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Proceedings of a Russian-A~,erican Workshop
Committee on Confronting Terrorism in Russia
Office for Central Europe and Eurasia
Development, Security, and Cooperation
Policy and Global Affairs
National Research Council
In cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti-
tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen
for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. B7075 between the National Academy of
Sciences and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Any opinions, findings, conclu-
sions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authorts) and do
not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for
the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-08270-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2002102001
A limited number of copies of this report are available from:
Development, Security, and Cooperation
National Research Council, FO 2060
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20418
Tel: (202) 334-2644
Additional copies of this report are available for sale from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Lockbox 285
Washington, DC 20055
Tel: (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area)
Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright 2002 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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National Acaclemy of Sciences
National Acaclemy of Engineering
Institute of Meclicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are
chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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NRC COMMITTEE ON CONFRONTING TERRORISM IN RUSSIA
Siegfried S. Hecker, Chair
Senior Fellow and Former Director
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Michael L. Moodie
President
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute
Raphael F. Pert
Specialist in International Terrorism Policy
Congressional Research Service
Staff
Glenn E. Schweitzer
Project Director
National Research Council
Kelly Robbins
Senior Program Officer
National Research Council
A. Chelsea Sharber
Program Specialist
National Research Council
Rita S. Guenther
Program Assistant
National Research Council
v
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RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Nikolai P. Laverov
Vice President
Russian Academy of Sciences
Yevgeny P. Velikhov
Director
Khurchatov State Research Center of Atomic Energy
Viktor Luneev
Institute of State and Law
Russian Academy of Sciences
Yury Shlyan
Foreign Relations Department
Russian Academy of Sciences
vim
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Preface
In June 1999, the presidents of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and
the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) agreed that a joint project on combating
especially dangerous crimes, particularly terrorism, would be of considerable
interest to both Russian and American specialists in a variety of fields. The
president of the NAS requested the president of the National Academy of Engi-
neering (NAB) to assume responsibility for developing and implementing the
project. Representatives of the RAS and NAE decided that a bilateral
interacademy workshop on the topic of high-impact terrorism would be a good
first step in carrying out such a project. The Carnegie Corporation of New York
has been very interested in enhancing Russian capabilities to address terrorist
threats and provided the funds required for the workshop.
The workshop was held in Moscow on June 4-6, 2001. A number of Russian
governmental and academic organizations with responsibilities and interests in
the field accepted the invitation from the RAS to participate in the workshop, and
Russian specialists with a variety of backgrounds made presentations at the work-
shop. Several dozen other Russian specialists attended the sessions, and their
comments greatly enriched the discussions. The NAE selected eight American
specialists to make presentations on governmental and nongovernmental experi-
ences in the United States in the fight against terrorism. Some of the presentations
by Russian and American specialists reflected a remarkable degree of similarity
in views on the terrorist threat (e.g., radiological terrorism, agricultural terror-
ism), while others indicated different levels of appreciation of vulnerabilities and
response requirements (e.g., the long-term Russian attention to protection of
industrial facilities, the extensive American concern over cyberterrorism). The
. .
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. . .
vile
PREFACE
agenda for the workshop and the written presentations comprise the body of this
report.
We will not attempt to summarize the papers or the discussions here, but
simply note that the workshop provided an excellent forum for informative dis-
cussion and exchange of ideas on the broad topic of high-impact terrorism. The
statements made in the enclosed papers are those of the individual authors and do
not necessarily represent positions of The National Academies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This proceedings has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC' s
Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide
candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its pub-
lished proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that the proceedings meets
institutional standards for quality. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review
of papers in this proceedings: Vinton G. Cerf, WorldCom; David R. Franz, South-
ern Research Institute; Charles T. Owens, Civilian Research and Development
Foundation; Suzanne E. Spaulding, formerly Executive Director of the National
Commission on Terrorism; Roger L. Schneider, Rho Sigma Associates, Inc.; and
Alvin W. Trivelpiece, formerly Director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the indi-
vidual papers, nor did they see the final draft of the proceedings before its release.
The review of this proceedings was overseen by Marilyn Baker of the National
Research Council. She was responsible for making certain that an independent
examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional proce-
dures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
We wish to thank Rita S. Guenther, Rita Kit, Kelly Robbins, and A. Chelsea
Sharber for their translation of the Russian language papers into English. Special
thanks also to Florence Poillon, Kelly Robbins, and A. Chelsea Sharber for
editing of the proceedings.
SIEGFRIED S. HECKER
Chair, NRC Committee on Confronting Terrorism in Russia
GLENN E. SCHWEITZER
Director, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, NRC
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Contents
Opening Remarks
Siegfried S. Hecker
TERRORISM AND THE LAW
The Legal Basis for Counterterrorism Activities in the United States
Raphael F. Perl
Russian Legislation and the Struggle Against Terrorism
Mikhail P. Kireev
Russian Legislation and the Fight Against Terrorism
Viktor E. Petrishchev
Organized Crime and Terrorism
Viktor Luneev
International and Domestic Terrorism
L. Paul Bremer III
The Role of Internal Affairs Agencies in Efforts to Fight Terrorism Under
High-Technology Conditions
Oleg A. Stepanov
From the Experience of the Intelligence Services of the Russian Empire in
Combating Terrorists
Dmitry M. Aleksenko
On Historical Experience in Combating Terrorism
Oleg M. Khlobustov
Electromagnetic Terrorism
Yury V. Parfyonov
Six
16
25
37
53
61
69
76
83
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x
BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM
Molecular Epidemiology as a New Approach in Detecting Terrorist Use
of Infectious Agents
Sergey V. Netesov
Bioterrorism: Threat and Response
Michael L. Moodie
Bioterrorism: A View from the Side
Oleg S. Morenkov
CHEMICAL TERRORISM
Chemical Terrorism: Assessing Threats and Responses
Jonathan B. Tucker
NUCLEAR TERRORISM
Radiological Terrorism
Leonid Bolshov, Rafael Arutyunyan, Oleg Pavlovsky
Nuclear Terrorism
Siegfried S. Hecker
Could Terrorists Produce Low-Yield Nuclear Weapons?
Stanislav Rodionov
Problems of Preventing Acts of Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism
Vladimir M. Kutsenko, A.P. Morozov
EXPLOSIVES TERRORISM
Selected Technologies and Procedures Intended to Restrict Unauthorized
Access to Explosives
Bronislav V. Matseevich
Terrorism: Explosives Threat
Ronald L. Simmons
CYBERTERRORISM
Computer Terrorism and Internet Security Issues
Valery A. Vasenin, Aleksei V. Galatenko
Preventing and Responding to Cybercrime and Terrorism: Some
International Dimensions
Seymour E. Goodman
CONTENTS
89
102
106
117
137
149
156
160
167
171
183
198
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CONTENTS
AGRICULTURAL TERRORISM
Problems of Biological Security in Agriculture
Georgy A. Safonov, Vladimir A. Gavrilov
Agricultural Bioterrorism
Martin E. Hugh-Jones
x~
209
219
FUTURE TRENDS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE
STRUGGLE AGAINST MODERN TERRORISM
Terrorism in a High-Tech Society: Legal Aspects and Contemporary
Methods of Preventing and Countering Terrorist Activity
Aleksandr V. Zmeevsky
Cooperation Among Ministries of Internal Affairs of CIS Member States
in the Fight Against Terrorism and Other Manifestations of
Extremism
Igor L. Dimitrov
International Centers as a Basis for Controlling Infectious Disease and
Countering Bioterrorism
Lev S. Sandakhchiev, Sergey V. Netesov, Raisa A. Martynyuk
Terrorism Future: Tactics, Strategy, and Stealth
Peter S. Probst
New Opportunities for Bilateral Cooperation
Glenn E. Schweitzer
Concluding Statement
Yevgeny P. Velikhov
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Goals of Russian Federal Program on Problems of Natural
and Technological Security
Konstantin V. Frolov
Appendix B: Agenda for Workshop on Terrorism in a High-Tech
Society and Modern Methods for Prevention and Response,
June 4-8, 2001, Moscow, Russia
245
250
260
267
270
273
275
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