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tBio~raphicat Memoirs
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENC
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
OF THE ORBITED SlAlES OF AMERICA
VOLUME ~
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 1995
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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Con-
gress as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for
the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal
government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its cor-
porate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in
1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of
Medicine in 1970.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER 0-309-05238-6
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER 0077-2933
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 5-26629
Available from
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20418
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
BY ARNT ELIASSEN
HUBERT MORSE BLALOCK, JR.
BY HERBERT L. COSTNER
MIN CHUEH CHANG
BY ROY O. GREEP
GEORGE CONSTANTIN COTZIAS
BY VINCENT P. DOLE
FREDERICK RUSSELL EGGAN
BY EVON Z. VOGT, JR.
WALTER M. ELSASSER
BY HARRY RUBIN
EARNEST ALBERT HOOTON
BY STANLEY M. GARN AND EUGENE GILES
ARTHUR S. KING
BY ROBERT B. KING
v
V11
3
23
45
63
85
103
167
181
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V1
HERMAN FRANCIS MARK
BY HERBERT MORAWETZ
BARBARA McCLINTOCK
BY NINA V. FEDOROFF
IRVINE HEINLY PAGE
BY HARRIET P. DUSTAN
CONTENTS
WILLIAM GUMMING ROSE
BY HERBERT E. CARTER AND MINOR J. COON
CARL FREDERIC SCHMIDT
BY GEORGE B. KOELLE
JOHN CLARK SHEEHAN
BY E. ]. COREY AND JOHN D. ROBERTS
WILLIAM BRADFORD SHOCKLEY
BY5OHN L. MOLL
EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
BY5AMES E. OFFICER
GEORGE STREISINGER
BY FRANKLIN W. STAHL
HAROLD CLAYTON UREY
BY5AMES R. ARNOLD, JACOB BIGELEISEN, AND
CLYDE A. HUTCHISON JR.
CARROLL MILTON WILLIAMS
BY A. M. PAPPENHEIMER, JR.
JERROLD R. ZACHARIAS
BY NORMAN F. RAMSEY
195
211
237
253
273
291
305
325
353
363
413
435
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PREFACE
On March 3, 1863, Abraham Lincoln signed the Act of
Incorporation that brought the National Academy of Sci-
ences into being. In accordance with that original charter,
the Academy is a private, honorary organization of scien-
tists, electecl for outstanding contributions to knowledge,
who can be caller! upon to advise the fecleral government.
As an institution the Acaclemy's goal is to work toward in-
creasing scientific knowledge en cl to further the use of that
knowleclge for the general good.
The Biographical Memoirs, begun in 1LS77, are a series of
volumes containing the life histories ant] selected bibliogra-
phies of cleceased members of the Academy. Colleagues
familiar with the discipline and the subject's work prepare
the essays. These volumes, then, contain a record of the
life and work of our most clistinguished leaders in the sci-
ences, as witnessed and interpreted by their colleagues and
peers. They form a biographical history of science in
America an important part of our nation's contribution
to the intellectual heritage of the woricI.
PETER H. RAVEN
Home Secretary
. .
V11
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