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OCR for page 408
Notes
This is a list of my main sources, published and otherwise. I have not in-
duded scientific publications by any of the women, however Here I also
acknowledge the many individuals who helped me with scientific and bio
graphical information and with editorial advice.
Reader's note Profiles of women scientists appear in the following books
for youmg people:
Joan Dash, Triumph of Discovery: Women Scienfisfs Who Won file Nobel Prize
Englewood CliEs:Julian Messner, 1991).
Diana C. Gleasner, Breakth7vagh, Women in Science (New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1979).
Louis Haber, Women Pioneers of Seduce (New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1979).
Beatrice S Levin, Women and Medicine (Metuchen, NJ.: Scarecrow Press,
Iris Noble, Contemporary Women Scientists of ~ Imerica (New York :Julian Messner,
1979).
Olga Opfell, The Lady Laureates (Metuchen, NJ.: Scarecrow Press, 1976,
Barbara Shiels, Women and the Nobel Prue (Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1985).
Edna Yost, Women of Modern Science New York: Dodd, Mead, 1959).
Dedication
Biologist Viktor Hamburger, close Fiend of Gerty Cori and Levi-
Montalcini, wrote "Hilde Mangold, Co-Discoverer of the Organizer,"
Journal of the History of Biology 17 (1984 Spring: 1-11.
1. A Passion For Discovery
This section of the book is based on help received Irom Mildred S.
Dresselhaus, Frances F. Ekern, James Hamilton, Christine V Hampton,
Jean Johnson, Robert Loeb, Diana I. Marinez, Marsha Matyas, Lucreha
McClure, Margaret W. Rossiter, and Eileen van Tassell. The idea for this
book was suggested by a 1988 calendar prepared by the Detroit Area Chap
ter of the Association for Women in Science.
408
OCR for page 409
Notes
The single most important book about women in science is:
Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America, Sfrugr';les and Strategies to
1940 (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).
409
Other published sources include:
Sandra Harding, The Science Qyeshon in Feminism (Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1986).
Harriet Zuckerman, ScienEf c Elite, Nobel Laureates in file United Sfafes (New
York: Macmillan, 1977).
2. Mane Sklodowska Curie
This chapter is based on interviews with Eve Curie Labouisse; Monique
Bordry; Helene Langevin-Joliot; PierreJoliot; and Daniel Grinberg.
Among published sources are the following:
Peter Craig, "The Light and Brilliancy of Marie Curie," New ScienEsf, July
26, 1984.
Elisabeth Crawford, The Beginnings of the Nobel Insfifufion, file Science Prries
1901-1915 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Crawford's study of Nobel documents revealed Pierre's insistence that
his wife share the Nobel Prize and the reason for Marie's second
Nobel.
Eve Curie, Madame Curie New York: Doubleday, 1937) is the classic biogra-
phy by Marie's daughter and the source for excerpts from Marie
Curie's diary after Pierre's death.
Marie Curie, Pierre Curie New York: Macmillan, 1923). I am particularly
indebted to Marie Curie's brief autobiography published in this vol-
ume. Missy Meloney's story of their first meeting appears in the intro
duction to the same volume. Other firsthand accoumts by Marie Curie
appear in letters that she and her daughter Irene Joliot-Curie ex-
changed: Correspamdance, Choir de rehires, 1905-1934 Paris: Les Editeurs
FrancaisReumis, 1974); her 1911 'Nobel Lecture, in NobelLectures 1901-
1922 (New York: Elsevier, 1966); and her account of her World War I
experiences, La Radiologie en la Guerre (Paris: 1921). The French transla-
tions are mine.
Pierre Curie, "Nobel Lecture 1903," in Nobel Lectures 1901-1921, vol. 3
(New York: Elsevier, 1967).
Norman Davies, Heart of E/rope: ~ Short Mastery of Poland (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1984). Contains the Positivist poem
Francoise Giroud, Marie Curie, -I Life New York: Holmes 8c Meier, 1986).
EeneJoliot-Curie, "Marie Curie, Ma Mere," Europe, Reu#e Lifferaire Mens#elle,
(1954): 89-121; and "La Are et L'Oeuvre de Marie Sklodowska-Cu-
rie," La Pensee, n.s., 58 (1954): 19-30. Two lengthy articles aboutJoliot-
Curie's mother
OCR for page 410
410
NOTES
Andre Langevin, Paul Langeuin, Mon Pere (Paris: Les Editeurs Francais
Reunis, 1971).
Camille Marbo, Souvenirs et Renconfres (Paris: Ed. Grasset, 1968), in which
Marguerite Borel, writing under her pen name, told about the
Langevin affair.
L,oeDDre and L'lnfransigeance in November 1911, Parisian newspapers re-
coumting the Langevin scandal.
Rosalynd Pilaum, Grand Obsession: Madame Curie and Her World New York:
Doubleday 1989).
Robert Reid, Marie Curie New York: E. P. Dutton, 1974). This is the au-
thoritative biography and includes the most extensive accoumt of the
Langevin affair.
Elizabeth Rona, How if Came Bout Radioachuify, Nuclear Physics, ~Ifanic Energy
(Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge Associated University, June 1978).
Physicist Rona describes the atmosphere in the Curie laboratory.
Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scienfists in America, Struggles and Sfrafegies to
1940 Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982). Rossiter dis-
cusses the Curie tours of America.
Emilio Segre, Iron X-Rays to Ouarhs, Modern Physicists and ~heirLliscouenes (San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980).
Spencer Weart, Scientists in Power (Harvard University Press: Cambridge
1979) discusses the politics of the Curie circle.
David W,lson, Rutherford: Simple Genius (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983).
3. Lise Meitner
This chapter is based on interviews with Gumter Herrmann, Peter A. Brix,
Ruth L. Sime, and Wolfgang Paul.
I also thank for their help Hans Bethe, Kerstin Borysowicz, Ulla Frisch,
Ikuko Hamamoto, Edwin N. Hiebert, Barbara Jaeckel, Charlotte Kerner,
Charlotte Keyes, Paul Kienle, Shubrick Kothe, David Marwell, Evelies
Mayer, Wa Nothhacksberger, Rudolf Peierls, Gumter Siegert, and Chien-
Shiumg Wu.
I am particularly indebted to Ruth L. Sime's articles (see below) for
accoumts of the discovery of protactinium, Meitner's escape Eom GermanY
and her relationship with Otto Hahn after World War II. Sime, who is pre-
paring a biography of Meitner, is also the source for Meitner's doubts and
Hahn's certainty about their early incorrect results regarding fission;
Strassmann's remark that Meitner was the team's intellectual leader; Hahn's
postwar press release; Meitner's comment about Hahn's suppressing the
past; and Meitner's description of herself as a "wind-up doll "
Especially useFd publications include the following:
Peter Brix, "The Discovery of Uranium F~ssion: Its Intricate History and
Far-Reaching Consequences," Inferdirciplimary Science Reuiews 15 (1990):
4. A helpful description of the fission search.
Sigvard Eklumd, "Lise Meitner och Otto Robert Frisch," unpublished
OCR for page 411
Notes
411
speech, April 13, 1989, tells about his friend Meitner's hiding behind
furniture during chemistry lectures; about her "lost years"; and about
her conviction that remaining in Berlin had supported Hitlerisnz. I am
indebted to Kerstin Borysowicz for translating from the Swedish.
Renate Feyl, Der lautlose ~z~fbach Frauen in der Wissensclzaff (Berlin:
Luchterhand, 1983).
James Franck, taped interviews,July 9-11, 1962, Oral History Interviews,
Archive for the History of Quantum Physics, American Philosophical
Society Library, Philadelphia.
Otto Robert Frisch, Meitner's physicist nephew, wrote extensively about his
punt. He told the stories of the iridescent puddle; her siblings' teasing;
her reply to questions about marriage; the Hertz alcohol story; and
her fateful New Year's visit. Frisch also provided the translation of
Hahn-Strassmamn's fission publication. Frisch's publications about
Meitner include Working Pith Firms New York: Basic Books, 1965);
"Lise Meitner," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal So iety of London,
vol. 16 London: Royal Society of London, 1970-1971); CLise Meitner,
Nuclear Pioneer," New Scientist, Nov. 9, 1978; What Little I Remember
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); and "The Discovery
of Fission " Physics Today 43 (Nov 1967).
Hans G. Graetzer and David L. Anderson, He Discovery of Nuclear Fission:
Do cometary History New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971).
Otto Hahn, ~ Scialtiti c ~4ufaf;iography, trans. by Willy Ley New York:
Scribner's Sons, 1966); and Otto Hahn: My Lfe New York: Herder and
Herder, 1970). My ye tells about his formal relationship with Meitner;
her shopping with Mrs. Rutherford; his worry that she endangered the
institute.
Gimter Herrmann, "Five Decades Ago: From the 'Transuranics' to Nuclear
Fission," Alngeaandte Chemie, International Edition in English 29 (May
5, 1990): 481-508. This is an authoritative accoumt of the fission ex-
periment by a former student of Fritz Strassnzann. Herrmann also dis-
cusses Ida Noddack's contribution.
Charlotte Kerner, Lise ~fomphysikerin Weinheim: Beltz 8c Gelberg, 1986).
This biography in German, relates Meitner's reaction to Christmas
shopping with Mrs. Rutherford.
Paul Kienle, CLise Meitner: An der Wege der Kernphysik" Lue hlatsqer:
~4ussfellung hber Leben und Werh einer ~ernphysikenn (Darmstadt:
Gesellschaft fizr Schwerionenforschumg mbH 1988). Hahn's Dec. 19,
1938, letter and Meitner's reply appear here. Hahn's letter also appears
in Herrmann (see above). George F. Bertsch provided translations.
Fritz Krafft, Im Schatten der Sensatiim: Leben and Wrrken Dam Fri~z Strassmann
Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, 1981). KrafEt's authoritative biography
contains much information about Meitner, including the story about
Strassmann's late-night experiment; the Hahn-Meitner argument about
her endangering the institute; her complaint that Hahn lost no sleep
over the Nazis; the government minister's refusal to let Meitner leave
Germany; and her dismay at being called Hahn's assistant.
Evelies Mayer, "Lise Meitner: Ein Leben im doppelten Exil," Lise Meitrer:
OCR for page 412
412
NOTES
Alussfellung Wer Leben and Werk einer Kernpliysikerin (Darmstadt:
Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschumg mbH, 1988). Mayer includes
Meitner's angrushed letter to Hahn, written after the concentration
camps were publicized. The translation is by George F. Bertsch.
Lise Meitner, "Looking Back," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November 1964:
2-7; "The Status of Women in the Professions," Physics Monday, 13 (Au-
gust 1960): 17-21. In the first, Meitner talks about her adolescent
dream for a full life; Boltzmann's classroom; her interviews with
Planck; her first meetings with Einstein, Bohr, and Rutherford; the big-
wig-free dinner; the joy of friendship; Fischer's assistants' greeting only
Hahn; her enthusiasm for Plaslck and for Berlin's colloquia; the Nazi-
era atmosphere of cooperation in her laboratory; and other stories. In
the second, Meitner names the books that opposed educating women
in her youth.
Lise Meitner, Taped Oral History interview, 1963, American Institute of
Physics, New York
David Nachmansohn, German-./ea~uh Pioneers in Science, 1900-1933 New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1979).
Robert Olby, Path to the Double Helix (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1974) describes Delbruck's informal, Nazi-era seminars.
Rudolf Peierls, Bird of Passage Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).
Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon 8c
Schuster, 1986).
Patricia Rife, Lue Matner: IN Leben fur die Wusenrchaft, a German-language
biography by an American. It provided Meitner's remark about her
inability to do research in Sweden.
Rockefeller Foumdation Archives, Record Group 1.1, Series 713D, Box 5,
Folder 57. These documents tell about Meitner's agreement to stay in
Berlin after 1935 at Planck's request.
Saturday Evening Post, "Interview With Lise Meitner," Jan. 5, 1946.
Ruth L. Sime, CLise Meitner's Escape from Germany," chimerical .4550 suction of
Physics Backers 58 (3) (March 1990): 262-67; Tad International Con-
gress on the History of Science, Munich, Aug. 7, 1989; CLise Meitner
and the Discovery of Fission," journal of Chemical Education 66 (5) (May
1989): 273-376; "The Discovery of Protactinium, ~ Journal of Chemical
Education 63 (August 1986): 653-57; "Belated Recognition: Lise
Meitner's Role in the Discovery of Fission," Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry 142 (1) (1990): 13-26.
Sadie A. Watkins, CLise Meitner and the Beta-Ray Energy Controversy: An
Historical Perspective," American .4550 siphon of Physics Ma hers Qume 1983);
and "The Making of a Physicist," The Physics teacher Jan. 1984), pp.
12-15. In the latter, Watkins tells about Planck's responses to the poll
on education for women.
David Wilson, Ratherfard: Simple Genius (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983).
Wilson tells about Christmas shopping with Mrs. Rutherford.
C. S. Wu, "History of Beta Decay," Beifrage par Physik and Chemie des 20.
.fahrhunderts (Braumschweig: Verlag Viewed .
OCR for page 413
Notes
4. Emmy Noether
413
This chapter is based on interviews with Elizabeth Monroe Boggs, Clark
Kimberling, Ruth Stouffer McKee, Emiliana Pasca Noether, Herman
Noether, Richard E. Phillips, Martha K. Smith, and Olga Taussky-Todd,
and on correspondence with Auguste Dick. I am indebted to Hartmut
Schulz for translations from German.
I would also like to thank for their assistance: J. 50utherlauld Frame,
Hanna Lifson, Caroline Rittenhouse, Paul R. Sweet, Robert C. Ward, and
J. Werner.
Important published sources are:
"Anna Pell Wheeler," Bryn Man r ~llamnae Balletm, Summer 1966.
Alan D. Beyerchen, Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Cammanity im
file Third Reich New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
P. S. Alexandrof, "In Memory of Emmy Noether," in Brewer and Smith (see
below).
James W. Brewer and Martha K. Smith, eds., Emmy Noether, ~ tribute to Her
Life and Work (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981). This contains
Hermann Weyl's famous eulogy of Noether, induding his description
of her as "warm" bread. It is also the source for Clark Kimberling's
biography S. Mac Lane's remark, and Taussky-Todd's reminiscences.
Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann, The Second Creafum, Makers of the
Rewfufion in rDoenheth-Century Physics New York: Macmillan, 1986). Dis-
cussion of Noether's theorem
Hans Joachim Dahms, Cornelia Weger, eds., Die Unwersitat Gofhngen enter
dam ~atumalsoriafLsmus (Munich: KG Saur, 1987). For university docu-
ments.
Auguste Dick, Emmy Noether, 1882-1935, trans. by H. I. Blocher Boston:
Birkhauser, 1981). The groumdbreaking biography of Noether, based
on Dick's interviews with Noether's associates. It includes Hermann
Weyl's eulogy, as well as Noether's characterization other thesis; Hil-
bert and Klein's comments about Noether's relativity work; Hilbert's
bathhouse comment and course catalogue; the ministry's definition of
her lowly legal position; Noether's comment about her hypercomplex
number class; descriptions of her teaching style; Noether's letter to
Hasse; and her characterization of Princeton University.
Richard J. Evans, The Femimist Movement in Germany 1894-1933 London:
Sage, 1976); and Comrades and Suters: Femimism, Sociafism and Pacytism in
Europe 1870-1945 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987). For back-
groumd regarding the position olwomen in GermanY
Walter Feit, "Richard D. Brauer," Ballelm of the ~Imerican Mathemadcal Sociefy
n.s. 1 Jan. 1979): 1-38.
James Franck taped interviewsJuly 9-11, 1962, Oral History Interviews,
Archive for the History of Quantum Physics, American Philosophical
Society LibrarY Philadelphia. This contains Hilbert's bathhouse storY
Louise S. Grinstein, "AnnaJohnson Pell Wheeler," Association of Women
in Mathematics Newsletter 1978.
OCR for page 414
414
NOTES
Clark Kimberling, "Emmy Noether," inJaunes W. Brewer and Martha K.
Smith, eds., Emmy Noether, -I 7r~ibak to Her Lye and Mark New York:
Marcel Dekker, 1981). Other articles are "Emmy Noether," American
Mathematical Monthly 79 (1972): 136-49, and "Emmy Noether,' The
Mathematics leacher (March 1982), pp. 246-49. Kimberling offers the
most extensive English-language accounts of Noether's Ike. I am in-
debted to him for the story about Ernst Watt; Noether's characteriza-
tion of her doctoral thesis; Noether's "pig-in-the-poke" remark; her
swimming; the Natasha Artin story; and Noether's remark about her
happiness in the United States.
David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish Pioneers m Science, 1900-1933 (New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1979).
Emmy Noether, Gesammelfe~lbhandl2~ngen (Collected Papers), ed. Nathan
Jacobson (New York: Springer Verlag, 1983).
Emmy Noether, Gesammelte ~Ibhandlangen (Collected Papers), edited by
NathanJacobson. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983).
Gottfried E. Noether, "Emmy Noether," in Women of Mathemafics,
Biobibliographic Sourcebooh, eds. Louise S. Grinstein and PaulJ. Campbell
(New York: Greenwood Press, 1987).
Lynn M. Osen, Women in Mathematics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974).
Constance Reid, Hilferf and Courant in Goffingrn and New York New York:
Springer, 1970, 1976). Reid's biography of Hilbert is the source for sev-
eral Noether stories, including the faculty discussion of her promotion
and Hilbert's bathhouse rejoinder; Hilbert's "zero" remark and re-
sponse to the education minister; Noether's "another foreigner" com-
ment, and the Noether Guard uniform. Reid's Courant biography
contains the account of Weber's boycott.
Fritz K. Ringer, He L)echne of the Gernu/n Mandarms: The German Academic Com-
manify 1890-1933 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969). For
the position of university professors in German society.
Rockefeller Foundation Collection: Record Group 1.1, Series 200; Box 128,
folder 1580. For letters of reference from Lefschetz, Wiener, and
Birkhoff and the attempt to find her jobs.
S. L. Segal, "Helmut Hasse in 1934," Hisfaria Mathemafica 7 (1980): 46-56.
For his relationship to the Nazi party.
Bhauna Srinivasan andJudith Sally, eds., Emmy Noether in B7yn Mawr (New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1983). Reports presented at a symposium held
at Bryn Mawr to honor Noether.
Olga Taussky-Todd, in hlafhemaficaf People: Profi les and Interviews, eds. Donald
J. Albers and G. L. Alexanderson Boston: Birkhauser, 1985). Other
memories appear in Brewer and Smith's book (see above).
Von Cordula Tollmien, "Emmy Noether 1882-1935," Goffingrn fahrf;uch 38
(1990): 153-219. A lengthy and authoritative biographY It is the
source of stories about the 1915 faculty debate before Noether gave
her Habilitation; Frankfurt's job offer; the intercession of Einstein and
Klein in 1918-1919; and Einstein's full comment to Hilbert about
Noether's paper on invariant forms. I am indebted to Hartmut Schulz
for translations.
Hermann Weyl, "Emma Noether," appears in Dick (see above).
OCR for page 415
Notes
5. Gerty Radnitz Con
415
This chapter is based on interviews with Barbara IlLngworth Brown, David
Brown, Mildred Cohn, Ann Fitz-Gerald Jones Cori, Marvin Cornblath,
William Daughaday, Luis Glaser, Viktor Hamburger, David M. Kipnis,
Arthur Kornberg, Edwin G. Krebs, Joseph Larner, Neil Madsen, Charles
Rollo Park Jane H. Park, and Sidney Velick I am indebted to Viktor Ham-
burger and Ann Fitz-GeraldJones Cori for information about Gerty Cori's
religious background.
I am also grateFd for help from Paul G. Anderson, Hugh Blaschko,
Philip Randle, and Susan Killenberg. I am particularly gratefill toJoseph
Larner, who permitted me to read his Biographical Memoir of Gerty Cori be
fore publication by the National Academy of Sciences.
For additional reading, see:
Carl Cori, "The Call of Science," Ritual Renew of Biochemistry 38 (1969): 1-
19. This autobiographical essay is the source for the opening story
about his job offs. (which his widow Ann Fitz-GeraldJones Cori iden-
tffied as the University of Rochester) The essay also contains his de-
scription of Gerty as a student; the cancer director's intravenous cancer
cure; working with Gerty; his anatomy examination at St. Louis; the
limitations of working with laboratory animals; and the excitement of
biochemistry.
Gerty Cori, "This I Believe," ed. Edward R. Murrow, Columbia Records;
"Some Thoughts on Science and Society," Society of Sigma Xi panel
discussion, October 1954; and "Biochemistry the Science of Life Pro
cesses," speech, Smith College, umdated. All courtesy of the Cori Pa-
pers, Archives, Washington University School of Medicine. The
Columbia Record includes her statements about art and science as "the
glories of the human mind" and about the benefits of a European edu-
cation, as well as the closing quotation. Her Sigma Xi talk includes the
comment about salaries and prestige associated with basic research.
Herman M. Kalckar, "The Isolation of Cori-ester," in Selected Topics in the
History of Biochemistry: Persomal Recollections (Comprehenswe Biochemistry) 35
(1983) all G. Semenza; and "Gerty 1' Cori," Science 126 July 4, 1958):
16.
Arthur Kornberg, Far file Lore of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist (Cam-
bridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).
Joseph Larner and Carlos Villar-Palasi, "Commentary," Biochimica et
Biophysica dicta 1000 (1989): 311-13.
Severo Ochoa, "Gerty T. Cori, Biochemist," Science 126 July 4, 1958): 16.
Olga Opfell, The Lady Laureates (Metuchen, NJ.: Scarecrow Press, 1976,
1986). This contains Gerty Cori's comments about her high school
examination and the state of United States biochemistry and Carl
Con's Nobel remarks.
Philip Randle, "Carl Ferdinand Cori," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society 32 (1986): 67-95.
OCR for page 416
416
NOTES
Rockefeller Foumdation Archives, Record Group 1.1, Series 228, Box 4,
Folder 48. The documents include Gerty Cori's reason for abandon-
ing animal research and her revised report to the foundation.
6. lreneJoliot-Cune
This chapter is based in part on interviews with Helene Langevin-Joliot,
PierreJoliot, Eve Curie Labouisse, and Monique Bordry
Important published sources indude:
Pierre Biquard, Frederic ~Joliot-Carie, He Man and HE Wearies London: Sou-
venir Press, 1965) containsJoliot's description This wife.
P. M. S. Blackett, 'Jean FredericJoliot," Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of
the Royal Society (of London) London: Royal Society, 1960).
James Chadwick, "Some Personal Notes on the Search for the Neutron,"
Proceedings, 10th Internahonal Congress of file History of Science, New Ah 1962
Paris: Herlllallll, 1964).
Eugenic Cotton, Les Caries Paris: Seghers 1963). For childhood stories
about Eene's shyness and her reaction to dinosaurs and art.
Marie Curie, Crrrespordance, Choir de Leffres, 1905-1934 (Paris: Les Editeurs
Francais Reunis, 1974). Most published sources about Irene and
FredericJoliot-Curie concentrate on Frederic, so I have quoted exten-
sively from the letters in this volume. The French translations are
mine.LaRadiologieetlaGaerre Paris:1921)andPierreCarie New York:
Macmillan, 1923) contain, respectively, her version of World War I
and her comparison of her two daughters.
Bertrand Goldschmidt, Pionniers de LAfome (Paris: Stock, 1987).
Maurice Goldsmith's Frederic Joliof-C2urie, ~ Biography (London: Lawrence
and Wishart, 1976).
EeneJoliot-Curie, "Marie Curie, Ma Mere," Europe, Reraae Lifferaare Mensuelle
(1954): 89-121. In this lengthy artide,Joliot relates her World War I
experiences; views on religion, books, childbearing and her parents;
and Marie Curie's attitude toward FredericJoliot-Curie. The transla-
tion is mine.
Irene and FredericJoliot-Curie, Nobel Lerfures 1922-41 New York: Elsevier,
1966).
Lew Kowarski, taped interview, October 1969, Niels Bohr Library, Amen-
can Institute of Physics, New York. Kowarski uses the Italian word
coglume to describe Irene's use of the French word fesficule, best trans-
lated into English vernacular today as asshole.
Noelle Loriot, Irene ~Jofiot-Carie Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1991). This
authoritative biography in French contains stories about Irene as gov-
ernment minister. Translations are mine.
Camille Marbo, Souvenirs et Renamfres Paris: Grasset, 1968) for accounts of
Joliot-Curie's childhood shyness and the Langevin affair.
Newsweeh March 29, 1948.Joliot-Curie vilified by the American press.
Rosalynd Pilaum, Grand Obsession: Madame Curie and Her World (New York:
OCR for page 417
Notes
417
Doubleday 1989) is about theJoliot-Curies as well as Marie Curie. It
is the source for several of Frederic's remarks about his marriage and
his wife's remarks about working women's rights.
Angele Pompei, "IreneJoliot-Curie," Europe (May 1961), pp. 230-41.
Robert Reid, Marie Curie New York: E. P. Dutton, 1974) is useful for Irene's
childhood and upbringing. He tells about how Marie Curie informed
Irene of her father's death and about Eene's post-doctoral press inter-
view. Reid also gives the fullest accoumt of the Langevin scandal.
Margaret W. Rossiter's Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to
1940 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982) discusses
Curie's American tours.
dime, Mar. 29, p. 28, and Apr. 17, 1950. Examples of howJoliot-Curie was
treated by the American press after World War II.
Spencer R. Weart, "Scientists in Power: France and the Origins of Nuclear
Energy, 1900-1950," Bullehn of file Atomic Scientists March 1979; and Sci-
enEsts in Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979). For the
political activities of the Joliot-Curies, their campaign to increase
French fumding for science, and Frederic's protestations of affection for
his wife.
7. Barbara M;cClintock
This chapter is based on interviews with Barbara McClintock Ernest Abbe,
Lucy Boothroyd Abbe, Bruce M. Alberts, Gneslter Albrecht-Buehler,
Charles Burnham Harriet Creighton, Helen Grouse, Nina V. Fedoroff, Bar-
bara Sears, James A. Shapiro, and Evelyn Wltkin.
I also want to thank for their help Marjorie Bhavnani, Susan Cooper,
Judith R. Goodsteisl, and Howard Green.
Important publications include:
Jeremy Cherfas and Steve Comnor, "How Restless DNA Was Tamed," New
Scientist, Oct. 13, 1983.
Stanley N. Cohen andJames A. Shapiro, "Transposable Genetic Elements,"
ScienEf c Amurican 242 (Feb. 1980): 40-49.
Nina V. Fedoroff, "The Restless Gene," The Sciences 31 Jan. 1991): 22-27
"Transposable Genetic Elements in Maize," Scienhf c chimerical 250 Jume
1984): 84-98.
Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein, ed., The L)ynamic Genomes: Barbara
McClmtock s ideas m the Century of Genetics (Plainview, NY.: Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, 1992). This festschrift, prepared for
McClintock's ninetieth birthday by her friends, contains the flood
story and Sturtevant's remark.
Evelyn Fox Keller, -I Feelimgiar the Organism: Clue Lfe and Work of Barbara
.l~lcClinfoch (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1983). Keller is the source
for Rhoades's remark about McClintock's brilliance; McClintock's
comment about getting down into the cell; her letter about discrirnina-
tion; and the insults of two biologists.
OCR for page 418
418
NOTES
E. L. Konigsburg, "Barbara McClintock Retrospective," The Nobel Pnze ~lr-
rual 1988, pp. 15-27.
Gina Maranto, "At Long Last," Discover, December 1983, pp. 26-32.
Barbara McClintock, "The Significance of Responses of the Genome to
Challenge," S~ence226 (Nov. 16, 1984): 792-801; "ExpandingOppor-
tunities for Women in Science," American Association of University
Women Achievement Award speech, 1947; "Chromosome Organiza-
tion and Genic Expression," Cold Spring Harbor Symposia or Quantitative
Biology, 1951; "Introduction," The Discovery and Charackruatior of 7r~ars-
posable Elements: The Collected Papers of Barbara .)l~lcClmtock New York:
Garland Press, 1987), vii-xi; and "Remarks at a Press Conference,"
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Oct. 10, 1983. McClintock discussed
the importance of fellowships and growing opportunities for women
with the AAUW and the significance of chromosome repairs in her
Nobel speech. Her prophesy that transposans had wide implications
appeared in Cold Spring Harbor reports.
Thomas Hunt Morgan, "Chromosomes and Heredity," American Naturalist
44 (Aug. 19, 1910): 496fE.
Nea Scientist, Oct. 13, 1983, for Shapiro's praise of the experiment wide
Creighton.
Newsday, Oct. 11, 1983, contains Baltimore's observation.
Rockefeller Foumdation Archives, Record Group 1.1, Series 200, Box 136,
Folder 1679, and Record Group 1.1, Series 205, Folder 72, for
Weaver's characterization of the Cornell botany department and
Morgan's appraisal of McClintock's work and resentment.
Barbara Shiels, Women and file Nobel Prue (Minneapolis: Dillon Press, 1985),
for McClintock's Statue of Liberty remark
Jamie Talan, "Organisms 'Speak' for Nobel Winner," Near York Anus, Long
Island edition, Oct. 16, 1985.
Wmffred Veronda, 'James Bonner Recalls," Called Nears, Feb. 18, 1984, p
John Noble WSlford, "A Brilliant Loner in Love with Genetics," JVeDo York
Ames, Oct. 11, 1983.
8. Maria Goeppert Mayer
This chapter is based on interviews with Elizabeth Urey Barenger, Hans
Bethe,Jacob Bigeleisen, Robert G. Sachs, Hans Suess, V~ktor F. Weisskopf,
and Marianne Mayer Wentzel.
I also want to thank for their help Marie B. Kuhn, Martin Levitt,James
Stimpert, the Maryland Department of the Enoch Pratt Free Library, and
Hartmut Schulz for German translations.
Significant publications include:
Elizabeth Urey Baranger, "The Present Status of the Nuclear Shell Model,"
Physics Adam 26 Jume 1973): 34-42. By the physicist daughter of two of
Mayer's close friends.
OCR for page 419
Notes
419
Max Born, Selections from Reaollechons. American Philosophical Society Li-
brarY Philadelphia, Pa. This is the source of Born's accounts about
Mayer's university years, her explanation of why she switched from
mathematics to physics, and her descriptions of Gbttingen's exciting
atmosphere.
Joan Dash, -I Life of One's Own: three Galled Women and the Men They Blamed
New York: Harper 8c Row, 1973). Based on interviews with Mayer
and letters, this book contains a lengthy chapter about Mayer. It is the
source for the opening paragraph of my chapter and for Mayer's re-
marks about associating only with men; gaining her independence
fromJoe; the onion shell model;Jensen's eyeglass prescription; and for
much of our knowledge of Mayer.
Laura Fermi, .Ifums in file Family (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1954).
James Franck, transcript of taped interview with Maria Goeppert Mayer,
1962, "Sources for the History of Quantum Physics," American Philo
sophical Society. Here she tells stories about her high school examina-
tion, Hilbert's anemia and lecture invitation, Ehrenfest's house, why
she switched from mathematics to physics, and her descriptions of
Gottingen's exciting atmosphere..
Mary Harrington Hall, "Maria Mayer: The Marie Curie of the Atom,"
McCall s 91 July 1964): 38+; and "The Nobel Genius," San L)iego Maga-
zinc (August 1964), pp. 64ft. The San Diego article is a fuller version of
McCall's. They contain Mayer quotations about her social status in
Gbttingen; visiting Ehrenfest; cooking Christmas dinner; guilt about
leaving her children; sensing resentment; Joe's firing; opera with
Teller; fling systems; kaffeeklatsches; Sarah Lawrence interview; tell-
ingJoe everything; not contributing to the bomb; not rushing her
friends; the Swedish palace; and her love of doing physics. Also, an
American's confession that "everyone" loved her.
HansJensen letters to Maria Goeppert Mayer, University of California, San
Diego Mandeville Department of Special Collections, Mss. 20, Box 1,
Folder 16-29. Especially letters datedJume 14, 1952; February 1953;
July 8, 1953; and March 15, 1961. I am indebted to Hastsmlt Schulz
for translations.
Karen E.Johnson, "Maria Goeppert Mayer: Atoms, Molecules and Nuclear
Shells," Physics 7'day 3 9 (Sept. 1 986): 44-49; and Ph.D. Thesis, Univer-
sity of Minnesota. The former contains Mayer's characterization of
Sarah Lawrence as "rather swell."
Correspondence and notes regardingJoseph Mayer's firing, Record Group
02.001, Records of the Office of the President, series 1, file numbers
47 (Physics Department) and 48 (Chemistry Department); Karl
Herrfeld correspondence Record Group 02.001, series 1, file 47 Phys-
ics Department). Ferdinand Hamburger Jr., Archives, The Johns
Hopkins University
Maria Goeppert Mayer, "The Shell Model," Science, Sept. 1964: 999-1006;
"The Structure of the Nucleus," Scientific Amerimn, Dec. 1948; "Chang-
ing Status of Women as Seen by a Scientist," manuscript of speech to
OCR for page 420
420
NOTES
Japanese women, Tokyo, in University of California at San Diego,
Mandeville Dept. of Special Collections. Mss. 20, Box 5, Folder 11.
Mayer's comments about her parents' expectation that she would earn
her own living, the emotional strain on working mothers, universities'
refusal to pay Depression-era wives, and working for fim and insur-
ance are in the Tokyo speech. In the Science article, which is her Nobel
lecture, she calls her Columbia research "nice, dean physics" and de-
scribes Fermi's contribution to the shell model and her excitement af-
terwards. Her Scienhfc American article lists the "mysteries of nuclear
physics "
Joseph Mayer, "My Wffe's Secret," University of California at San Diego,
Mandeville Dept. of Special Collections. This containsJoseph Mayer's
stories about meeting and dating Mayer.
Julia B. Morgan, Women at fLe Johns Hophirs University (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University, 1986).
Robert G. Sachs, "Maria Goeppert Mayer," Biographical Memoirs of the Na-
tumal Academy of Sciences 50 (1979): 31 111; "Maria Goeppert Mayer, Two
Fold Pioneer," Physics Adam, Feb. 1982; and "Maria Goeppert Mayer"
Remembering the UriDersity of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1992). in the last, Sachs tells about hiring Mayer.
Science Digest, February 1964, pp. 30-36.
Eugene Wlgner's comment about the excitement of nuclear physics during
the 1930s comes from Nuclear Physics in Retrospect, Proceedirqgs of a Sympo-
slum am the 1930s, elf. Roger H Stuewer (Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1979).
Edward Teller letters in the University of California, San Diego, Mandeville
Department of Special Collections. Mss. 20, Box 3, Folder 1-16.
Sane B. Treiman, "On Physics Graduate Students," Americar.fournal of Physics
53 (Sept. 1985): 817-18.
Hans A. Weidenmiiller, "Why the Shell Model Came as a Surprise," Unclear
Physics A507 (1990): 5c-14c.
Vlktor F. Weisskopf, RriDilege of Being a Physicist (New York: W. H. Freeman,
1989).
Harriet Zuckerman, Scientific Elite, Nobel Lanreafes in file United Sfafes New
York: Macmillan, 1977). Mayer says she was dismayed byJensen's pa-
peL
9. Rita Levi-Montalani
This chapter is based on interviews with Rita Levi-Montalcini, Luigi Aloe,
Ruth Hogue Angeletti, Ralph A. Bradshaw, Stanley Cohen, Renato
Dulbecco, Lloyd A. Greene, V~ktor Hamburger, Ronald Oppenheim Row
ert R. Provine, and Dale Purves.
I would also like to thank for their help Ruth Ann Bertsch, Mamar
Blosser, Verena Brink, and Mildred Cohn.
OCR for page 421
Notes
Other, published sources include:
Rita Levi-Montalcini, In Praise of Imperfechan: My ye and Work, transl. Luigi
Attardi New York: Basic Books, 1988); "The Nerve Growth Factor
Thirty-FIve Years Later," Science 237 (Sept. 4, 1987): 1154-62; "NGF:
An Uncharted Course," in He Neurosciences: Paths of L)isa'Dery, Frederic
G. Worden, Judith P. Swazey, George Adelman, eds. (Cambridge:
MIT Press, 1975); "Redections on a Scientific Adventure," in Women
Scientists: The Road to Liberation, ed. Derek Richter (New York:
Macmillan, 1982). In "Uncharted Course," she told about G. Levi's
visit in Florence and said her St. Louis years were her happiest. In Itaise
of lmperfechan is the source for quotations about roosters in the coops;
childhood memories of religion; kissing her mother; her father's per-
mission to study; test scores; a friend's advice to do wartime research;
her mother's guarding the laboratory; why she did research despite the
war; the importance of optimism in research; the need to continue
working; and Dante's verse.
Rita Levi-Montalcini and Pietro Calissano, "The Nerve-Growth Factor," Sci-
enhfc~lmerican240 Jume 1979): 68-77
0mni "Interview," 10 (March 1988): 70 74f Here she comments that she
succeeded during wartime despite primitive instrumentation; she did
not respect G. Levi's ideas; and why Hamburger did not win a Nobel.
Dale Purves, Body and Brain: -I atrophic Theory of NeDrai Connechons (Cam-
bridge: Harvard University Press, 1988).
Dale Purves andJoshua R. Sanes, "The 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine," Friends in NeuroSciences 10 Qume 1987): 231-35.
Frederika Randall, "The Heart and Mind of a Genius," Vogue, March 1987
This is the source for Levi-Montalcini's comment about America's cor-
diality.
421
10. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
This chapter is based on interviews with Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Tho-
mas L. Blumdell, LouiseJohnson, Aaron sKulg, Barbara Rogers Low,Jemny
Pickworth Glusker, Max Perutz, Anne Sayre, David Sayre, Kenneth N.
Trueblood, and Alexander Tulinsky
I would also like to thank for their help Pauline Adams, David Brink
Verena Brink, Jack D. Dunitz, Judith Howard, Mandy A. Mackenzie,
Fernanda Perrone, and Keith Prout.
In addition, the following publications were especially usefi~l:
Robert C. Brasted and Peter Farago, "Interview with Dorothy Crowfoot
Hodgkin," Journal of Chemi~al Educatum 54 (April 1977): 214-15. Here
Hodgkin explains why she continued working during World War II,
child care, and a university salarY
Guy Dodson, Jemny P. Glusker, David Sayre, ed., strDctunal Studies am Mol-
ecules of Biological Inferesf, a Volume in Hamar of Professor Dorothy Hodghm
OCR for page 422
422
NOTES
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). This festschrfft includes a particu-
larly useful article by Max Perutz and is the source of quotations by
Dennis Parker Riley, John H. Robertson,John G. White. In it, also,
Hodgkin talks about phoning her friends to see the penicillin model;
telegraphing UCLA; and the Order of Merit.
P. P. Ewald, Fyqy Years of X-Ray DO ractum Utrecht: 1962). This is the source
for W. L. Bragg's "sound barrier" quotation
Maurice Goldsmith, Sage: ~ Life of 7. D. Bernal London: Hutchinson,
1980).
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, 'John Desmond Bernal," Biographical Memoirs
of file Fellows of file Royal Society 41 (1980); "It's Up to Us!" The B~llehn of
fLe~fomicScienfists,Jan. 1981, pp. 38-39; "The X-Ray Analysis of Com-
plicated Molecules," Science 150 (Nov 19, 1965): 979-88; "Some An-
cient History of Protein X-Ray Analysis," in Sfrurfural Chemistry and
Molecular Biology: ~ Volume Dedicated to Linus Pauling, eds. Alexander Rich
and Norman Davidson (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1968). The
Science article, which is Hodgkin's Nobel talk, indudes her quotation
about "lurking questions" and spending time failing to solve problems.
Her biography of Bernal includes her comment about his "colored"
life and the wiring in his laboratory.
Maureen M.Julian, "Profiles in Chemistry," 7707/rna/ of Chemical Education 59
(Feb. 1982): 124-25.
Patricia PhiDips, The Scientific Lady: -I Social History of Wamens Scientific Interests
1520-1918 London: Weidenfeld 8c Nicholson, 1990).
Rockefeller Archive Center, Record Group 1.1, Series 401, Box 38, Folders
491 and 487. These documents contain the Rockefeller official's glow-
ing reports about Hodgkin's laboratory
"Tribute: Thomas Hodgkin," London Ames March 26, 1982, p. 10f.
Lewis Wolpert and Alison Richards, -I Mission for Science (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1988). Based on BBC interviews, this book is the
source for Hodgkin's stories about identifying ilmenite, why she liked
archaeology, and collusion with White on Be.
11. ChiLen-Shliung Wu
This chapter is based on interviews with Chien-Shiumg Wu, Ernest Ambler,
Felix Boehm, William Fowler,Joel Groves, William Havens, Raymond Hay-
ward, David G. Hitlin, Evelyn Hu, Noemie KoDer, Ursula Schaefer Lamb,
Leon J. Lidofsky, Rudolf Peierls, Melba PhiDips, Robert R. Wilson, C.
N. Yang, Luke Yuan, and Vincent Yuan.
I also want to thank for their help Steven AveriD, Gloria Blatt, Patricia
Cianciolo, Linda CookeJohnson,Jane Repko, and Margaret Steneck
Among important publications about Wll are:
Henry A Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World of the Mom New York: Basic
Books, 1966).
OCR for page 423
Notes
423
Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann, The Second Creahon, Makers of the
Rewl//fion in rwenheth-Cenfury Physics (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
Lynn Gilbert and Gaylen Moore, Particular Passions, Talks with Women Who
Mare Shaped Our Ames New York: Crown Publishers, 1981). The Wu
chapter is the source for the story about her father's gift of textbooks.
Gloria Lubkin, "Chien-Shiumg Wu, the Frrst Lady of Physics Research,"
Smithsonian, Jan. 1 971 .
Jacquelyn A. Mattleld and Carol G. Van Aken, ed. Women and the Scienhfu
Professions: The hIlr Symposium on ~Imerran Women in Science and Engmeer-
ing (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965). This contains Wu's conduding
comments about women in science.
New York Post profile. Jan. 22, 1959, cited in CurrentBiography, 1959: 492.
Rudolf Peierls, Bird of Passage Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).
Emilio Segre, From XRays to Quarks: Modern Physias is and their Disco series (San
Francisco: W. H Freeman, 1980).
Vlktor F. Weisskop[, RriDilege of Bemg a Physicist New York: W. H Freeman,
1989). Weisskopf tells the story about Pauli's bet
C. S. Wu, "Recent Investigations of the Shapes of Beta-Ray Spectra," Re-
Diews of Modern Physics 22 (Oct. 1950); "One Researcher's Personal Ac-
coumt," ~4dDenf ares in Erperinuental Physics 1973; "Subtleties and Surprises:
The Contribution of Beta Decay to an Understanding of the Weak
Interaction," Annals of the New Ark Sodomy of Sciences, Nov. 8, 1977; "The
Discovery of the Parity Violation in Weak Interactions and Its Recent
Developments," Nishina Memorial Foundation, April 1983. Both the
New York Academy and the Nishina Foumdation publications recoumt
the parity experiment for general audiences; I relied on them exten-
sivelY The former article also indudes the story about her aiuplane
fight with Pauli.
Edna Yost, Wamen of Modern Science (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1959).
12. Gertrude Belle Elion
This chapter is based on interviews with Gertrude B. Elion,James Burchall,
Herbert Elion, Jonathan Elion, Elvira Falco, Cora Himadi, George H.
Hitchings, Thomas A. Krenitsky, and Howard J. SchaefEer.
The main published sources are:
Katherine Bouton, "The Nobel Parr" New York Dimes Saga me, Jan. 29, 1989.
George H. Hitchings and Gertrude B. Elion, "Layer on Layer," Cancer Re-
search 45 Jume 1985): 2415-20.
13. Rosalind Elsie Franklin
This chapter is based on interviews with Dorothy Hodgkin, Donald L. D.
Caspar, Francis Crick John 1' Finch, Jenifer Glynn, Raymond Gosling,
Steve Harrison, Kenneth C. Holmes, Aaron Klug, Vittorio Lurzati, Anne
OCR for page 424
424
NOTES
Sayre, David Sayre, andJames Watson. I am particularly grateh~l to Anne
Sayre for the story of Ellis Franklin's opposition to his daughter's entering a
university. I also would like to thank Pauline Adams.
Among the numerous publications featuring Franklin are:
J. D. Bernal, "The Department of Crystallography," She Lodestone (Birkbeck
College, University of London) 55 (1965): 37-44.
Francis Crick, What Mad Pursaik -I Personal Tfiew of ScienEfc Discovery (New
York: Basic Books, 1988).
Miriam Franklin, "Rosalind," umpublished manuscript. This brief biogra-
PhY written by Rosalind Franklin's mother, is the source of quotations
about Rosalind's childhood.
Horace FreelandJudson, "Annals of Science: The Legend of Rosalind
Franklin," Science Digest, Jan. 1986; "DNA" Lea tacker Nov. 27, 1978,
Dec. 4, 1978, Den 11, 1978; and He Eighth Day of Creahon (New York:
Touchstone, 1979). Crick's "patronizing attitude" remark appears in
He Eighth Day of Creation
Aaron Klug, Rosalind Franklin and the Discovery of the Structure of
DNA," Nature 219 (Aug. 24, 1968): 808-44; "Rosalind Elsie Franklin,"
Dichonary of Nahonal Biography, and "Rosalind Franklin and the Double
Helix," Nature 248 (Apr. 6, 1974): 787-880.
Robert Olby, Path to the Double Helix (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1974). This is the source for Crick's views on collaboration.
Peter Pauling, "DNA—The Race That Never Was?" Near Scientist 58 (May
31, 1973): 558-60.
Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Record Group 1.2; Series 401D; Box
B18; Folder F167
Anne Sayre, Rosahnd Franklin and DNI New York: W. W. Norton, 1975).
This book, which countered Watson's portrayal of Franklin and cre-
ated the Franklin legend, is the source olWilkins's remark that Watson
and Crick scooped King's College.
Anthony Seralini, Linus Pauling: -I Man and HE Salute New York: Paragon
House, 1989).
Gunther S. Stent, ed., He Double Hello: Ant, Conanenfa7y Reviews, Original Pa-
pers (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980). This contains comments by
Andre LwofE and Robert L. Sinsheimer.
James D. Watson, The Double Helix (New York: Atheneum, 1968). This is
the source for quotations about Franklin's lecture; Watson's and
Crick's faulty model; W~lkins's comment about Franklin's bark and
her so called refusal to see a helix; and Watson's fear that Franklin
might attack him.
14. Rosaslyn Sussman Yalow
This chapter is based on interviews with Rosalyn S. Yalow, Maurice
Goldhaber, Stanley J. Goldsmith, Joseph Meites, Johanna Pallotta,
J. Edward Rall, Ea Rosenthal,John 1' Potts,Jr, Eugene Strauss, Benjamin
OCR for page 425
:Notes
425
Yalow, and others. I would like to thank also for their help Jesse Roth,
A. Rees MidgleY and Ruth Ann Bertsch.
Significant publications about Rosalyn Yalow include:
Fred A. Bernstein, the fewnh Mothers' Hall of Fame (Garden City:
Doubleday 1986). Clara Zipper Sussman's quotations appeared here,
as well as Yalow's remark about packing her own valise.
Lynn Gilbert and Gaylen Moore, Reticular Passims, caulks with Women Who
Ha e Shaped Or Trees (New York: Crown Publishers, 1981). This is
the source for Yalow's remarks about library rules, "discriminators,"
nuclear physics in the 1930s, Greer Gas SOIl~ waking up early, luck and
creativity, and playing tennis.
Diana C. Gleasner, Breakthrough: Wines im Saline New York: Walker, 1983).
Stories about baseball games, braces, and brightJewish girls appear
here.
Carol Kahn, "She Cooks, She Cleans, She Wins the Nobel Prize," Family
Health 10 Jume 1978): 24-27
Eileen Keerdoja and William Slate, "A Nobel Woman's Hectic Pace,"
Newsweek, Oct. 29, 1979. Yalow jokes about being a public figure after
~ inning a Nobel.
Leticia Kent, "Wmner Woman!" Vogue 168 Jan. 1978): 131ff. Yalow's com-
ment about women needing to work harder than men appeared here.
=Festschrff for Rosalyn S. Yalow: Hormones, Metabolism and Society' hlrunf
Simai~o#rnalafMedicine 59 (March 1992): 95-185. Seethis for Seymour
Glick's quotation; making Berson's lumch; Yale professor; posh sum
urb; and live-in help.
J. Edward Rall, "Solomon A. Berson," Biographical Memoirs of file National
~loademy of Schemes Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990).
William P. Rayner, Hue Women New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983). Yalow
talks of no. husband's support here.
Elizabeth Stone, "A Mme. Curie from the Bronx," New Yank trues Magazine,
April 9, 1978, pp. 29fE. I am indebted to Stone for her description of
Yalow as "earth mother and aggressor" and for Yalow's quotations
about her love of logic; Purdue University; and her graduate examina-
tion. In addition, Aaron and Clara Yalow talk about his contribution
and Strauss describes lab workers as "dying aroumd"
Rosalyn S. Yalow, "Radioimmunoassay," Nuclear Medicine, ed. Hells-y N.
Wagner,Jr., (New York: HP Publishing, 1975): 225-32; Nobel Ban-
quet Speech and autobiography Les Prix Nobel 1977 (Stockholm: The
Nobel Foumdation, 1978); CRadioimmumoassay: A Probe for the Fine
Structure of Biologic Systems," Science 200 June 1978): 1236-45; "A
Physicist in Biomedical Investigation," Physics Monday 32 (Oct. 1979): 25-
29; "Presidential Address: Reflections of a Non-Establishmentarian,"
Endocrinology 106(1) (1980): 412-14; "Radioactivity in the Service of
Man," her Nobel lecture, BioScience 31 Jan. 1981): 23-28; "Need for
Scientific Literacy in a Modern Society' text of umpublished speech,
1991; and "Women in Science," unpublished manuscript of speech,
OCR for page 426
426
NOTES
1991. Yalow's Nobel speeches contain quotations about her as a stud
born child and student; her acceptance and teaching skins at Illinois;
and Dr FaiDa.
15.Jocelyn Bell Burnell
This chapter is based on interviews with Jocelyn Bell BurneD, George
Greenstein,Jeremiah P. Ostriker, andJoseph Taylor
I want to thank H. ADison Bed, David Brink, Verena Brink, and the
Franklin Institute for their help.
For the accoumt olBurneD's pulsar discovery, I have relied extensively
on BurneD's own account, CLitde Green Men, White Dwarfs, or What?"
Sky and Telescope, March 1978, pp. 218-21. Other usefill sources by BurneD
include a speech, "Female Scientists—Feat or Freak?" Wtse Week 1984
Edinburgh: Royal Observatory); and her booklet, B7~kenfarLfe, published
umder the name of S. Jocelyn BurneD London: Quaker Home Service,
1989). Brokenfar ye covers her son's illness and her thoughts on religion.
I used the Sky and Telescope to describe the press conference, sensitivity
of radio telescopes; Hewish's comments and her reactions as the pulsar ap
peered and disappeared; her reaction to the LGM theory; the appearance
of more "scruff" before Christmas; and her return from Christmas. Her
"Feat or Freak" talk covers criticism of science teaching; "freaks"; physics in
astronomy; her comments on women's attitudes towards physics; sexist lan-
guage; sex differences; and part-time jobs.
Other important sources are:
George Greenstein, Rio en Star New York: Freumdlich Books, 1983).
Anthony Hewish, "Pulsars and High Density Physics" Science 188 Jume 13,
1975): 1079-83. Hewish's Nobel speech discussed LGM and secrecy
Paul and Lesley Murdin, sDpemoDae (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1985).
Vera Rubin, "Women's Work" Science 58 July-August 1986): 58-65.
N. Wade, "Discovery al Pulsars: A Graduate Student's Story' Science (1975).
BurneD's description of discovering the frost "bit of scruff": her "co
numdrum" remark; and the Hoyle controversy appear here.
16. Christiane Nusslein-Volhard
This chapter is based on interviews with Kathryn Anderson, Spyros
Artavanis-Tsakonas, Lorraine Daston, Wolfgang Driever, Walter Gehring,
Jeanette Holden, Nancy Hopkins, David Ish-Horowicz, GerdJurgens,
Judith Kimble, Ruth Lehmamn, Maria Leptin, Edward B. Lewis, Mary
Muffins, Markus Nod, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Vincenzo Pirrotta,
Heinz SchaDer, Paul SchedD, Trudi Schupbach, Leslie Stevens, Ruth Stew-
ard, and Eric Wleschaus. I am particularly grateFd toJeanette Holden for
letting me read correspondence about the Gehring laboratory in the 1970s.
OCR for page 427
Notes
427
I also want to thank Anthony Capitos of the American Association of
University Women, Hellmut Arnmerlahn, George Bertsch, the Commission
on Professionals in Science and Technology, Antje Hoering, Jorn Knoll,
Wolfgang Norenberg, Susan Parkhurst, David W. Raible, Elsbeth Rass,
Margaret Rossiter, and Barbara Wakimoto for their help. I am particularly
indebted to the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschumg, Darmstadt, for its
hospitality while I wrote this chapter.
Among the significant publications by and about Nusslein-Volhard are:
Jennifer Ackerman, 'journey to the Center of the Egg," New York Ames
Magazine (Oct 12, 1997): p. 42. This is the source of passages about
"Intelligence didn't matter," and loneliness; staring at ponds, jigsaw
puzzles; "I knew nothing about flies"; gender issues and lower expecta-
tions; Magellan.
Natalie Angier, "'The Lady of the Flies Dives Into a New Pond." New York
Times (Dec. 5, 1995) p. B5 (N) p. Cl L) cot. 1: This is the source of
passages about her parents attitude toward her interest in science; the
burdens of prize ~ inning; other scientists' complaints about zebrafish.
David Brown, "Two Americans, German Share Nobel Prize for Genetics
Research," Washington Doff (Oct. 10, 1995): p. A3.
Kenneth M. Brown, Women, hlmorihes, and persons Wzth DisabiLhes in Science
and Engineering: 1996 National Science Foumdation: Division of Science
Resources Studies, 1996): This is the source for figures on women's
participation in American science faculties.
Michael Dean, "Polarity, Proliferation, and the Hedgehog Pathway," Nature
Genetics 14 (Nov 1996): 245-47
Judith S. Eisen, 'Zebralish Make a Big Splash: Review," Cell 87 (Dec. 13,
1996): 969-77
Saskia Esser and Carla Fandrey, Bebenhausen Eloster, Schale, Schloss,
fandlagssik, Gememde [n.p.,n.d.].
Meg Gordon, "See How We Grow," New Scientist 155 (Sept. 6, 1997): 30-33.
DavidJonah Grlmwald "A Fin-De-Siecle Achievement: Charting New Wa-
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OCR for page 428
428
NOTES
Gertrud Lehnert, "Women in the Academic World," Aft Magasin 68
(1996): This is a source for statistics on women students in German
science.
Edward B. Lewis, "Nobel Address," Les crux Nobel (Stockholm: Almqvistand
Wiksell international, 1996): pp. 233-60.
Max Planck Society Archives, private communication (May 6, 1998): This
is the source for the number of directorships.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, "Axis Determination in the Drosophila Em-
bryo," The Harvey Lectures series 86, (Wiley-Liss inc. 1992): p. 129-48.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, "Gradients That Organize Embryo Develop
ment," Scientific American 297 (August 1996): 54-61.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Letters toJeanette Holden: Sept. 15, 1975;
Nov. 10, 1975; April 5, 1976; April 29, 1976;Jume 18, 1978.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus, "Mutations Atleciing Seg-
ment Number and Polarity in Drosophila," Nature 287 (Oct. 30, 1980):
795-801.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, "Nobel Address," Les Pro: Nobel (Stockholm:
Almqvist and Wiksell international, 1996): pp. 263-94. This is the
source at passages about her personal background, especially girlhood;
quotations about her dreams; her initial problems and excitement at
EMBL.
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Avon Fliegen und Menschen," Bild der
Wssenschaff Jan. 1996): This is a source for the good overall descrip
tion of her work.
Judith Ranch, "Verstehen, Wie das leben Fumktioniert," hladcane Curie and
ibre SchD es fern: Frauen, die den Nobelpreis Bekarnen, ed., Charlotte Kerner
Weinheim, Germany: Beltz and Gelberg, 1997). This is the source of
passages about childhood foods and singing; responsibility for siblings;
frog; anonymity in Frankfurt; changing her thesis topic.
Wade Roush, "Nine Make the Nobel Grade," Science 270 (Oct. 20, 1995):
380-81.
J. Travis, "Nobel Prize for Genes That Shape Embryos," Science Nears 158
(Oct. 14, 1995) Sfafisfisches .fahrbuch 1997 Suer die Bundesrepublik
DeDtschfand, (Wiesbaden: Metzler Poeschel, 1997). This is the source
for statistics on Germ m women m science.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics,
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data Systems (IPEDS), "Fall Stair
Survey 1995 " Table B-7b is the source for the percentage of tenured
U.S. faculty members who are women.
Bjoern Vemmstroem, "Introduction," Les crux Nobel (Stockholm: Almqvist and
Wiksell international, 1996): 22-23.
Eric Wieschaus, "Nobel Address," Les Prig Nobel (Stockholm: Almqvist and
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about W~eschaus's personal amd art background; work in Heidelberg.
It is am excellent overall description of the Heidelberg experiment.
OCR for page 429
Notes
429
Afterword
Stephen G. Brush, "Women in Science and Engineering" .4~n~ruan Nut
79 (Sept.-Oct. 1991): 404fE.
* * *
Representative terms from entire chapter:
emmy noether
