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Page i
CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
NATIONAL SECURITY & HOMELAND DEFENSE
COMMITTEE ON CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Support for this study was provided by the American Chemical Society; the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract No. MDA972-01-M-0001; the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. under Contract No. SG00-093; the National Institute of Standards and Technology under Contract No. NA1341-01-W-1070; the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute under Contract No. N0-OD-4-2139; the National Science Foundation under Contract No. CTS-9908440; the U.S. Department of Energy/ Basic Energy Science under Contract No. DE-FG02-00ER15040; the U.S. Department of Energy/ Office of Industrial Technologies under Contract No. DE-AT01-01EE41424; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. CR828233-01-0.
All opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
International Standard Book Number
0-309-08504-7
Additional copies of this report are available from:
The National Academies Press
500 5th Street, N.W.
Box 285
Washington, DC
20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313
(in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
http://www.nap.edu
Copyright
2002
by the
National Academy of Sciences
. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND HOMELAND DEFENSE
JOHN L. ANDERSON,
Carnegie Mellon University,
Co-Chair
JOHN I. BRAUMAN,
Stanford University,
Co-Chair
JACQUELINE K. BARTON,
California Institute of Technology, Steering Committee Liaison
MARVIN H. CARUTHERS,
University of Colorado
LIANG-SHIH FAN,
Ohio State University
LARRY E. OVERMAN,
University of California, Irvine
MICHAEL J. SAILOR,
University of California, San Diego
JEFFREY J. SIIROLA,
Eastman Chemical Company, Steering Committee and BCST Liaison
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
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COMMITTEE ON CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY
RONALD BRESLOW,
Columbia University,
Co-Chair
MATTHEW V. TIRRELL,
University of California, Santa Barbara,
Co-Chair
JACQUELINE K. BARTON,
California Institute of Technology
MARK A. BARTEAU,
University of Delaware
CAROLYN R. BERTOZZI,
University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT A. BROWN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ALICE P. GAST,
1
Stanford University
IGNACIO E. GROSSMANN,
Carnegie Mellon University
JAMES M. MEYER,
2
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
ROYCE W. MURRAY,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
PAUL J. REIDER,
Amgen, Inc.
WILLIAM R. ROUSH,
University of Michigan
MICHAEL L. SHULER,
Cornell University
JEFFREY J. SIIROLA,
Eastman Chemical Company
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES,
Harvard University
PETER G. WOLYNES,
University of California, San Diego
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Project Assistant
1Committee member until July 2001; subsequently the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology (BCST) liaison to the committee in her role as co-chair of the BCST.
2Meyer's committee membership ended March 2002, following his retirement from DuPont.
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BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
ALICE P. GAST,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-Chair
WILLIAM KLEMPERER,
Harvard University,
Co-Chair
ARTHUR I. BIENENSTOCK,
Stanford University
A. WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR.,
The Pennsylvania State University
ANDREA W. CHOW,
Caliper Technologies Corp.
THOMAS M. CONNELLY, JR.,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
JEAN DE GRAEVE,
Institut de Pathologie, Liège, Belgium
JOSEPH M. DESIMONE,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University
CATHERINE FENSELAU,
University of Maryland
JON FRANKLIN,
University of Maryland
MARY L. GOOD,
University of Arkansas, Little Rock
RICHARD M. GROSS,
Dow Chemical Company
NANCY B. JACKSON,
Sandia National Laboratories
SANGTAE KIM,
Eli Lilly and Company
WILLIAM KLEMPERER,
Harvard University
THOMAS J. MEYER,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
PAUL J. REIDER,
Amgen, Inc.
ARNOLD F. STANCELL,
Georgia Institute of Technology
ROBERT M. SUSSMAN,
Latham & Watkins
JOHN C. TULLY,
Yale University
CHI-HUEY WONG,
Scripps Research Institute
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACKIW, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
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Preface
Initially, the Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century project was designed to be a series of five workshops encompassing the main technological areas to which the chemical sciences contribute. After the events of September 11, 2001, it was recognized that chemists and chemical engineers have always contributed significantly to our nation's defense capabilities and that now they will play an increasingly important part in homeland security. Thus, the National Security and Homeland Defense Workshop was arranged on an emergency basis. It is hoped that the presentations and discussions at the workshop found in this report will help chemical scientists understand how their research can be applied to national security problems and will guide them in new directions to ultimately enhance the safety of U.S. civilians and military personnel.
In some cases, modified or improved existing technologies were identified as likely contributors to national security solutions, and in others, completely new technologies were called for. However, the workshop was not designed to provide specific recommended solutions to national security and homeland defense problems (see
Appendix A for the Statement of Task). The workshop report is just that—a report of the proceedings of and discussions at the workshop that focused on research in chemistry and chemical engineering clearly related to national security. Topics in other areas of the chemical sciences are addressed in the other reports in the “Challenges” series including Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemists and Chemical Engineers as well as in Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism.
Following the workshop, the organizing committee met to reach preliminary consensus on the workshop findings and to create an outline for its report. The
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report was fully developed through iterations among the committee members. In addition to summaries of the speaker presentations (
Appendix D), the committee has attempted to capture participants' input from both the plenary and breakout sessions in the report chapters. Illustrative comments from presentations and subsequent discussions are highlighted in boxes interspersed throughout the chapters.
This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC's Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology with assistance provided by its staff. The committee acknowledges this support.
John L. Anderson and John I. Brauman
Co-Chairs
Organizing Committee for the Workshop on
National Security and Homeland Defense
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Peter K. Dorhout, Colorado State University
Catherine C. Fenselau, University of Maryland
Nancy B. Jackson, Sandia National Laboratories
C. Bradley Moore, Ohio State University
George Parshall, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company (retired)
K. John Pournoor, 3M
Steven J. Sibener, University of Chicago
George M. Whitesides, Harvard University
Charles Zukoski, University of Illinois
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making
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certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
6
Basic Science,
9
Systems and Analysis,
9
Manufacturing,
10
2
GRAND CHALLENGES
12
Threat Reduction,
12
Preparation,
12
Situational Awareness,
15
Threat Neutralization and Remediation,
16
3
SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
18
Threat Reduction,
18
Preparation,
21
Medical Countermeasures,
21
Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Research,
21
Situational Awareness,
23
Threat Neutralization and Remediation,
25
4
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
26
Threat Reduction,
26
Preparation,
27
Situational Awareness,
31
Threat Neutralization and Remediation,
40
5
FINDINGS
42
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APPENDIXES
A
Statement of Task
47
B
Biographies of Organizing Committee Members
48
C
Workshop Agenda
51
D
Workshop Presentations
55
The Current Thought on Bioterrorism: The Threat, Preparedness, and Response
David R. Franz, Southern Research Institute
55
What Can the Industrial Chemical Community Contribute to the Nation's Security?
Scott D. Cunningham, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company
60
Thoughts and Questions on Countering the Terrorist Threat
Richard L. Garwin, Council on Foreign Relations, New York
63
Vulnerability of Public Water Supplies
Rolf I. Deininger, The University of Michigan
65
Microfluidics: Development, Applications, and Future Challenges
Andrea W. Chow, Caliper Technologies Corporation
68
After September 11: An Expanded Agenda for Science and Scientists
Ralph J. Cicerone, University of California, Irvine
72
A Skeptical Analysis of Chemical and Biological Weapons Detection Schemes
Donald H. Stedman, University of Denver
81
Overview of Real-Time Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Methods
Kimberly A. Prather, University of California, San Diego
84
New Approaches to Decontamination at DOE
Mark D. Tucker, Sandia National Laboratories
87
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Biosynthetic Engineering of Polyketide Natural Products
C. Richard Hutchinson, Kosan Biosciences
93
Challenges in Rapid Scale-up of Synthetic Pharmaceutical Processes
Mauricio Futran, Bristol-Myers Squibb
96
E
Results of Breakout Session
99
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