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OCR for page R1
FRONTIERS IN
Ara'"' '' T! In A
RESFARCH
Food, Health, Environment, and Communities
Committee on Opportunities in Agriculture
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
OCR for page R2
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 59-0790-9-172 between the National Academy of
Sciences and the US Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommenda-
tions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of
the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-08494-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2002115520
Additional copies of this report are available from National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW,
Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metro-
politan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
Suggested citation: National Research Council, 2003. Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food,
Health, Environment, and Communities. Committee on Opportunities in Agriculture (Washington,
DC: National Academies Press).
Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meet-
ing national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
. ~ . .
. engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the respon-
sibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an
adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical
care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are
chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www. nationa l-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
LAURIAN J. UNNEVEHR,~ Chair, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,
Illinois
FRANKLIN M. LOEW,2 Becker College, Worcester, Massachusetts
RANSOM L. BALDWIN, JR., University of California, Davis, California
ROGER N. BEACHY, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri
CAROLYN BRANCH BROOKS, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore,
Princess Anne, Maryland
ELIZABETH A. CHORNESKY, The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California
EDWARD A. HILER, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
WALLACE E. HOFFMAN, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
LONNIE J. KING, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
LAWRENCE N. KUZMINSKI, Consultant, Duxbury, Massachusetts
WILLIAM B. LACY, University of California, Davis, California
THOMAS L. LYON, Cooperative Resources International, Shawano, Wisconsin
KRISTEN MCNUTT, Consumer Choices, Inc., Santa Cruz, California
WILLIAM L. OGREN (retired), Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
DAVID PIMENTEL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
ROBERT REGINATO (retired), Chandler, Arizona
JOHN W. SUTTIE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Staff
CLARA COHEN, Study Director (since September 2001)
DAVID MEEKER, Study Director (until September 2001)
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor
LUCYNA KURTYKA, Program Officer (until July 2000)
MICHAEL R. KISIELEWSKI, Research Assistant
HEATHER CHRISTIANSEN, Research Associate (until September 2001)
JOE ESPARZA, Project Assistant
LAURA BOSCHINI, Project Assistant (until September 2001)
~ Chair from March 2002 to December 2002.
2 Chair from July 2000 to March 2002.
v
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COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN
A GLOBAL CONTEXT
RAY GOLDBERG, Chair, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts
JULIAN ALSTON, University of California, Davis, California
LAWRENCE M. BUSCH, Institute for Food and Agricultural Standards,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
CHRISTINE BRUHN, University of California, Davis, California
PIERRE CROSSON, Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, DC
BRIAN HALWEIL, WorldWatch Institute, Washington, DC
FRED HARRISON, JR., Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia
CAROL KEISER, C-BAR Cattle Company, Inc., Champaign, Illinois
TERRY L. ROE, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
LAURIAN J. UNNEVEHR, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
vim
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COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND
NATURAL RESOURCES
G. PHILIP ROBERTSON, Chair, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners,
Michigan
JENNY BROOME, University of California, Davis, California
ELIZABETH CHORNESKY, The Nature Conservancy, Santa Cruz, California
JANE FRANKENBERGER, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
PAUL JOHNSON, Oneota Slopes Farm, Decorah, Iowa
MARK LIPSON, Organic Farming Research Foundation, Santa Cruz, California
JOHN MIRANOWSKI, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
JAMES MOSELEY,~ Infinity Pork, Clark Hills, Indiana
ELIZABETH OWENS, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri
DAVID PIMENTEL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
LORI ANN THRUPP, Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco,
California
Resigned April 9, 2001.
. .
vat
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COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON FOOD AND HEALTH
SUSAN HARLANDER, Chair, BIOrational Consultants, Inc., New Brighton,
Minnesota
LESTER M. CRAWFORD, JR., Association of American Veterinary Colleges,
Washington, DC
JOAN R. DAVENPORT, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington
REBECCA DOYLE,2 Andrew s, Doyle, and Associates, Gillespie, Illinois
DONALD N. DUVICK, Iowa State University, Johnston, Iowa
JOSEPH JEN,3 California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo,
California
JOHN B. KANEENE, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
LAWRENCE N. KUZMINSKI, Duxbury, Massachusetts
ARNO G. MOTULSKY, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
DAVID L. PELLETIER, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
JEAN A. T. PENNINGTON, National Institutes of Health, Department of
Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
MAX ROTHSCHILD, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
ANDREW SCHMITZ, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
JOHN W. SUTTIE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
~ Resigned February 28, 2002.
2 Resigned July 20, 2001.
3 Resigned April 9, 2001.
. . .
vail
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
HARLEY W. MOON, Chair, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
SANDRA BARTHOLMEY, Quaker Oats Company, Barrington, Illinois
DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
ROBERT B. FRIDLEY, University of California, Davis, California
BARBARA P. GLENN, Federation of Animal Science Societies, Bethesda,
Maryland
LINDA F. GOLODNER, National Consumers League, Washington, DC
W. R. GOMES, University of California, Oakland, California
PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN, Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy,
Wayland, Massachusetts
CALESTOUS JUMA, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JANET C. KING, University of California, Davis, California
WHITNEY MACMILLAN (retired), Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
TERRY L. MEDLEY, DuPont BioSolutions Enterprise, Wilmington, Delaware
ALICE N. FELL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
SHARRON S. QUISENBERRY, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
NANCY J. RACHMAN, Novigen Sciences, Inc., Washington, DC
SONYA B. SALAMON, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
G. EDWARD SCHUH, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
BRIAN J. STASKAWICZ, University of California, Berkeley, California
JACK WARD THOMAS, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
JAMES H. TUMLINSON, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida
B.L. TURNER, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
Staff
DAVID MEEKER, Director (until September 2001)
JULIE ANDREWS, Administrative Assistant (until May 2002)
Six
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Preface
Rapid and dramatic social, economic, and technologic changes have occurred
in the food and agricultural sector during the last 30 years. These include
increased global competition, the advent of biotechnology and precision produc-
tion, changes in intellectual property rights, increased product differentiation,
greater demand for ecosystem services from agriculture, and changes in farm and
market structure. Thirty years have passed since the publication of the 1972
report of the National Research Council Committee on Research Advisory to the
US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the time is now ripe for reflection on
the progress and future directions of federally funded agricultural research, edu-
cation, and extension. The USDA asked the Research Council's Board on Agri-
culture and Natural Resources (BANR) to conduct a study to examine and
evaluate the quality of research conducted in USDA's Research, Education, and
Economics (REE) mission area and to provide recommendations for future
research. The request responded to a congressional mandate in the 1998 Agricul-
tural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act for the National Academy
of Sciences to conduct a study of the role and mission of federally funded agricul-
tural research, extension, and education (see Appendix A).
To respond to the request, BANR convened four ad hoc study panels a
synthesis committee and three subcommittees addressing specific components
of agricultural research, education, and extension: food and fiber supply, food
safety, diet, and nutrition; environmental quality and natural resources; and eco-
nomic and social development in a global context. The panels represent a wide
array of expertise and include those with knowledge of public and private agri-
cultural research and those who use or are affected by the results of the research.
Many members of the panels have experience in and understanding of the
x~
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. . .
xvit!
Acknowledgments
BOBBY ACORD, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
NATE BAUER, Food Safety and Inspection Service
JAMES BLAYLOCK, Economic Research Service
RON BOSECKER, National Agricultural Statistics Service
GEORGE BRALEY, Food and Nutrition Service
LAWRENCE CLARK, Natural Resources Conservation Service
JOHN CLIFFORD, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
NEILSON CONKLIN, Economic Research Service
RON DEHAVEN, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
RICHARD DUNKLE, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
ALBERTA FROST, Food and Nutrition Service
PHIL FULTON, Economic Research Service
MARGARET GLAVIN, Food Safety and Inspection Service
FLOYD HORN, Agricultural Research Service
COLIEN HEFFERAN, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Exten-
sion Service
JAMES LITTLE, Farm Services Agency
SUSAN OFFUTT, Economic Research Service
KATHERINE SMITH, Economic Research Service
RALPH STAFKO, Food Safety and Inspection Service
The committee acknowledges those who assisted the National Research
Council staff during preparation of the report by providing information and
statistics to the committee:
RICHARD BRENNER, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture
KAREN BROWNELL, Office of Human Resources, Research, Education,
and Economics, US Department of Agriculture
GEORGE COOPER, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension
Service, US Department of Agriculture
KELLY DAY-RUBENSTEIN, Economic Research Service, US Depart-
ment of Agriculture
JANICE GOODWIN, National Agricultural Statistics Service, US Depart-
ment of Agriculture
RALPH HEIMLICH, Economic Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture
EILEEN HERRERA, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of
Agriculture
VIRGINIA HOUK, US Environmental Protection Agency
KEI KOIZUMI, American Association for the Advancement of Science
MEL MATHIAS, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension
Service, US Department of Agriculture
OCR for page R19
Acknowledgments
SARA MAZIE, Office of the Undersecretary, Research, Education, and
Economics, US Department of Agriculture
ARLYNE MEYERS, Office of International Programs, Agricultural
Research Service, US Department of Agriculture
ax
MARCIA MOORE, Office of Scientific Quality Review, Agricultural
Research Service, US Department of Agriculture
DAVID RUST, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture
RICHARD SCHUCHARDT, National Agricultural Statistics Service, US
Department of Agriculture
DEBORAH SHEELY, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Exten-
sion Service, US Department of Agriculture
VICKI SMITH, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture
DENNIS UNGLESBEE, Cooperative State Research, Education, and
Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture
RICHARD WYATT, National Institutes of Health, US Department of
Health and Human Services
The committee is extremely grateful to the staff members of the National
Research Council Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources for their efforts
throughout the study process and in the preparation of this report. The committee
acknowledges Gregory Symmes, Associate Executive Director of the National
Research Council Division on Earth and Life Studies, for providing guidance in
the latter stages of the project. We are especially grateful to Clara Cohen, Study
Director, for her extraordinary efforts and leadership in coordinating the work of
all the committees and for overseeing the preparation and completion of this
report.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The
purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence,
and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manu-
script remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We
wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
JOANNE CHORY, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
RALPH CICERONE, University of California, Irvine
RONALD ESTABROOK, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center
ROBERT B. FRIDLEY, University of California, Davis
BETH LAUTNER, National Pork Board
OCR for page R20
xx
Acknowledgments
ALAN I. LESHNER, American Association for the Advancement of
Science
LINDA LOBAO, Ohio State University
NOREEN NOONAN, National Space Science and Technology Center
PHILIP PARDEY, University of Minnesota
BARBARA SCHNEEMAN, University of California, Davis
SAM SMITH, Washington State University
M.S. SWAMINATHAN, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
MICHAEL TAYLOR, Resources for the Future
CAROL TUCKER FOREMAN, Consumer Federation of America
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom-
mendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The
review of this report was overseen by Enriqueta Bond, Burroughs Wellcome
Fund, and James Zuiches, Washington State University. Appointed by the
National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an
independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institu-
tional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author
committee and the institution.
OCR for page R21
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Changing Context of Agricultural Research, 2
A Vision of Agricultural Research, 3
Frontiers in Agricultural Research, 4
Setting the Research Strategy, 6
Collaboration, 9
Quality and Impact Assurance, 10
REE Capacity, 11
Looking to the Future, 14
VISION AND LEADERSHIP
Changing Public Attitudes and Needs, 16
Recent Innovations in Science and Technology, 19
A Vision for the Future, 21
Summary, 24
References, 25
15
THE US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH, 27
EDUCATION, AND ECONOMICS MISSION AREA
Reorganization of the US Department of Agriculture, 28
Functions and Strategic Objectives of the Research, Education, and
Economics Mission Area, 30
Research, Education, and Economics Agencies, 30
Summary, 36
References, 36
xx
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3 RESEARCH FRONTIERS
Globalization, 39
Emerging Pathogens and Other Hazards in the
Food-Supply Chain, 42
Nutrition and Human Health, 45
Environmental Stewardship, 49
Quality of Life in Rural Communities, 52
Advancing the Frontiers, 54
Summary, 61
References, 61
4 SETTING THE RESEARCH STRATEGY
Funding Sources and Trends, 68
REE and Agency Decision-Making, 72
Summary, 92
References, 92
COLLABORATION
Multidisciplinary Research, 96
Collaboration within REE, 100
Collaboration in the Federal Government, 102
International Collaboration, 105
Collaboration with the Private Sector, 108
Future Strategies to Manage Public-Private Collaboration, 114
Summary, 115
References, 115
6 QUALITY AND IMPACT ASSURANCE IN THE REE
AGENCIES
Quality Assurance, 119
Impact Assessment, 133
Summary, 142
References, 142
7 REE CAPACITY
Organizational Capacity, 146
Professional Skills, Expertise, and Training, 150
Information Capacity: REE Efforts in Data Management,
Collection and Sharing, 161
Infrastructure Capacity: Research Facilities, 165
Summary, 167
References, 167
. .
xx
38
67
96
119
146
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8 CODA
APPENDIXES
A S.1150.1998. Apdcul~ Rcsc~cb, Extension, and Education
Rctonn Act of 1998
B SubcomndUcc St~cmcn~ of Task
~ A Nabokov Rcsc~b Coun~1 Public WodEsbop
D RUSE Adnd~s~or Inlorvic~s
~ Achon-Apcncy Adnd~s~or Inks
F Apdcul~-Rcsc~cb Funding
G REE D~sondnabon and Ou~cacb [Abets
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ABOUT THE SUBCOhihTITTEES
169
173
175
177
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184
~ 0~
10O
204
217
. . .
~111
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes
TABLES
4-1
4-2
5-1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
F-1
F-2
REE Mechanisms for Ensuring Stakeholder Input, page 86
Membership Categories, Represented in the National Agricultural
Research, Extension, Education, and Economics Advisory Board, 87
Visiting Scientists at ARS, 1998-2001, 105
USDA Technology Transfer Activities, 1987-2000, 109
Summary of REE Quality-Assurance Mechanisms, 121
Results of February 2000-August 2001 Review of Six ARS National
Programs, 125
1999-2000 Intramural (ARS and ERS) Recipients of Major Awards
Sponsored by External Organizations, 132
World Institutional Rankings in Select Fields, by Total Citations,1991-
2001, 134
Internal Rates of Return from US Public-Sector Agricultural Research,
136
Internal Rates of Return from US Extension, 137
REE Professional Employment in Science-Related Occupations, as of
June 10, 2001, 151
Demographic Composition of REE Technical Staff, 152
ARS Postdoctoral Employment, 157
Funding Levels for the ARS Postdoctoral Program, 1985-2002, 157
Summary of CSREES-Administered Higher Education Programs, 160
Research, Education, and Economics by Agency for FY 1985-2001
actual, and FY 2002 Estimate, 186
Total R&D by Agency, FY 1976-2003, 188
xxv
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xxv!
F-3
F-4
F-5
F-6
F-7
F-8b
F-11
1-1
2-1
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
2-1
2-2
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2
4-3
5-1
Tables, Figures, and Boxes
Agricultural Research Funding in the Public and Private Sectors,1970-
1998, 190
Amount and Distribution of Major Sources of Revenues of US State
Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1980-2000, 192
Sources of Revenue for REE Intramural Research Expenditures, 1980-
2000, 192
REE Agency Funding Allocation by Goal, FY 2000, 194
National Summary USDA, State Agricultural Experiment Stations, and
Other Institutions, FY 2000, 195
F-8a Research, Education, and Economics by Function, Agency, and Type of
Award for FY 1985-2001 Actual and 2002 Estimate, 196
Research, Education, and Economics by Function, Agency, and Type of
Award for FY 1985-2001 Actual and 2002 Estimate, 198
F-9 ARS Funding of Cooperative Activities, 1998-2001, 200
F- 1 Oa Congressional Earmarks for ARS Research and CSREES Research, Edu-
cation, and Extension, Nominal Dollars, 201
F-lOb Congressional Earmarks for ARS Research and CSREES Research, Edu-
cation, and Extension, Constant 2000 Dollars, 202
Price Index for Research, 2000 Constant Dollar R&D Deflators, 203
FIGURES
Growth in agricultural productivity, output, and inputs (1948-1996),
page 16
US Department of Agriculture Headquarters Organization, 29
Research, Education, and Economics budget authority by agency for FY
1985-2001 actual and 2002 estimate, 68
Total public and private expenditures, 1970-1998, 70
FY 2000 funding allocation by REE goal, 75
Total CSREES research funding by function, 79
BOXES
REE Desired Outcomes and Strategic Objectives, 32
The 22 National Programs of ARS, 34
Research on Relevant Spatial and Temporal Scales, 56
Finding Resources to Explore Research Frontiers, 59
CSREES Competitive-Grant Programs, 81
Examples of REE Responsiveness to Stakeholder Input, 89
Stakeholder Participation and SARE, 90
Research Partnerships in Which REE Has Provided Leadership, 101
Collaborative Activities Through Cooperative Research and Develop-
ment Agreements (CRADAs), 112
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes
6-1
6-2
6-3
7-1
7-2
G-1
G-2
xxv
Criteria for Review of NIH and ARS Intramural Research:
son, 126
Research Position Evaluation System at ARS and the Economist Posi-
tion Classification System at ERS, 131
Examples of REE Research Impacts, 139
The Agricultural Research Service Demonstration Project, 155
CSREES Investments in Higher Education, 162
Is ARS Highlighting Its Most Important Research? A Missed Opportu-
nity, 205
The Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 206
A Compari-
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