importation of nonindigenous marine
species for, 81
international and interstate trade policies
affecting, 73-75
legislation affecting, 7, 66-68, 74-75.
See also individual legislation;
Legislation
overview of, 1-2, 9-10
problems and constraints on, 14-15, 17-
19, 34-35
recommendations
for congressional actions, 6-8, 175-177
for federal agency responsibilities and
actions, 4-6, 87, 172-175
for technology and engineering, 3-4,
171-172
sociocultural aspects of, 253-267. See
also Sociocultural issues
status of, 23-29
summary of policy issues and options
affecting, 87-89
Marine aquaculture production
economics of world, 214, 215
trends in world, 215-216
U.S., 10, 22, 23, 29
world, 10, 20-22, 34, 47, 207
Marine aquaculture systems. See Interdisci
plinary systems
Marine fisheries management, 145
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
(P.L. 92-532), 71
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972 (92-532), 71
Marine species. See Nonindigenous marine
species; Transgenic species
Marketing
costs of, 58-59
identification of consumer attitudes
through, 256
impact of technology on, 117
Marking systems, 145
OCR for page 284
284
Medicines Act of 1968 (United Kingdom),
228
Mercenaria mercenaria (hard clam), 30, 33.
See also Clams
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee,
House, 8
Mexico, 209, 223
Michigan, 262
Minnesota, 261
Minnows, 236
Mitchell Act (1937), 246
Mitochondrial DNA analysis, 147
Mollusk culture
environmental impact of, 93-94, 98-99
overview of, 29-34
by region, 22
support systems for, 128, 129
Mollusks
environmental requirements for, 108-
109
ocean ranging of, 216
selective breeding of, 148
world production of, 207, 212-213
Moncks Corner hatchery, 53
Monosex populations
production of, 148
of tilapia, 239
Morone chrysops (white bass), 46, 238
Morone mississippiensis, 46
Morone saxatilis (striped bass), 45, 46, 238.
See also Striped bass
Morrill Act of 1862, 158
Mullet, 55
Mussels. See also Mollusk culture; Mollusks
Canadian production of, 221
cultivation of, 23, 33-34
European production of, 220
Mytilus edulis (blue mussel), 33-34, 221.
See also Mussels
N
National Agricultural Library, 68, 69, 80, 162
National Aquaculture Act (P.L. 96-362), 2,
8, 15, 70, 249
implementation of, 170
provisions of, 9, 66-67, 241
National Aquaculture Association, formation
of, 69
National Aquaculture Development Plan
(NADP), 9, 17, 67-68, 249
National Aquaculture Forum (1987), 69
INDEX
National Aquaculture Improvement Act of
1985 (P.L. 99-198), 2, 4, 70, 89,
170
National Aquaculture Information Center
(NAIC), 69, 161-162, 241
National Fisheries Contaminant Research
Center, 251
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 148
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
aquaculture expenditures of, 246, 248
International Fisheries Office, 162
jurisdiction of, 4
recommendations for, 5-6, 166, 174-175
role of, 65, 68-69, 76, 246-247
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration (NOAA). See also
National Marine Fisheries Service;
National Sea Grant College
Program
jurisdiction of, 4
recommendations for, 5-6, 174-175
role of, 65, 68, 172, 246-249
National Pollution Discharge Elimination
Systems (NPDES) permits, 100
- National Research Council (NRC) report
(1978), 9, 66
National Research Council of Canada, 221
National Research Initiative, 242
National Science Foundation (NSF)
role of, 68, 172, 251-252
Small Business Innovation Research
(SBIR) Program, 69
National Sea Grant College Program
jurisdiction of, 4
recommendations for, 6
role of, 68, 69, 159, 247, 249
National Sea Grant College Programs, 247,
249
National Wetlands Research Center, 251
Nearshore aquaculture systems
technology needs for, 127-128
typesof,l28-131
Net pens. See also Cage systems
environmental impact of, 98-99
Norwegian use of, 103, 208
offshore, 137-138
research and environmental monitoring
of, 96
salmonids in, 208, 219
New Zealand
salmon production in, 215
transport of live fish from, 144
OCR for page 285
INDEX
Nitrogen, 96-98, 122
No-net-loss policy, 73
NOAA Aquaculture Plan (1977), 66
Nonfood products, 13
Nonindigenous marine species
controversy over importation of, 81
disease transfer from, 81, 103-105
environmental issues regarding, 94-95,
101-102
genetic impact of, 102-103
regulation of movement of, 105-106
Nordicus discus (abalone), 217
Nori (Porphyra), 47-48, 213, 221
North Atlantic herring, 21
North Carolina, 83
Northern pike, 50
Norwalk viruses, 109
Norway
governmental policy in, 59, 216, 226-227
restraints on salmon production in, 224
salmon production in, 27, 39, 41, 43, 73,
103, 208, 219
study of drug-resistant bacteria in, 106
Norwegian Fish Farmers' Sales Organization
(NFFSO), 224-225
Norwegian Fisheries Research Council, 218
Notemigonus crysoleucas (golden shiner), 236
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of
1990, 76-77
Nutritional labeling, 76-77
Nutritional requirements for marine species,
121-122
o
Ocean policies
assessment of, 72-73
federal role in, 87-88
legislation dealing with, 71-72
Ocean Products, Inc., 73
Ocean ranching. See also Offshore aquacul-
ture systems; Stock enhancement
advances in, 144
interactions with hatchery fish and, 53,
102
opposition to, 81-82
policy issues regarding, 77-79
salmon, 50-52, 77-78, 215-216, 259-261
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC),
139, 140
Oceanic Institute, 160, 166
Office of Coastal Resources Management, 85
285
Office of Sea Grant, 65, 161
Offshore aquaculture systems
artificial reefs for, 139
cage systems for, 137-138
deep ocean water, 139-140
examples of, 137
factors effecting use of, 135-137
Onchorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), 23,
40, 206, 220, 222, 235
Oncorhynchus kisutch (coho), 222
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook
salmon), 222
Onshore aquaculture systems
characteristics of, 131-133
water supply systems for, 133-135
Open-ocean production systems. See
Offshore aquaculture systems
Operating costs, 57-58
Orkney Council Act, 229
Ornamental fish
cultivation of, 13, 23, 27
U.S. production of, 236-237
Ornamental reef fish, 16
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amend-
ments of 1978 (P.L. 95-372), 71
Oxygen levels, monitoring of, 125, 126
Oxytetracycline (OTC), 106, 107
Oyster industry
federal financing programs for, 75
in Washington State, 258-259
Oysters. See also Mollusk culture; Mollusks
Canadian production of, 221
consumption of, 29
cultivation of, 23, 29-30, 129
disease epidemics affecting, 29
enhancement programs with, 55
European production of, 220
production of pearl, 217
Ozonation, 150
p
Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), 30, 212,
221. See also Oysters
Packaging technology, 143
Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), 54
Paddlewheel aeration, 126
Pagrus major (red sea bream), 208, 215,
217, 218
Panama, 223
Panopea generosa spp. (geoduck clam), 33.
See also Clams
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286
Panulirus (Spiny lobster), 38. See also
Lobster
Paralichthys olivaceus (Japanese flounder),
217, 218. See also Flounder
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 34, 108,
131
Pathogens, transfer of human, 109
Peer review, institution of, 167
Penaeus, 208
Penaeus japonicus (Kuruma prawn), 217
Penaeus merguiensis (banana prawn), 217
Penaeus monodon (tiger prawn), 215
Penaeus setiferus (white shrimp), 95
Penaeus vannamei (shrimp), 34, 94, 223. See
also Shrimp; Shrimp culture
People's Republic of China. See China
Permit acquisition, 56, 80
Peru
scallop production in, 213
shrimp production in, 223
Peruvian anchovetta, 21
Pesticide use, 76, 77
Pharmaceuticals, 13
Philippines
aquaculture production in, 21
seaweed production in, 47, 214
shrimp culture in, 209
INDEX
Prawn. See Shrimp; shrimp culture
Predation, 101
Preprocessing technology, 142-143
President's Office of Science and Technol-
ogy Policy, 70
Price supports, in Norway, 59
Product information, 117
Product quality
effect of water pollution on, 76
issues regarding, 75-77
testing methods to enhance, 141-142
Production grow-out systems
nearshore, 127-131
offshore, 135-140
onshore, 131-135
types of, 127
Production technology
advances in, 55
for shrimp cultivation, 95
Property rights
issuance of, 17
salmon ocean ranging and, 52
Protein, 122
Psychometrics, 256
Public awareness, 160
Public waters
A ,
Phosphorus, 96, 122
Phytoplankton (unicellular algae), 48-49, 96, 7
98, 130. See also Seaweed
Pike, 50
Pilchard, South Atlantic, 21
Plankton, 94, 98
Planned change, 255-258
Polio, 109
Pollution. See also Human pollution;
Industrial pollution; Water
pollution
closure of shellfish beds due to, 29, 108
feed as source of, 58, 130
public knowledge of aquaculture-based,
72
Polyodon spathula (paddlefish), 54
Polyploidy, 148
Pompano, 47
Pond systems, 131 - 132
Porphyra (nori), 47-48, 213, 221
Portugal, 220
Potentials of Aquaculture: An Overview and
Bibliography (Hanfman, et al.),
162
Poultry egg protein, 122
privatization issues surrounding, 17
recommendations for Congress regarding,
Puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes), 208, 217
Pygmy angels, 16
R
Raceways, 131-132
Rafting techniques, 29, 93, 212
Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), 23,
40, 206, 220, 222, 235
Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)
cultivation of,.15, 27, 28, 43-45, 132
environmental requirements for, 109
stock enhancement efforts with, 54-55
Red sea bream (Pagrus major), 208, 215,
217, 218
Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)
cultivation of, 46
stock enhancement with, 55
Redfish. See Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)
Reef fish, 16
Reefs, artificial, 139
Regional Aquaculture Centers (USDA), 161,
164, 242-246
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INDEX
Regulatory Constraints Plan, 67
Regulatory issues/actions
regarding coastal zone, 70-73, 87-88
regarding discharges, 99-100
regarding effluents, 99-100
regarding fisheries management, 74
regarding movement of nonindigenous
marine species, 105-106
regarding wastes, 99-100
regarding water quality, 75
related to protection of wild populations,
74
USDA study of state laws and, 79-80
use of technology to address, 117
Research activities
federal role in, 65, 68-69, 87
foreign public support for, 59
needs for, 59
on net pens, 96
in offshore aquaculture, 137
public support for, 18
recommendations regarding, 3-4, 6
of Regional Aquaculture Centers, 245-
246
university-based, 18
Reuse systems. See Water reuse systems
Rockfish, 47
Romet 30, 106
S
Salmon/salmonids
breeding programs for, 148
Canadian production of, 222
from capture fisheries, 27
cultivation of, 16, 23, 38-44, 132
enhancement efforts with, 50, 51, 77-78
European production of, 220
hybridization among, 148
importation of, 25, 27
methods to distinguish male from female,
141
mixing gene pools of, 102, 103
ocean ranging with, 50-52, 77-78, 144,
259-261
price of, 41~3, 73
sensitivity to ammonia, 98
U.S. production of, 234-236, 259-261,
265
world production of, 42, 208, 215
Salmon/salmonids culture
costs of, 56-58
287
environmental issues related to, 96, 98
environmental requirements for, 109
opposition to, 81, 86
Saltonstall-Kennedy funds, 166-167
San Francisco Bay
pollution in, 29, 108
stock enhancement efforts in, 53
Scallops. See also Mollusk culture; Mollusks
cultivation of, 32, 33
stocking of hatchery-reared, 55
world production of, 212-213
Scapharca broughton~i (blood ark shell), 217
Sciaenops ocellatus (red drum). See Red
drum
Scophthalmus maximus (turbot), 219
Scotland. See also United Kingdom
governmental support in, 59
salmon production in, 219
Sea bass, 208, 215, 219
Sea Fisheries Act (United Kingdom), 228
Sea Grant Marine Advisory Service
educational activities of, 165, 243
involvement in information exchange,
161, 164
Seafood
consumption in U.S., 1, 10-13, 23-24,
59, 170
feed composition to provide nutritionally
beneficial, 122
harvesting technology for, 140-142
packaging of, 143
per capita expenditures for, 10, 12, 13,
24. See also Economic issues
prices of U.S., 12, 23, 58-59. See also
Economic issues
processing of, 142-143
transport of, 143-144
world consumption projections for, 21
world production of, 21
Seafood imports
extent of, 12, 24-27, 36
policies regarding, 59, 73, 88
Seafood industry
inspection programs in, 77
labeling requirements for, 76
processing function in, 13
product quality issues in. See Product
quality
Seaweed
blooms of toxic, 29, 98, 108, 130-131
cultivation of, 22, 47-49, 129, 218
environmental impact of, 93
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288
extracts derived from, 22, 47, 213
hybridization among, 148
ocean ranging used for, 216
research on replacements for, 32
stabilization of atmospheric carbon
dioxide through open ocean
farming of, 136
world production of, 207, 213-214
Seining equipment, 142
Sensor and monitoring systems, 125-126
Seriola guinqueradiata (yellowtail flounder),
217. See also Flounder
Shark, 47
Shelf life, 143
Shellfish. See also individual types of
shellfish; Mollusks
disease in, 29, 30, 34, 95
environmental requirements of, 108-109
studies of antibiotics in, 107
technology for shucking, 142, 143
Shellfish culture
in Canada, 221
contamination of, 130-131
environmental impact of, 29, 93-94
offshore structures for, 137
Shetland County Council Act, 228-229
Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser
brevirostrum), 54, 240
Shrimp
cultivation of, 14, 23, 34, 36, 132
disease in, 106
factors constraining production of
domestic, 34-35
importation of, 25, 26, 36, 81
Latin American production of, 222-223
stock enhancement of, 55, 56
technology for peeling and deveining,
142-143
world production of, 208-212, 217
Shrimp culture
environmental impact of, 94-95
environmental requirements for, 109
Taiwan interests in U.S., 57
in Texas, 262-264
Shucking technology, 142, 143
Singapore, 217
Sludge formation, effects of, 97
Small Business Administration, 75
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)
Program, 69
Snapper, 47
Snook, 55
INDEX
Sociocultural issues
and aquaculture promotion as example of
planned change, 255-258
conclusions regarding, 266-267
examples of
baitfish, trout and yellow perch pro-
duction in Great Lakes, 261-262
salmon and mussel production in Maine,
265-266
salmon ranching in Alaska, 259-261
shrimp farming in Texas, 262-264
soft-shell crabs in Mid- and South
Atlantic, 264-265
overview of, 253-255
oyster growing in Washington State to
illustrate, 258-259
Socioeconomic issues, 118, 224
Soft-shell crabs, 264-265
Sole, as candidate for aquaculture, 47
South Atlantic pilchard, 21
South Carolina
aquaculture development policy in, 83
importation of nonindigenous marine
species in, 81
South Carolina Wildlife and Marine
Resources Department, 83
Soybean meal
cost of, 57, 58
to replace animal protein, 122
Sparus aurata (gilthead sea bream), 208, 219
Spiny lobster (Panulirus), 38. See also
Lobster
Spirulina, 49
Spottail bass. See Red drum (Sciaenops
ocellatus)
Spotted sea trout, stock enhancement with, 55
State policies
aquaculture industry and, 79-81
assessment of, 81-84
concerning interstate trade, 74-75
concerning ocean ranching, 77-78
federal role in, 88-89
Stock enhancement. See Stock enhancement
economic concerns for, 145
genetic impact on straying anadromous
fish released for, 102, 145
overview of, 49-56
policy action in area of, 65, 89
policy issues affecting, 77-79
recommendations regarding, 5-6
technological advances in, 144- 146
value of, 216
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INDEX
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
cultivation of, 45, 46, 132, 146, 238
state regulations to protect wild
population of, 74
stock enhancement efforts with, 53-54
Sturgeon
cultivation of, 45, 46, 132, 147
stock enhancement efforts with, 53, 54
U.S. production of, 239-240
Subcommittee on Aquaculture, 8, 70, 170-
171, 177
Sulfamerazine, 106
Swordfish, 47
Systems design. See Interdisciplinary
systems
T
Taiwan
aquaculture production in, 21
seaweed production in, 47
shrimp production in, 34
Takifugu rubripes (puffer fish), 208, 217
Tank characteristics, 131
Tapes japonica (Manila clam), 30, 33. See
also Clams
Tarpon, 55
TBT (tributylin), 30
Technological advances
in biotechnology and genetic engineering,
147-149
in broodstock domestication, 146-147
in disease assessment and treatment,
149-150
economic feasibility through, 116-117
harvest and postharvest, 140-144
and interdisciplinary systems design,
118-119
in marine fisheries enhancement, 144-
146
marketing and product, 117
to reduce production and marketing
costs, 59
related to auxiliary systems for fish
culture, 119-127
related to production grow-out systems,
127-140
socioeconomic issues related to, 118, 224
Technology
benefits of improved, 150- 151
international developments regarding,
223-225
289
planned change and use of appropriate,
255
recommendations regarding, 3 - , 171-
172
systems design. See Interdisciplinary
systems used to address environ-
mental and institutional issues,
117-118
Technology transfer
explanation of, 159-160
international, 164-165
need for structured system of, 160
overview of aquaculture, 163-164
Tetraselmis chuil (algae), 48. See also
Seaweed
Texas, 262-264
Texas A&M University, 160
Thailand, 22
Therapeutic drugs, 76, 77
Tilapia, 46-47, 206, 238-239
Town and Country Planning Act (United
Kingdom), 228
Trade deficit, 25
Trade issues
international, 73-74
interstate, 74-75
Trade policies, 59
Transgenic species, 147, 256
Transport technology, 143-144
Trout
cultivation of, 23, 261, 262
production in U.S., 234, 235
production of rainbow, 23, 40, 206, 220,
222
stock enhancement with, 55
Turbot, 208, 215, 219
Tuskeegee Institute, 242
U
Ultraviolet irradiation, 150
Unicellular algae, 48-49, 96, 98. See also
Seaweed
United Kingdom, 227-230
United Nations. See Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
United States
aquaculture development in U.K. and
implications for, 230
aquaculture production in, 10, 22-27, 29,
232-240
production of shrimp in, 211
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290
seafood consumption in, 1, 10-13, 23-24
seafood expenditures in, 10, 12, 13, 24
sociocultural aspects of aquaculture in,
253-267. See also Sociocultural
issues
Universities
aquaculture programs in, 160, 165-166
research grants for, 69
support for agriculture industry by, 158
support for aquaculture industry by, 18,
159
technology transfer through, 160
University of Delaware, 83
University of Texas, Marine Science
Institute, 160, 166
University of Washington, 160, 166
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 72
USSR
aquaculture production in former, 22
stock enhancement efforts with sturgeon
in former, 54
V
Vaccines, 150
Vibrio spp., 109, 150
Vietnam, 22
W
Waddell Mariculture Center, 160, 166
Walleye pike, 50
Washington State, 258-259
Waste treatment systems, 122, 124
Wastes. See also Pollution; Water pollution
benthic ecology alterations due to, 98-99
effect on water quality, 17, 96-98
INDEX
management of, 100-101, 224
regulation of, 99-100
Water Act of 1989 (United Kingdom), 228
Water Column Leases for Aquaculture
(North Carolina), 83
Water pollution
affecting oysters, 29
from aquaculture system wastes, 17
seafood quality and, 76
Water quality
changes from introduction of
nonindigenous species, 101
as concern in shrimp cultivation, 95
effect of wastes on, 17, 96-98
Water reuse systems
definition of, 134- 145
for onshore culture, 133-135
for private ranching of salmon, 144
treatment of wastes as part of, 124
Waters. See also Ocean policies
policy framework for federal, 176-177
use of deep ocean, 139-140
Weakfish, 47
Western Regional Aquaculture Consortium,
162-163
White bass (Morone chrysops), 46, 55, 238
White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus),
46, 54, 146, 239. See also
Sturgeon
Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981
(United Kingdom), 228
Wolffish (Anarhichas lupus), 218
y
Yellowtail flounder (Seriola guinquera-
diata), 217. See also Flounder
Representative terms from entire chapter:
aquaculture production
