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OCR for page 119
Index
A
Accidents and emergencies, 17, 18, 46, 62
Acclimation and adaptation, 28-29
of newly acquired animals, 57, 58
to outdoor housing, 25, 30
Acquisition of animals, 57
Activity and exercise, 37, 38
Agricultural research, 4-5
Airborne contaminants, 17, 22-23, 24, 33, 62-63
Airflow, see Ventilation and airflow
Air pressure. 17, 31, 76, 79
Albinism, 35
Alternatives to animal research, 1, 10, 117
recommended readings, 82-83
American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC), 102-103
American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS), 13, 103
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM), 103
American Humane Association (AHA), 103-104
American Humane Education Society (AHES), 110
American Society of Heating. Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 32
American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP), 104
American Society of Primatologists (ASP), 104
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 65, 104-105
Amphibians, recommended readings, 83
Analgesia and analgesics. 12, 64-65
recommended readings, 83-84
Anesthesia and anesthetics, 12, 63, 64-65
recommended readings, 83-85
recovery from, 63-64, 79
waste gases, 17
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 112-113, 114
Animal care and use protocols, 8-11
Animal training, 11, 25
Animal Welfare Act, 113, 114
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC), 13, 37, 105
Animal Welfare Institute (AWI), 105
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 114, 117
housing guidelines, 25, 26
on personnel qualifications, 13, 61
on transport, 57
on veterinary care, 13
Antibiotics, 61
Anxiolytics, 65
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Apes, see Nonhuman primates
Association of Primate Veterinarians (APV), 105-106
Australia and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART), 106
Autoclaving
of foods and bedding, 39, 41
for surgery, 62, 79
B
Barrier entry systems, 16
Bedding24, 32, 41
changing of, 24, 29, 34, 42, 44
disposal, 15, 16
Behavior and behavior changes, 2, 11, 12, 22, 23, 25, 36-38
Biologic agents and hazards, 14, 16, 18, 44
recommended readings, 85-86
waste disposal, 44, 45
Biologic-safety cabinets, 17, 76
Birds, recommended readings, 87
Bites and scratches, 14, 18
Bordetella bronchiseptica,59
Breeding and reproduction, 47, 57
environmental conditions for, 22, 25, 35
records, 46, 47
C
Cages and caging, 23, 38
cleaning and sanitation, 24, 43, 44
complexities in, 25, 36
dimensions and space allocation, 25-28
flooring, 24, 43
see also Primary enclosures
Calorie restriction, 40
Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Medicine/L'Association canadienne dela medecine des animaux de laboratoire (CALAM/ACMAL) , 106-107
Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science/L'Association canadienne pour la technologie des animeaux laboratoire (CALAM/ACTAL) , 106-107
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), 13, 107
Carcass disposal, 45, 73, 77
Cats, 38, 46
housing requirements, 25, 28, 32
procurement, 57
recommended readings, 87
Cattle, space requirements, 26, 31, 38
Cedar shavings, 41
Ceilings, 75
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), 107-108
Center for Laboratory Animal Welfare (CLAW), 110
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 16, 18
Cercopithecine herpesvirus,18, 59
Chairing, 11
Chemical cleaning agents, 14, 43, 62
Chickens, 28, 32
Circadian cycles, 34, 35
Cleaning and sanitation, 15, 24, 34, 42-44, 72, 77-78
Clinical records, 46-47
Clothing, 15, 17
Cold storage and refrigeration, 39, 45, 77
Committees, see Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs)
Computer modeling
as an alternative to animal use, 10, 117
in facility design, 31, 71
Conditioned-response protocols, 12
Construction materials, 23, 72
Contaminants
airborne, 17, 22-23, 24, 33, 62-63
in food, 38, 39
recommended readings, 88-89
in water, 40, 41
Corridors, 16, 73, 77
Cryopreservation, 47-48
D
Defecation, 23, 43
Dehydration, 12
Diagnosis, 59-60
Diet and dietary control, 12, 39, 40
Disaster planning, 46
Disease control, 57-58, 60
Disease susceptibility, 22-23, 37
Disinfection, 23, 24, 42-44
Disposable clothing, 15
Distress
and euthanasia, 10, 65, 66
procedures causing, 10-11, 65, 117
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Diurnal cycles, 35
Dogs, 11, 37, 38, 46
housing requirements, 24, 25-26, 28, 29n, 32, 38
procurement, 57
recommended readings, 87
Doors, 73
Double-corridor facilities, 16
Drafts, 31
Drainage, 17, 24, 74
Drugs, 11
recommended readings, 96-97
Dry-bulb temperature, 29, 31
E
Education and training of personnel, 13-14, 15, 16, 117
in noise reduction, 36
recommended readings, 100-101
in safety procedures, 15, 16
in surgical procedures, 61
Electric power systems, 76
Emergency procedures, 17, 18, 46, 62
Enclosures, see Cages and caging;
Primary enclosures;
Secondary enclosures
Endangered Species Act, 114-115
Entrapment, 23
Environmental conditions, 22-36
natural versus controlled, 4, 22, 25
see also Facilities;
Housing
Environmental enrichment, 21, 25, 27, 36-38
recommended readings, 88
Ergonomics, 15
Escape, 23, 24
Ether, 17
Ethics, recommended readings, 89
Euthanasia, 10, 65-66
recommended readings, 89
and surgical procedures, 62, 117
Exercise and activity, 37, 38
Exotic and wild species, 5, 30
endangered, 57, 114-115
recommended readings, 89-90
F
Facilities, 71-79
for cleaning and sanitation, 15, 72, 77-78
for hazardous-agent experimentation, 16-17, 72, 76
recommended readings, 87-88
safety design and support, 15-16
for surgery, 62-63, 78-79
see also Cages and caging;
Housing;
Outdoor housing;
Primary enclosures;
Secondary enclosures;
Space requirements
Farm animals, 4-5, 46
housing requirements, 4, 28, 30-31, 32, 38
recommended readings, 4-5, 90-91
surgery on, 63, 79
Field studies, 5
Fighting, 37
Filter-top cages, 24, 29, 33, 58
Fish and Wildlife Service, 57, 115
Fishes, recommended readings, 83
Flooring, 24, 74
in cages, 24, 43
Food and feeding, 23, 25, 38-40
autoclavings, 39, 41
bowls and devices, 26, 39-40, 43
recommended reading, 94-95
restrictions, 12, 40
storage, 39, 40, 41, 77
Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR), 108
Furnishings, 23, 24, 26, 36-37
recommended readings, 88
G
Gas concentrations, 22, 33, 34
Genetics, 47-48
recommended readings, 91-92
Gerbils, 32
Goats, 26, 30, 58
Groups, see Social groups and social interaction
Guinea pigs, 27, 43, 58, 59
H
Hamsters, 27, 32, 43
Hazardous agents, 14, 16-17
recommended readings, 85-86, 88-89
waste disposal, 44, 45
Hearing protection, 17
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Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, 33, 34, 75-76
Heat loads, 30, 31, 32, 33
Height, of enclosures, 25, 26-27
HEPA filters (high-efficiency particulate air filters), 33-34, 76
Herpesvirus simine,18, 59
Herpesvirus tamarinus, 59
Holidays, care during, 46
Horses, space requirements, 31, 38
Housing, 23, 117
factors in planning, 21-22
safety design, 15-16
see also Cages and caging;
Outdoor housing;
Primary enclosures;
Secondary enclosures;
Space requirements;
and specific animals
Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), 108-109
Human interaction, 38
Humidity and moisture, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 34, 75
Husbandry and management practices, 2, 38-46
for outdoor housing, 24-25
recommended readings, 92-93
see also Bedding;
Cleaning and sanitation;
Food and feeding;
Records and record-keeping;
Repair and maintenance
I
Identification of animals, 46, 57
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), 35
Illumination, 34-35, 76
Immunizanon, 18
Immunocompromised animals, 15, 44
Inbreeding, 47, 48
Incineration, 45
Infectious-disease studies, 18
Inspections, 9
Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR), 2, 13, 109
Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9-10, 11, 22
and housing design, 24, 26, 27
recommended readings, 82
and surgical procedures. 12, 61
Interagency Research Animal Committee, 116
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Live Animal Regulations , 57
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS), 109-110
Isolation, see Quarantine;
Separation and isolation
L
Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA), 110
Laboratory personnel
medical evaluation, 17-18
qualifications and training, 13-14, 117
recommended readings, 100-101
see also Occupational health and safety
Laundering services, 15
Light, 34-35, 76
Litter boxes, 26
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 60
M
Macaques, 18, 59
Macroenvironment, 22
Major survival surgery, 11-12, 61
Massachusetts Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA), 110
Medical examinations (personnel), 17-18
Metabolic processes, 22-23
Mice, 35, 58
diseases, 59, 60
housing requirements, 27, 32
Microenvironment, 22-23, 31
Modeling, see Computer modeling
Moisture, see Humidity and moisture
Monkeys, see Nonhuman primates
Mouse hepatitis virus, 59, 60
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, 59
N
National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR), 111
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 16, 18, 111
National Research Council (NRC). 14, 16, 18
Natural environments, 4, 22, 25
Neuromuscular blocking agents, 65
Nocturnal animals, 35
Noise, 17, 36, 73, 77
Nomenclature, 48
recommended readings, 91-92
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Nonhuman primates, 17, 36, 40
clinical records, 46, 47
diseases of, 18, 58, 59
housing requirements, 24-29 passim, 32, 37
imports, 57
recommended readings, 93-94
restraint, 11
Nontraditional species, see Exotic and wild species
Nutrition, see Food and feeding
O
Occupational health and safety, 5, 10, 14-18
recommended readings, 85-86
Odors, 32, 33, 34, 42, 44
Office for Protection from Research Risks, 111
Outbreeding, 47, 48
Outdoor housing, 24-25
acclimation, 25, 30
pest control, 45
water sources, 41
P
Pain, 64, 117
control, 2, 10, 12, 64-65, 117
and euthanasia, 10, 65, 66
procedures causing, 10-11, 65, 117
recommended readings, 83-85
Paralysis, 65, 117
Parasites, readings, 95
Particulate concentrations, 22, 33, 34
Pasteurella multocida,59
Pastures, 4, 24, 25, 38
Pathology, readings, 95
Pedigrees, 47
Pens, 23, 24, 42-43
Perches, 23, 24, 25, 36
Perishable foods, 39
Pest control, 45-46
Pets, 57
Pharmacology, recommended readings, 96-97
Photoperiod, 34, 35, 74
Photostressors, 34
Phototoxic retinopathy, 35
Physical activity, 37, 38
Physical hazards, 14, 15, 16
Physical restraint, 11
Physiologic function, 11-12, 22-23
Pigeons, 28
Pigmentation, 35
Pilot studies, 10
Policies, 2-3
recommended readings, 93
see also Animal care and use protocols
Ponies, 31
Postures and postural adjustments, 2, 11, 23, 25, 27
Poultry, 32
Power systems, 76
Primary enclosures, 22, 23-24
cleaning and sanitation, 42-44
dimensions and space allocation, 25-28
flooring, 24
furnishings, 23, 26, 36-37
temperature and humidity, 29
ventilation and airflow, 22, 24, 31-33
see also Cages and caging
Primate Information Center, 111
Primates, see Nonhuman primates
Primate Supply Information Clearinghouse (PSIC), 112
Procurement of animals, 57
Professional societies, 13, 102-112 passim
Protective clothing, 15, 17
Protocols, 8-11
Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 2, 8, 9, 10, 111, 116
housing guidelines, 26
on personnel qualifications, 13, 61
on safety, 14
on veterinary care, 13
Purina Mills, Inc., 112
Q
Quail, 28
Quarantines, 57, 58
see also Separation and isolation
R
Rabbits, 28, 32, 40, 43
diseases, 59
recommended readings, 97-98
Radiation, 14, 15, 45
Rats, 27, 32, 58
albinism and photoxicity, 35
diseases, 59, 60
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Records and record-keeping
clinical, 46-47
genetic management, 47-48
identification, 46
Recycled airflow, 33-34, 76
Regulations, 2-3, 8, 10, 57
recommended readings, 93
Regulatory Enforcement of Animal Care (REAC), 112-113
Removals from experiments, 10, 11, 12
Repair and maintenance, 23, 34
Reproduction, see Breeding and reproduction
Reptiles, recommended readings, 83
Respiratory protection, 17
Resting areas, 23, 25, 26, 36
Restraint, 11
Risk assessment, 14
Rodents, 36, 40, 43, 58
albinism and photoxicity, 35
diseases of, 59, 60
housing requirements, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32
inbreeding, 47
pathogen-free, 60
recommended readings, 97-98
surgery on, 63, 78
toe-clipping, 46
Runs, 23, 24, 42-43
S
Safety, see Occupational health and safety
Sanitation, see Cleaning and sanitation
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW), 112
Secondary enclosures, 22, 29, 44
doors and windows, 73-74
ventilation and airflow, 22, 31-33
see also Cages and caging
Security, 46, 73
Sedation and sedatives, 12, 65
Separation and isolation, 46, 58-59, 60, 72
Serial publications, 99-100
Sheep, 26, 30, 38
Shelf-life, of food, 39
Sheltered housing, 24
Shelves, 24, 36
Showers, 15, 17, 73
Sialodacryoadenitis virus, 59
Simian hemorrhagic fever, 59
Simian immunodeficiency virus, 59
Social groups and social interaction, 21-27, 37-38, 40
Solid-bottom flooring, 24, 43
Space requirements, 25-28, 30, 31, 32, 38
Stabilization, 57, 58
Sterilization
of cages and equipment, 24, 44
of food, 39
of hazardous wastes, 45
for surgery, 62
Storage facilities and containers, 72, 77
for food and bedding, 39-40, 41, 77
for waste, 45, 72, 77
Subclinical infections, 59, 60
Surgical procedures, 11-12, 60-64, 117
autoclaving, 62, 79
facilities, 62-63, 78-79
oversight, 56
postsurgical care, 63-64, 79
recommended readings, 83-85
Surveillance, 16, 18, 58, 59-60
Swine
diseases, 59
space requirements, 26, 30
T
Temperature, 22, 24, 28-34, 74, 75
Tetanus, 18
Tethering, 11
"3 R's" (replacement, reduction, and refinement), 108, 109
Timed lighting systems, 35, 76
Toe-clipping, 46
Training, see Animal training;
Education and training of personnel
Transgenic animals, 47-48
Transport of animals, 57
Traps, 46
Treatment and therapeutic procedures, 60
Tuberculosis, 18, 57
Tunnels, 36
U
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 112
Urine, 23, 43
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 57, 112-113, 114
