Great Ape Societies, W. McGrew, L.F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kurup, G.U., and A. Kumar. 1993. Time budget and activity patterns of the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus). Int. J. Primatol. 14:27-39.

Kuruville, G.P. 1980. Ecology of the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata Geoffroy) with special reference to feeding habits. J.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75:976-988.

Lahm, S.A. 1986. Diet and habitat preference of Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon: implications of foraging strategy. Am. J. Primatol. 11:9-26.

Lan, D.-Y. 1993. Feeding and vocal behaviours of black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in Yunnan: a preliminary study. Folia Primatol. 60:94-105.

Langer, P. 1988. The Mammalian Herbivore Stomach: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution. New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Lawes, M.J. 1991. Diet of samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis erythrarchus) in the Cape Vidal dune forest, South Africa. J. Zool. Lond. 224:149-173.

Lawes, M.J., S.P Henzi, and M.R. Perrin. 1990. Diet and feeding behavior of Samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis labiatus) in Ngoye Forest, South Africa. Folia Primatol. 54:57-69.

Lehner, P N. 1996. Handbook of Ethological Methods, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leighton, D.R. 1987. Gibbons: territoriality and monogamy. Pp. 135-145 in Primate Societies, B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T.T. Struhsaker, Eds. Chicago: University Chicago Press.

Leighton, M. 1993. Modeling dietary selectivity by Bornean orangutans: evidence for integration of multiple criteria in fruit selection. Int. J. Primatol. 14:257-313.

Lemos de Sa, R.M. 1988. Situao de uma populao de Mono Carvoeiro, Brachyteles arachnoides, em um fragmento de Mata Atlantica (M.G.) e implicaes para sua conservao . M.S. Dissertation. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, D.F.

Leutenegger, W., and J. Cheverud. 1982. Correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates, ecological and size variables. Int. J. Primatol. 3:387-403.

Li, Z. 1993. Time budgets of Presbytis leucocephalus. Acta Theriol. Sin. 12:7-13.

Lindburg, D.G. 1977. Feeding behaviour and diet of Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a Siwalik Forest in North India. Pp. 223-249 in Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys, and Apes, T.H. Clutton-Brock, Ed. London: Academic Press.

Lippold, L. 1995. Distribution and conservation status of douc langurs in Vietnam. Asian Primates 4:4-6.

Liu, Z, Y. Zhang, H. Jung, and C. Southwick. 1989. Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Am. J. Primatol. 19:247-254.

Long, Y. 1994. Time budget of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti). 15th Congress International Primatology Society Handbook and Abstracts. #282. Kuta, Bali, Indonesia.

Lopes, M.A., and S.F. Ferrari. 1994. Foraging behavior of a tamarin group (Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) and interactions with marmosets (Callithrix emiliae). Int. J. Primatol. 15:373-387.

Lucas, P.W., and R.T. Corlett. 1991. Relationship between the diet of Macaca fascicularis and forest phenology. Folia Primatol. 57:201-215.

Luna, M.L. 1987. Primate conservation in Peru: a case study of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey. Primate Conserv. 8:122-124.

MacKinnon, J. 1974. The behaviour and ecology of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Anim. Behav. 22:3-74.

MacKinnon, J.R., and K.S. MacKinnon. 1978. Comparative feeding ecology of six sympatric primates in West Malaysia. Pp. 305-321 in Recent Advances in Primatology, Vol. 1., D.J. Chivers and J. Herbert, Eds. London: Academic Press.

MacKinnon, J.R., and K.S. MacKinnon. 1980a. The behaviour of wild spectral tarsiers. Int. J. Primatol. 1:361-379.

MacKinnon, J.R., and K.S. MacKinnon. 1980b. Niche differentiation in a primate community. Pp. 167-190 in Malayan Forest Primates: Ten Years’ Study in Tropical Rain Forest, D.J. Chivers, Ed. New York: Plenum Press.

Maisels G., A. Gautier-Hion, and J.P. Gautier. 1994. Diets of two sympatric colobines in Zaire: more evidence on seed-eating in forests on poor soils. Int. J. Primatol. 15:681-703.

Malenky, R.K., and E.W. Stiles. 1991. Distribution of terrestrial herbaceous vegetation and its consumption by Pan paniscus in the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Am. J. Primatol. 23:153-169.

Malik, I. 1986. Time budgets and activity patterns in free ranging rhesus monkeys. Pp. 105-114 in Primate Ecology and Conservation, Vol. 2, J.G. Else and P.C. Lee, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Marsh, C.W. 1981. Diet choice among red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) on the Tana River, Kenya. Folia Primatol. 35:147-178.

Marsh, C. 1983. Food availability, diet and ranging behavior in Tana River red colobus, Colobus badius rufomitratus. In Perspectives in Primate Biology, P.K. Seth, Ed. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishing .

Martin, W.C.L. 1837. Notes on the anatomy of the proboscis monkey (Simias nasalis). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837:70-73.

Maruhashi, T. 1980. Feeding behavior and diet of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Primates 21:141-160.

Matsumoto-Oda, A., and Y. Hayashi. 1999. Nutritional aspects of fruit choice by chimpanzees. Folia Primatol. 70:154-162.

Masters, J.C., W.H.R. Lumsden, and D.A. Young. 1988. Reproduction and dietary parameters in wild greater galago populations. Int. J. Primatol. 9:573-592.

McGrew, W.C., P.J. Baldwin, and C.E.G. Tutin. 1981. Chimpanzees in a hot, dry, and open habitat: Mt. Assirik, Senegal, West Africa. J. Human Evol. 10:227-244.

McKey, D. 1978. Soils, vegetation and seed eating by black colobus monkeys. Pp. 423-437 in The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, G.G. Montgomery, Ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

McKey, D., and P.G. Waterman. 1982. Ranging behaviour of a group of black colobus (Colobus satanas) in the Douala-Edea Reserve, Cameroon. Folia Primatol. 39:264-304.

McKey, D.B., J.S. Gartlan, P.G. Waterman, and G.M. Choo. 1981. Food selection by black colobus monkeys (Colobus satanas)inrelationto plant chemistry. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16:115-116.

Mehlman, P.T. 1988. Food resources of the wild Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) in high altitude fir forest, Ghomaran Rif, Morocco. J. Zool. Lond. 214:469-490.

Mehlman, P.T. 1989. Comparative density, demography, and ranging behavior of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in marginal and prime conifer habitats. Int. J. Primatol. 10:269-293.

Meier, B., and R. Albignac. 1991. Rediscovery of Allocebus trichotis in northeast Madagascar. Folia Primatol. 56:57-63.

Meier, B., and Y. Rumpler. 1987. Preliminary survey of Hapalemur simus and of a new species of Hapalemur in eastern Betsileo, Madagascar. Primate Conserv. 8:40-43.

Menard, N., and D. Vallet. 1986. Le régime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans différents habitats d’Algérie: II. Regime en forȓt sempervirente et sur les sommets rocheux. La Terre et la Vie 41:173-192.

Mendes Pontes, A.R. 1997. Habitat partitioning among primates in Maraca Island, Roraima, Northern Brazilian Amazonia. Int. J. Primatol. 18:131-157.

Meyers, D.M., and P.C. Wright. 1993. Resource tracking: food availability and Propithecus seasonal reproduction. Pp. 179-192 in Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis, P.M. Kappeler and J.U. Ganzhorn, Eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Front Matter (R1-R20)

Overview (1-4)

1 Feeding Ecology, Digestive Strategies, and Implications for Feeding Programs in Captivity (5-40)

2 Energy (41-57)

3 Carbohydrates and Fiber (58-74)

4 Protein (75-86)

5 Fats and Fatty Acids (87-93)

6 Minerals (94-112)

7 Vitamins (113-149)

8 Water (150-158)

9 Pathophysiologic and Life-Stage Considerations (159-181)

10 Diet Formulation, Effects of Processing, Factors Affecting Intake, and Dietary Husbandry (182-190)

11 Nutrient Requirements (191-194)

12 Composition of Foods and Feed Ingredients (195-258)

13 Food as a Component of Environmental Enhancement (259-265)

Appendix (266-268)

About the Authors (269-272)

Index (273-286)