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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
SECRET AGENTS
THE MENACE OF EMERGING INFECTIONS
Madeline Drexler
Joseph Henry Press
Washington, D.C.
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
JOSEPH HENRY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
The Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National Academy Press, was created with the goal of making books on science, technology, and health more widely available to professionals and the public. Joseph Henry was one of the founders of the National Academy of Sciences and a leader in early American science.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences or its affiliated institutions.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Drexler, Madeline, 1954-
Secret agents : the menace of emerging infections / Madeline Drexler.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-07638-2
1. Epidemiology—Popular works. 2. Communicable diseases—United States. I. Title.
RA653 .D74 2002
614.4—dc21
2001007832
Cover design by Bill Stanton. Cover photography by David Oliver/Getty Images and Stephen Mautner.
Illustrations by Kathryn Born.
Copyright 2002 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
Contents
1
Disease in Disguise
1
2
Winged Victories
19
3
Food Fright
74
4
Superbugs
119
5
The Once and Future Pandemic
158
6
Infection Unmasked
201
7
Bioterror
231
8
Think Locally, Act Globally
275
Selected Bibliography
291
Index
297
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
Acknowledgments
Book writing is a group activity. I am grateful to many people, both new acquaintances and old friends, for sharing their expertise and their enthusiasm.
Thank you to the scientists and physicians who reviewed chapters and offered valuable comments: Steve Brickner, Jim Hughes, Tom Inglesby, Jim LeDuc, David Morens, Mike Osterholm, and Bob Shope. During the course of researching this subject, I was privileged to have wide-ranging conversations with Fred Angulo, Bill Foege, Patty Griffin, Duane Gubler, Peggy Hamburg, D. A. Henderson, Donald Hopkins, Jim Hughes, Marci Layton, Tracey McNamara, David Morens, Steve Morse, Mike Osterholm, Tara O’Toole, C. J. Peters, David Relman, Jeff Taubenberger, and Rob Tauxe. I am also deeply obliged to the nearly 250 researchers who granted me interviews.
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
I am especially beholden to Joshua Lederberg, who chaired the Institute of Medicine’s Forum on Emerging Infections, for his visionary leadership on this issue. Thank you to Ken Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, for championing this book. And thanks to Jonathan Davis, who made me welcome at the Forum’s workshops.
My gratitude goes to the Eli Lilly and Company Foundation, for their generous sponsorship of this project, and to Gail Cassell, for her persistence and dedication in arranging this support. At the National Museum of Natural History, ornithologist Carla Dove and her colleagues saved the day with a bird-in-hand.
I owe a great deal to my colleagues at Joseph Henry Press: my editor Stephen Mautner, for inviting me to write about this fascinating topic and for his unwavering confidence in me; Ann Merchant and Robin Pinnel, for getting out the word; and all the staff who took so much care with this book.
Caroline DeFilippo was my whirlwind research assistant. While completing her undergraduate degree at Harvard University, she somehow found the time to scour the school’s vast libraries for the most arcane references. I look forward to watching Caroline’s own career in public health unfold, and to catching up together over Bartley’s hamburgers-and-fries. During the summer of 1999, I also received research help from Harvard student Navaz Karanjia. Thank you to Sharon Crandall and Phyllis Strimling at the Radcliffe Research Partnership, for underwriting this assistance.
For practical advice and on-call cheerleading and for putting up with my authorial anxieties, I am indebted to Suzanne Berne, Cynthia Enloe, the Graff family, Ann Parson, Joni Seager, Joe Shay, Seth Shulman, and Pat Thomas. Thank you to Marcia Bartusiak, for matching author and editor. And thanks to Kevin Shay, who after a desperate email plea quickly came up with the title. My mother, Barbara Drexler, and my siblings, Michael Drexler and Suzanne Drexler, were always behind me. My dear father, Milton Drexler, passed away during the early phases of this project, but I think he would have slipped this volume in the stack of histories and biographies he always had going.
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
I was lucky to have a superb editorial team. My dear friend and writing buddy Laura Zimmerman read each chapter several times, always with a thoughtful and penetrating analysis, always making me answer the question, Who cares? For the last time, let me say to Laura: I couldn’t have done it without you. Chris Jerome deftly edited the final manuscript, and gave me warm encouragement when my spirits were flagging.
My most beloved critic, E. J. Graff, not only edited every draft of every chapter until I got it right, but cooked the soup and rented the videos and arranged our Saturday nights. I thank E. J. for believing in me and for making my life better in every way.
January 2002
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Secret Agents: The Menace of Emerging Infections
SECRET AGENTS
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